City and Environment Interactions最新文献

Climate change hazards and the resilience of coastal cities in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A systematic review 气候变化危害与海湾合作委员会国家沿海城市的复原力：系统回顾

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100177

Climate change hazards continue to pose detrimental impacts on coastal cities in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman) of the Middle East, which undermines their climate resilience. The situation is exacerbated by the rapid urban development in coastal cities in the GCC countries over the past 20 years. This review study examined the climate change hazards that are having negative impacts on the resilience of coastal cities in the GCC countries using a systematic literature review approach. It also explores the urban resilience strategies implemented towards climate change hazards mitigation and adaptation in order to build climate-resilient coastal cities in the GCC countries. A total of 48 peer-reviewed articles were included in the systematic review derived from Scopus, WoS, and Google Scholar, covering the nine coastal cities in the six GCC countries. Most of the studies were focused on the coastal cities of Jeddah (30 %) in Saudi Arabia and Doha (24 %) in Qatar, compared to the other seven coastal cities in the GCC countries. Flooding, rising temperature, sea level rise, dust storms, cyclones, and migration of sand dunes were the six most reported climate change hazards, respectively, posing significant negative impacts on coastal cities and undermining their resilience to current and future climate change impacts. The various urban resilience strategies implemented against climate change hazards were categorised under five resilience dimensions: infrastructure resilience, social resilience, environmental resilience, economic resilience, and governance and policy resilience dimensions. The infrastructure resilience dimension was reported in 50.7 % of the studies, since it is the most implemented, while far less research attention was given to the environmental (14.5 %), government and policy (8.7 %), and economic (2.9 %) resilience dimensions of coastal cities in the GCC countries. The urban resilience strategies for climate mitigation and adaptation were reported to have successfully reduced the vulnerability of coastal cities to climate change hazards over the past decade, by improving their climate resilience. The findings contribute to informing urban planning policy-making focused on coastal environmental management in the coastal cities of the GCC countries that should further enhance the climate resilience of these coastal cities.

气候变化危害继续对中东海湾合作委员会（GCC）国家（沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋、卡塔尔、巴林、科威特和阿曼）的沿海城市造成不利影响，削弱了这些城市的气候适应能力。过去 20 年来，海合会国家沿海城市的快速城市发展加剧了这种状况。本综述研究采用系统的文献综述方法，研究了对海湾合作委员会国家沿海城市的抗灾能力产生负面影响的气候变化危害。研究还探讨了海湾合作委员会国家为建设具有气候复原力的沿海城市而实施的减缓和适应气候变化危害的城市复原力战略。系统性文献综述共收录了 48 篇经同行评审的文章，这些文章来自 Scopus、WoS 和 Google Scholar，涵盖了六个海湾合作委员会国家的九个沿海城市。与海湾合作委员会国家的其他七个沿海城市相比，大多数研究都集中在沙特阿拉伯的吉达（30%）和卡塔尔的多哈（24%）。洪水、气温升高、海平面上升、沙尘暴、气旋和沙丘迁移分别是报告最多的六种气候变化危害，对沿海城市造成了严重的负面影响，削弱了这些城市抵御当前和未来气候变化影响的能力。针对气候变化危害实施的各种城市抗灾战略分为五个抗灾层面：基础设施抗灾、社会抗灾、环境抗灾、经济抗灾以及治理和政策抗灾。有 50.7%的研究报告了基础设施的抗灾能力，因为它是实施最多的，而对海湾合作委员会国家沿海城市的环境抗灾能力（14.5%）、政府和政策抗灾能力（8.7%）以及经济抗灾能力（2.9%）的研究关注要少得多。据报告，在过去十年中，通过提高沿海城市的气候复原力，减缓和适应气候变化的城市复原力战略成功地降低了沿海城市面对气候变化危害的脆弱性。研究结果有助于为海湾合作委员会国家沿海城市以沿海环境管理为重点的城市规划决策提供信息，从而进一步提高这些沿海城市的气候复原力。

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引用次数: 0

Health impact assessment of exposure to road traffic noise and air pollution according to pre- and post-densification scenarios in Helsingborg, Sweden 瑞典赫尔辛堡道路交通噪声和空气污染暴露对健康影响的评估（根据密集化前和密集化后的设想方案

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100176

A prevalent solution to accommodate population growth due to urbanization is densification. However, this often pushes new residential housing closer to roads, increasing exposure to both noise and air pollution. The present study’s aim was to estimate the health impacts of road traffic-related noise and air pollution for a low-income area (Drottninghög) in Helsingborg, Sweden, according to pre-densification (2012) and post-densification (2030) scenarios.

Road traffic noise was simulated at the façade of residential buildings using the Nordic prediction method, and exposure was assessed using SoundPLAN. Exposure-response functions (ERF) from the WHO were utilized for the following health outcomes associated with noise: annoyance, adverse sleep disturbance, ischemic heart disease (IHD) incidence and IHD mortality. Air pollution (nitrogen dioxide, NO₂) was assessed using a Gaussian dispersion model (AERMODE). Health outcomes associated with NO₂ included natural cause mortality, pediatric asthma, respiratory hospitalizations and low birth weight (LBW). ERFs were derived from meta-analyses. Health impact assessments were then performed for both scenarios.

Densifying Drottninghög according to the municipality’s planned strategy would lead to a 15 % unit increase in the proportion of residents exposed to road traffic noise above the WHO’s health-based guideline value (53 dB(A) L_den). This was estimated to markedly increase the proportion of residents highly annoyed by traffic noise (7.4–13.9 %) as well as those highly sleep disturbed (3.0–4.9 %). IHD incidence and IHD mortality attributed to noise would increase by an estimated 49 % and 44 %, respectively, post-densification. NO₂ exposure was estimated to increase slightly (0.7 µg/m³) post-densification, which would contribute to an estimated 4–6 % increase in natural cause mortality, pediatric asthma, respiratory hospitalization and LBW.

Urban planning initiatives need to consider these prevalent urban environmental exposures and integrate a public health perspective into densification strategies. Doing so can create synergies in the built environment that promote healthy, sustainable cities.

为适应城市化带来的人口增长，一种普遍的解决方案是密集化。然而，这往往会使新建住宅更靠近道路，从而增加噪音和空气污染的暴露。本研究的目的是根据密集化前（2012 年）和密集化后（2030 年）的情景，估算道路交通相关噪声和空气污染对瑞典赫尔辛堡低收入地区（Drottninghög）的健康影响。世卫组织的暴露-反应函数（ERF）用于评估与噪声相关的以下健康结果：烦扰、不良睡眠干扰、缺血性心脏病（IHD）发病率和 IHD 死亡率。空气污染（二氧化氮，NO2）采用高斯扩散模型（AERMODE）进行评估。与二氧化氮相关的健康结果包括自然死亡、小儿哮喘、呼吸道住院和出生体重不足（LBW）。ERF 是通过荟萃分析得出的。根据市政府的规划战略，对 Drottninghög 进行密集化将导致暴露于道路交通噪声的居民比例增加 15%，超过世界卫生组织基于健康的指导值（53 dB(A) Lden）。据估计，受交通噪声严重困扰的居民比例（7.4%-13.9%）和睡眠受到严重干扰的居民比例（3.0%-4.9%）将会显著增加。据估计，人口密度增加后，因噪音导致的心脏病发病率和心脏病死亡率将分别增加 49% 和 44%。据估计，人口密集化后，二氧化氮暴露会略有增加（0.7 微克/立方米），这将导致自然原因死亡率、小儿哮喘、呼吸道住院率和婴儿低体重率估计增加 4-6 %。这样做可以在建筑环境中产生协同效应，促进城市的健康和可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100175

About three quarter of Swiss residents live in urban areas, and this proportion is expected to grow in future decades. An increasing number of people will therefore be exposed to urban heat, which can have adverse effects on human wellbeing, productivity and physical health.

We explore the possibility to detect high-risk areas in five Swiss cities with the development of an urban heat-based risk-mapping approach. The included cities are Basel, Bern, Geneva, Lausanne and Zurich. The analysis is based on a combination of biophysical, including Landsat 8 derived Land Surface Temperature (LST), and socioeconomic data. Additionally, we assess the impact of urban trees on urban heat within the districts of these cities, helping to estimate how risk levels would change under two scenarios: one with increased tree cover (MaxTree) and another with no (NoTree) urban trees.

The assessment on the impact of urban trees on heat showed that the areas with urban trees generally experience cooler temperatures compared to those without, both at the city and district levels. This underscores the positive role of urban trees in mitigating the urban heat effect.

The risk mapping approach revealed a distinct spatial pattern for each city and high risk areas were identified.

Generally, the high-risk areas in the analyzed cities cover the city centers and areas with high vulnerability.

The ‘NoTree’ scenario showed higher risks compared to the baseline situation, illustrating that urban trees currently mitigate heat related risks in Swiss cities. The ‘MaxTree’ scenario results in lower risks, especially in the cities of Lausanne and Bern.

The presented risk mapping approach, including the two idealized scenarios, can be used by policy- and decision-makers (e.g. city planners) can be a tool to determine where urban planning actions are the most urgent and where trees could be most beneficial in terms of adaptation to heat. The approach is easily adaptable and transferable to other cities, since it relies on a clear and simple methodological framework, openly available LST data, and basic socioeconomic variables at district scale that are available for many cities.

瑞士约有四分之三的居民生活在城市地区，预计这一比例在未来几十年内还将增长。因此，越来越多的人将暴露在城市热浪中，这可能会对人类福祉、生产力和身体健康造成不利影响。我们通过开发一种基于城市热浪的风险绘图方法，探索在瑞士五个城市中发现高风险区域的可能性。这些城市包括巴塞尔、伯尔尼、日内瓦、洛桑和苏黎世。分析基于生物物理数据（包括大地遥感卫星 8 推算的地表温度 (LST) 数据）和社会经济数据的结合。此外，我们还评估了城市树木对这些城市各区城市热量的影响，帮助估算在两种情况下风险水平将如何变化：一种情况是树木覆盖率增加（MaxTree），另一种情况是没有树木（NoTree）。一般来说，所分析城市的高风险区域包括城市中心和高脆弱性区域。"无树 "情景与基线情景相比显示出更高的风险，说明城市树木目前减轻了瑞士城市与热有关的风险。所提出的风险绘图方法，包括两种理想化的情景，可供政策制定者和决策者（如城市规划者）使用，可作为一种工具来确定哪些城市规划行动最为紧迫，哪些地方的树木最有利于适应高温。由于该方法依赖于一个简单明了的方法框架、公开可用的 LST 数据以及许多城市都有的地区尺度的基本社会经济变量，因此很容易适应和移植到其他城市。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the degree of personal exposure to PM2.5 in growing cities of Rwanda based on time-activity patterns and microenvironments 根据时间活动模式和微环境评估卢旺达发展中城市中个人接触 PM2.5 的程度

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100174

Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is strongly linked with a wide range of diverse health effects making it a substantial global threat and a critical concern for public health. While studies have been conducted on personal exposure (PE) to PM_2.5 in specific environments, contributions of different microenvironments and activities to overall daily PE remain unclear. This study evaluates the degree of PE to PM_2.5 in five growing cities of Rwanda based on individual’s time-activity patterns and visited microenvironments. A total of 150 participants were recruited to collect real-time personal and ambient PM_2.5 measurements during their routine activities in different outdoor and indoor microenvironments for five consecutive days in dry season. Each participant was an employee in one of the six most prevalent urban economic activities found in their city of residence: workshops, flour mill plants, near road activities, garages, markets, kitchens and motorcycle taxi services. The participant’s day was categorized into three most distinct microenvironments grouped under home, work, and other microenvironments (other MEs). PE to PM_2.5 assessed for all participants showed significant variability among types of activities and categories of microenvironments (p < 0.05). The work microenvironment experienced the highest daily mean PM_2.5 exposures ranging from 12.67 μg/m³ to 192.64 μg/m³, followed by other MEs ranging from 13.25 μg/m³ to 113.58 μg/m³, while the lowest exposures observed at home microenvironment with concentrations ranging from 11.69 μg/m³ to 72.54 μg/m³ among 7 monitored activities in 5 cities. Exposure contributions and personal-ambient differences were dominated by the work microenvironment, with a daily contribution of flour milling activities reaching up to 51.55 %; and some participants were exposed to maximum PM_2.5 concentrations up to 22 times higher than ambient levels while in the kitchen activities. This study highlights the significant effects of daily personal activities and visited microenvironments on personal PM_2.5 exposure, and the importance of considering a personal lifestyle in understanding the true personal exposure.

长期暴露于细颗粒物（PM2.5）与各种不同的健康影响密切相关，这使其成为一个巨大的全球性威胁和公共卫生的重要问题。虽然对特定环境中 PM2.5 的个人暴露量（PE）进行了研究，但不同微环境和活动对日常总体暴露量的贡献仍不清楚。本研究根据个人的时间活动模式和访问的微环境，评估了卢旺达五个发展中城市的 PM2.5 个人暴露程度。研究共招募了150名参与者，在旱季连续5天在不同的室外和室内微环境中收集日常活动中个人和环境PM2.5的实时测量值。每位参与者都是其居住城市中最普遍的六种城市经济活动之一的雇员，这六种经济活动是：车间、面粉厂、道路附近活动、车库、市场、厨房和摩托车出租车服务。参与者的一天被分为三个最不同的微环境，分别是家庭、工作和其他微环境（其他微环境）。对所有参与者的 PM2.5 PE 评估显示，不同活动类型和微环境类别之间存在显著差异（p < 0.05）。工作微环境的PM2.5日均暴露量最高，从12.67 μg/m3到192.64 μg/m3不等，其次是其他微环境，从13.25 μg/m3到113.58 μg/m3不等，而在5个城市的7种监测活动中，家庭微环境的暴露量最低，浓度从11.69 μg/m3到72.54 μg/m3不等。暴露贡献和个人与环境的差异主要来自工作微环境，面粉加工活动的日贡献率高达 51.55%；一些参与者在厨房活动时暴露于最高 PM2.5 浓度，比环境水平高出 22 倍。这项研究强调了日常个人活动和参观微环境对个人 PM2.5 暴露的重要影响，以及考虑个人生活方式对了解真实个人暴露的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Indoor heat in Amsterdam: Comparing observed indoor air temperatures from a professional network and from a citizen science approach 阿姆斯特丹的室内热量：比较专业网络和公民科学方法观测到的室内空气温度

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100173

Ongoing climate change is increasing summertime temperatures, and frequency and intensity of heatwaves in Europe, which can threaten human health. Relatively little is known about how quickly outdoor heat penetrates into residences during heatwaves. Long-term and systematic networks recording indoor temperatures are challenging to install and maintain, and therefore scarce. We first report on crowdsourced indoor air temperature data in residences in Amsterdam (The Netherlands) during a heatwave event in September 2023. These data complement professional long-term indoor air temperature observations in 92 houses in Amsterdam. Second, we document the lessons learnt in the design and execution of this citizen science activity. 571 indoor temperature records were collected through the citizen science crowdsourcing approach, with a median value of 28.0 °C on the warmest day in the study period, while outdoor mean minimum and maximum temperatures reached 20.6 °C and 31.1 °C respectively. The results indicate that the crowdsourcing approach reports temperatures that are significantly higher than the professional approach, which supports the need for professional indoor networks. Finally, local media attention was critical in reaching a wide audience.

持续的气候变化正在增加欧洲夏季的气温、热浪的频率和强度，从而威胁人类健康。人们对热浪期间室外热量如何快速渗入室内知之甚少。长期、系统地记录室内温度的网络在安装和维护方面具有挑战性，因此非常稀缺。我们首次报告了 2023 年 9 月热浪期间荷兰阿姆斯特丹居民室内空气温度的众包数据。这些数据是对阿姆斯特丹 92 所住宅的专业长期室内空气温度观测数据的补充。其次，我们记录了在设计和实施这一公民科学活动过程中吸取的经验教训。通过公民科学众包方法收集了 571 条室内温度记录，研究期间最热一天的中值为 28.0 °C，室外平均最低气温和最高气温分别达到 20.6 °C和 31.1 °C。结果表明，众包方法报告的气温明显高于专业方法，这支持了对专业室内网络的需求。最后，当地媒体的关注对广泛受众至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating energy generation potential from municipal solid waste in an open dumping site of Khulna 评估库尔纳露天垃圾场城市固体废物的能源生产潜力

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100172

The expanding global population, waste output, land scarcity, and environmental deterioration make waste-to-energy (WtE) technology a feasible option for managing MSW. This study explores the economic benefits of WtE in the Rajbandh open dumpsite in Khulna and the potential of generating energy from MSW. The electricity generation potential under alternative scenarios namely scenario 2 (landfill gas to electricity (LFGTE)), scenario 3 (mass-burn incineration), scenario 4 (hybrid LFGTE, mechanical–biological treated (MBT) anaerobic digestion (AD) and incineration), and scenario 5 (hybrid AD and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) incineration) is based on projected waste generation over the next 20 years, taking population growth into account. These four options are compared to Business as Usual (BAU). Scenario 3 has the highest electricity generation capacity at 207799.73 MWh/year, followed by hybrid RDF-incineration/MBT-AD (scenario 5), LFGTE, however, lowest generation at 30683.07 MWh/year. Net Present Value (NPV), Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), and Payback Period define each scenario’s economic feasibility. Due to its greatest NPV of approximately 41.378 million USD, Scenario 3 is the most economically beneficial. Sensitivity analysis has been done selecting some sensitive parameters to evaluate the robustness of the output. Waste reduction model (WARM) estimates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy use for each scenario. However, scenario 3 has the lowest GHG emissions and energy use. In addition to reducing GHG emissions and energy usage, recycling waste increased NPV and economic benefits. This analysis reveals that scenario 3 is the best way to generate power, provide economic benefits, and reduce energy consumption for ecologically friendly waste management in Khulna City.

随着全球人口的增长、废物产量的增加、土地的稀缺和环境的恶化，废物变能源（WtE）技术已成为管理城市固体废物的可行选择。本研究探讨了在库尔纳 Rajbandh 露天垃圾场进行 WtE 的经济效益，以及利用城市固体废物产生能源的潜力。根据对未来 20 年垃圾产生量的预测，并考虑到人口增长因素，对备选方案（方案 2（垃圾填埋气发电 (LFGTE)）、方案 3（大规模焚烧）、方案 4（混合 LFGTE、机械生物处理 (MBT) 厌氧消化 (AD) 和焚烧）以及方案 5（混合厌氧消化和垃圾衍生燃料 (RDF) 焚烧）的发电潜力进行了分析。这四个方案与 "一切照旧"（BAU）方案进行了比较。方案 3 的发电量最高，为 207799.73 兆瓦时/年，其次是混合型 RDF-焚烧/MBT-AD（方案 5），然而，LFGTE 的发电量最低，为 30683.07 兆瓦时/年。净现值 (NPV)、平准化电力成本 (LCOE) 和投资回收期确定了每个方案的经济可行性。方案 3 的净现值最大，约为 4137.8 万美元，因此经济效益最高。敏感性分析选择了一些敏感参数，以评估输出的稳健性。减少废物模型（WARM）估算了每种方案的温室气体（GHG）排放量和能源使用量。然而，方案 3 的温室气体排放量和能源使用量最低。除了减少温室气体排放和能源消耗外，废物回收还增加了净现值和经济效益。该分析表明，方案 3 是库尔纳市进行生态友好型废物管理的最佳发电方式，既能提供经济效益，又能减少能源消耗。

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引用次数: 0

Old-growth Ficus trees provide soil water and carbon storage to urban greenspaces in a Brazilian metropolis 古老的榕树为巴西大都市的城市绿地提供土壤水分和碳储存

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100171

Urban flooding has been considered one of the most severe natural disasters around the world, and urban greenspaces can provide important flood regulation ecosystem services. In Belo Horizonte (Brazil), the woody vegetation, especially the old-growth Ficus trees, appears to protect an urban park against the flooding of the Arrudas river. Thus, we compared the soil water content, soil water-holding capacity, soil aggregation and porosity among a highly permeable urban park planted with herbaceous and woody species, including Ficus, a semi-permeable parking lot with only Ficus and an impermeable site without trees (Disturbed Site-DS). The soil water content and water holding capacity of the urban park did not differ from that of the Ficus site, but it was lower than DS. These results were correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil aggregation and porosity, suggesting that Ficus trees play an important role in the hydrological cycle. To understand how the Fiscus species provide such soil permeability, we compared the aboveground plant biomass, soil fertility and soil carbon sequestration (total soil carbon, soil organic matter, humic and fulvic acids and soil isotopic δ13 C) in plots with Ficus and without this species within the park as well as in a preserved urban forest and a disturbed square. The outstanding plant biomass produced by Ficus species explained the high soil carbon sequestration, particularly in humic organic matter, favouring soil aggregation, porosity and water retention. Therefore, Ficus species may be considered an exceptional C-sequestering species, contributing for soil stabilization and the hydrological cycle in urban greenspaces.

城市洪水一直被认为是全球最严重的自然灾害之一，而城市绿地可以提供重要的洪水调节生态系统服务。在巴西贝洛奥里藏特，木本植被，尤其是古老的榕树，似乎可以保护城市公园免受 Arrudas 河洪水的侵袭。因此，我们比较了一个种植了草本和木本植物（包括榕树）的高渗透性城市公园、一个只种植了榕树的半渗透性停车场和一个没有树木的不渗透场地（扰动场地-DS）的土壤含水量、土壤持水量、土壤团聚度和孔隙度。城市公园的土壤含水量和持水能力与种植榕树的场地没有差别，但低于 DS。这些结果与土壤有机质（SOM）含量、土壤团聚度和孔隙度相关，表明榕树在水文循环中发挥着重要作用。为了了解榕树是如何提供这种土壤渗透性的，我们比较了公园内有榕树和没有榕树的地块以及受保护的城市森林和受干扰的广场上的地上植物生物量、土壤肥力和土壤固碳量（土壤总碳量、土壤有机质、腐殖酸和富勒酸以及土壤同位素δ13 C）。榕树物种产生的出色植物生物量解释了土壤固碳量高的原因，特别是腐殖质有机物，有利于土壤聚合、多孔性和保水性。因此，榕树可被视为一种特殊的固碳树种，有助于城市绿地的土壤稳定和水文循环。

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引用次数: 0

DeNOxing the air in urban spaces by building and construction photocatalytic coverings 利用建筑光催化覆盖物对城市空间的空气进行脱硝处理

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100170

A variety of air depolluting TiO₂-based marketed products were applied on bituminous mixtures, sidewalk pavements and facades, giving NO_x oxidation ratios under ISO 22197–1:2007 in the 35–9%, 56–2% and 28–2% ranges, respectively. Correspondingly, DeNO_x toxicity indexes varied from −0.8 to 5.6, 0 to 14 and −4 to 1 μmol.

The three most efficient photocatalytic products were selected: two TiO₂-water dispersions, for road and sidewalk, and a TiO₂-covering, for facade. NO_x purifying ability of these materials were evaluated when key physical parameters were modified. The observed NO_x conversion is positively correlated with UV-A irradiance up to 10 W/m², reaching a plateau, and negatively correlated with relative humidity, with a more pronounced decrease above 35%. Inversely, no dependence with inlet NO_x concentration is observed in the range of 0.14–1 ppm_v.

Further, two first-order kinetic approximations were followed to calculate NO surface deposition rates, giving 2 to 8 10⁻³ m/s on the selected photocatalytic urban surfaces. Subsequently, the potential NO_x sink effect induced in a photocatalytic urban canyon and a NO_x-purifier was modelled taking NO_x surface deposition rates from 10⁻³ to 10⁻¹ m/s. Purifying devices could be utilised as a preferred option to help alleviate local atmospheric NO_x in high-polluted areas.

在沥青混合物、人行道路面和外墙应用了多种以二氧化钛为基础的空气污染市场产品，根据 ISO 22197-1:2007，氮氧化物氧化率分别为 35-9%、56-2% 和 28-2% 。相应地，脱硝毒性指数在 -0.8 至 5.6、0 至 14 和 -4 至 1 μmol 之间变化。选出了三种最有效的光催化产品：两种用于道路和人行道的二氧化钛水分散体，以及一种用于外墙的二氧化钛覆盖物。在对关键物理参数进行修改后，对这些材料的氮氧化物净化能力进行了评估。观察到的氮氧化物转化率与紫外线-A 的辐照度呈正相关，最高可达 10 W/m2，并达到一个高点；与相对湿度呈负相关，超过 35% 时，转化率会有更明显的下降。在 0.14-1 ppmv 的范围内，没有观察到与入口氮氧化物浓度的反向相关性。此外，还采用了两种一阶动力学近似方法来计算氮氧化物的表面沉积速率，在选定的光催化城市表面上的沉积速率为 2 至 8 10-3 m/s。随后，模拟了光催化城市峡谷和氮氧化物净化器中潜在的氮氧化物汇效应，氮氧化物表面沉积速率为 10-3 至 10-1 m/s。在高污染地区，净化装置可作为一种优先选择，帮助缓解当地大气中的氮氧化物。

{"title":"DeNOxing the air in urban spaces by building and construction photocatalytic coverings","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A variety of air depolluting TiO<sub>2</sub>-based marketed products were applied on bituminous mixtures, sidewalk pavements and facades, giving NO<sub>x</sub> oxidation ratios under ISO 22197–1:2007 in the 35–9%, 56–2% and 28–2% ranges, respectively. Correspondingly, DeNO<sub>x</sub> toxicity indexes varied from −0.8 to 5.6, 0 to 14 and −4 to 1 μmol.</div><div>The three most efficient photocatalytic products were selected: two TiO<sub>2</sub>-water dispersions, for road and sidewalk, and a TiO<sub>2</sub>-covering, for facade. NO<sub>x</sub> purifying ability of these materials were evaluated when key physical parameters were modified. The observed NO<sub>x</sub> conversion is positively correlated with UV-A irradiance up to 10 W/m<sup>2</sup>, reaching a plateau, and negatively correlated with relative humidity, with a more pronounced decrease above 35%. Inversely, no dependence with inlet NO<sub>x</sub> concentration is observed in the range of 0.14–1 ppm<sub>v</sub>.</div><div>Further, two first-order kinetic approximations were followed to calculate NO surface deposition rates, giving 2 to 8 10<sup>−3</sup> m/s on the selected photocatalytic urban surfaces. Subsequently, the potential NO<sub>x</sub> sink effect induced in a photocatalytic urban canyon and a NO<sub>x</sub>-purifier was modelled taking NO<sub>x</sub> surface deposition rates from 10<sup>−3</sup> to 10<sup>−1</sup> m/s. Purifying devices could be utilised as a preferred option to help alleviate local atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub> in high-polluted areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52395,"journal":{"name":"City and Environment Interactions","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142428671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Green spaces in Ghana’s built environment: Analyzing perceptions and urban planning perspectives through the lens of the New Environmental Paradigm 加纳建筑环境中的绿地：从 "新环境范式 "的角度分析人们的看法和城市规划观点

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100168

In the busy world of city growth, urban green spaces in Ghana are befallen with destruction due to urbanization. Using a cross-sectional design and case-studying Damongo and Kintampo, this study assessed the perceptions of urban residents and urban planning perspectives about green spaces in enhancing the environmental condition of fast-growing urban areas, and proposed guidelines for the managing green spaces within Ghana’s built environment. The results revealed that underutilization and insufficient funding for greenspace management increase vulnerability to urban encroachment, especially during inward city growth. Again, the exhaustion of the limited resources of the earth could have repercussions for the population of the earth; however, the need for such resources and the level of poverty influences poor environmental decisions. Further, the results showed that planning for urban green and open space ought to be decided at the local level. The study, therefore, recommends a collaborative approach involving city authorities, private sectors, and the public for effective green space management, emphasizing inclusive decision-making and active preservation, and the development of local standards within a national framework, guided by an urban green spaces protection scheme.

在繁忙的城市发展中，加纳的城市绿地因城市化而遭到破坏。本研究采用横断面设计，以达蒙戈和金坦波为案例，评估了城市居民对绿地改善快速增长的城市地区环境状况的看法和城市规划观点，并提出了加纳建筑环境中绿地管理的指导方针。研究结果表明，绿地管理利用不足和资金不足增加了城市被侵占的脆弱性，尤其是在城市内向型发展过程中。同样，地球上有限资源的枯竭可能会对地球上的人口产生影响；然而，对这些资源的需求和贫困程度会影响不当的环境决策。此外，研究结果表明，城市绿地和开放空间的规划应由地方一级决定。因此，研究建议采取一种由城市当局、私营部门和公众共同参与的合作方式，以有效管理绿地，强调包容性决策和积极保护，并在国家框架内制定地方标准，以城市绿地保护计划为指导。

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引用次数: 0

Droughts and floods in a changing climate and implications for multi-hazard urban planning: A review 不断变化的气候中的干旱和洪水及其对多种灾害城市规划的影响：综述

IF 3.9 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

City and Environment Interactions

Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100169

Climate change impacts global weather patterns, leading to more frequent and intense extreme weather events. Floods and droughts are the primary hazards caused by climate change, for the number of events, people affected, and global economic impacts. While traditionally addressed separately, their interconnectedness is increasingly recognized in research, policies, and practices. However, research on their interactions is limited, especially in urban areas. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between floods and droughts by analyzing their similarities and differences. This understanding will inform multi-hazard analysis and guide urban planning. A literature review was conducted to analyze the existing body of knowledge on floods, droughts, and their interactions, specifically focusing on cities in the context of climate change and risk. First, an analysis of the characteristics and differences between floods and droughts highlights the primary distinction lies in their temporal and spatial spread. Droughts are slow-onset events that impact large areas over extended periods, while floods are rapid-onset events with a more concentrated impact. Additionally, the review identifies commonalities between the two hazards, such as shared causes, cascading effects, mutually negative impacts, potential for joint management strategies, commonly affected sectors, geographical distribution patterns, frequently cited case studies, a growing focus on urban areas, and crucial knowledge gaps that require further investigation. Finally, the paper presents a novel framework for analyzing the interconnected risks of floods and droughts. This framework emphasizes the importance of comprehensive data collection, including risk factors, contextual information, drivers, impacts, responses, and historical event data. This holistic approach aims to improve understanding of these interconnected hazards’ combined causes and effects. The article argues for a paradigm shift in urban planning towards a multi-hazard, multi-sectoral, resilient, and adaptable approach that considers both floods and droughts in the context of climate change. The article concludes with suggestions for further research.

气候变化影响全球天气模式，导致极端天气事件更加频繁和剧烈。就事件数量、受影响人口和全球经济影响而言，洪水和干旱是气候变化造成的主要危害。虽然传统上是分开处理的，但在研究、政策和实践中，人们越来越认识到它们之间的相互联系。然而，对它们之间相互作用的研究还很有限，尤其是在城市地区。因此，本文旨在通过分析洪水和干旱的异同，全面了解它们之间的相互作用。这种理解将为多重灾害分析提供依据，并指导城市规划。本文进行了文献综述，分析了有关洪水、干旱及其相互作用的现有知识体系，尤其侧重于气候变化和风险背景下的城市。首先，对洪水和干旱的特点和区别进行分析后发现，它们的主要区别在于时间和空间分布上。干旱是缓慢发生的事件，长期影响大片地区，而洪水是快速发生的事件，影响更为集中。此外，综述还指出了这两种灾害之间的共性，如共同的成因、连带效应、相互负面影响、联合管理战略的潜力、普遍受影响的部门、地理分布模式、经常引用的案例研究、对城市地区的日益关注，以及需要进一步调查的关键知识差距。最后，本文提出了一个分析洪水和干旱相互关联风险的新框架。该框架强调了全面数据收集的重要性，包括风险因素、背景信息、驱动因素、影响、应对措施和历史事件数据。这种整体方法旨在加深对这些相互关联的灾害的综合原因和影响的理解。文章认为，城市规划应转变模式，采用多灾害、多部门、抗灾和适应性强的方法，在气候变化的背景下同时考虑洪水和干旱。文章最后提出了进一步研究的建议。

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引用次数: 0