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Taxation and incarceration in Guatemala: Prisons, protection rackets, and citizenship 危地马拉的税收与监禁:监狱、敲诈勒索和公民身份
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.10984
Anthony Wayne Fontes
This article explores the making of carceral citizenship in Guatemala through an ethnographic analysis of la talacha – informal prison taxation schemes. Taxation is a key technology of citizenship. Tax enforcement mechanisms, the distribution of tax burdens, citizens’ willingness to pay, and their expectations of what they should get in return all make taxation an essential lens through which to understand state formation and citizens’ perceptions of and relations with one another. In Guatemala, where organized crime competes with and subsumes state institutions in ways that profoundly impact everyone, the state is only one of many entities claiming the right to tax, at turns competing and colluding with its underworld. These blurred dynamics are hyper-distilled in the country’s prison system, where state-prisoner networks tax the imprisoned population in the name of collective survival and elite profits. Based on extended ethnographic fieldwork behind bars, I show how la talacha sets the terms of carceral citizenship by organizing prisoner-state co-governance, reifying the prison’s socioeconomic hierarchies, and shaping inmates' relationships with the world beyond the prison. Resumen: Fiscalidad y encarcelaciones en Guatemala: Prisiones, extorsiones y ciudadaníaEste artículo explora la construcción de la ciudadanía carcelaria en Guatemala a través de un análisis etnográfico de la talacha: esquema informal de tributación carcelaria. La fiscalidad es una tecnología clave de la ciudadanía. Los mecanismos de aplicación de impuestos, la distribución de las cargas fiscales, la disposición de los ciudadanos a pagar y sus expectativas de lo que deberían obtener a cambio hacen de la fiscalidad una lente esencial a través de la cual entender la formación del Estado y las percepciones de los ciudadanos y las relaciones entre ellos. En Guatemala, donde el crimen organizado compite con las instituciones estatales y las subsume en formas que afectan profundamente a todos, el Estado es sólo una de las muchas entidades que reclaman el derecho a tributar, compitiendo y confabulando a su vez con el hampa. Estas dinámicas difusas se hiperdestilan en el sistema penitenciario del país, donde las redes entre el Estado y los presos gravan a la población reclusa en nombre de la supervivencia colectiva y los beneficios de las élites. Basándome en un extenso trabajo de campo etnográfico entre rejas, muestro cómo la talacha establece los términos de la ciudadanía carcelaria organizando el cogobierno entre presos y Estado, reificando las jerarquías socioeconómicas de la prisión y configurando las relaciones de los reclusos con el mundo más allá de la cárcel.
本文通过对 la talacha--非正式监狱税收计划--的人种学分析,探讨了危地马拉监禁公民身份的形成。税收是公民权的一项关键技术。税收执行机制、税收负担的分配、公民的支付意愿以及他们对应得回报的期望都使税收成为了解国家形成和公民对彼此的看法和关系的重要视角。在危地马拉,有组织犯罪与国家机构相互竞争、相互吞并,对每个人都产生了深远影响,国家只是众多要求征税权的实体之一,与黑社会既相互竞争又相互勾结。这些模糊的动态关系在该国的监狱系统中表现得淋漓尽致,在这里,国家-囚犯网络以集体生存和精英利益的名义向被监禁者征税。基于长期的囹圄人种学田野调查,我展示了 "塔拉查 "如何通过组织囚犯与国家的共同治理、重新定义监狱的社会经济等级以及塑造囚犯与监狱外世界的关系来设定 "囚禁公民 "的条件。摘要:危地马拉的税收与监禁:监狱、勒索与公民权本文通过对 "塔拉查"(一种非正式的监狱税收计划)的人种学分析,探讨了危地马拉监狱公民权的构建。征税是公民权的一项关键技术。税收机制、税收负担的分配、公民的支付意愿以及他们对应得回报的期望,使税收成为了解国家形成和公民对彼此的看法和关系的重要视角。在危地马拉,有组织犯罪与国家机构相互竞争并相互吞并,对每个人都产生了深远影响,国家只是众多要求征税权的实体之一,反过来又与黑社会相互竞争和勾结。这些分散的动态在该国的监狱系统中得到了极致的体现,在这里,国家-囚犯网络以集体生存和精英利益的名义向囚犯征税。通过大量的囹圄人种学实地调查,我展示了 "塔拉查 "如何通过组织囚犯与国家的共同治理、重塑监狱的社会经济等级以及塑造囚犯与监狱外世界的关系来设定监狱公民的条件。
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引用次数: 0
Citizenship regimes in Brazilian prisons: Hybrid, unjust and weak 巴西监狱中的公民制度:混合、不公正和薄弱
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.11118
Jean Daudelin, José Luiz Ratton
For Brazilian inmates, prisons are mostly spaces of rights denial, above and beyond their formal condemnations. Most, nonetheless, still enjoy some rights. This paper examines the modalities of allocation and the range of those rights. It understands citizenship as a bundle of rights whose scope and quality are determined by the terms of the bargains through which those rights are allocated. These bundles, together with the governance arrangements that define and enforce them are in turn understood as citizenship regimes. The paper examines three regimes that are common in male Brazilian prisons: one regime that is fully controlled by the state, and two that are hybrid, involving both state authorities and, in one instance, criminal organizations (factions), and in the other, chosen inmates (keyholders or chaveiros) who are vested of governance authority by prison administrators. The overall system they conform is a composite of state and non-state rights enforcement arrangements. The allocation of rights it produces is deeply unequal. And the range and quality of the rights enjoyed by the vast majority of inmates is narrow and poor.  Resumen:                Regímenes ciudadanos en las cárceles brasileñas: Híbridos, injustos y débiles Para los presos brasileños, las cárceles son sobre todo espacios de negación de derechos, más allá de sus condenas formales. No obstante, la mayoría sigue disfrutando de algunos derechos. Este trabajo examina las modalidades de asignación y alcance de esos derechos. Se entiende la ciudadanía como un conjunto de derechos cuyo alcance y calidad vienen determinados por los términos de los acuerdos a través de los cuales se asignan dichos derechos. Estos conjuntos, junto con los mecanismos de gobernanza que los definen y hacen cumplir, se entienden a su vez como regímenes de ciudadanía. El documento examina tres regímenes comunes en las prisiones brasileñas masculinas: un régimen totalmente controlado por el Estado y dos regímenes híbridos, en los que participan tanto las autoridades estatales como, en un caso, organizaciones delictivas (facciones) y, en el otro, reclusos elegidos (chaveiros) a los que los administradores de la prisión confieren autoridad para gobernar. El sistema global que conforman es una combinación de mecanismos estatales y no estatales de aplicación de los derechos. La asignación de derechos que produce es profundamente desigual mientras que la gama y calidad de los derechos de que disfruta la inmensa mayoría de los reclusos es limitada y deficiente. 
对巴西囚犯而言,监狱主要是剥夺权利的场所,而不是正式的谴责场所。尽管如此,大多数囚犯仍然享有一些权利。本文探讨了这些权利的分配方式和范围。本文将公民权理解为一组权利,其范围和质量由分配这些权利的交易条件决定。这些权利以及界定和实施这些权利的管理安排反过来又被理解为公民权制度。本文研究了巴西男性监狱中常见的三种制度:一种是完全由国家控制的制度,另两种是混合制度,一种涉及国家当局和犯罪组织(派别),另一种涉及被监狱管理者赋予管理权的选定囚犯(keyholders 或 chaveiros)。他们所遵循的整体制度是国家和非国家权利执行安排的综合体。它所产生的权利分配极不平等。绝大多数囚犯享有的权利范围狭窄,质量低下。 总结:巴西监狱中的公民制度:混合、不公平且薄弱 对巴西囚犯而言,监狱首先是他们在正式刑期之外被剥夺权利的场所。尽管如此,他们中的大多数人仍然享有一些权利。本文探讨了这些权利的分配方式和范围。公民权被理解为一系列权利,其范围和质量由分配这些权利的安排条款决定。这些权利以及界定和实施这些权利的治理机制又被理解为公民权制度。本文研究了巴西男子监狱中的三种常见制度:一种完全由国家控制的制度和两种混合制度,一种涉及国家当局和犯罪组织(派别),另一种涉及由监狱管理者授权的民选囚犯(chaveiros)。它们形成的整体系统是国家和非国家权利执行机制的结合。它所产生的权利分配是极不平等的,而绝大多数囚犯所享有的权利的范围和质量是有限和不足的。
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引用次数: 0
Latin American foreign policies in the new world order: The active non-alignment option 世界新秩序中的拉美外交政策:积极不结盟方案
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.11004
Carsten-Andreas Schulz
Latin American foreign policies in the new world order: The active non-alignment option, edited by Carlos Fortin, Jorge Heine, and Carlos Ominami, Anthem Press, 2023
世界新秩序中的拉美外交政策:积极的不结盟选择》,卡洛斯-福尔廷、豪尔赫-海涅和卡洛斯-奥米南编,安泰出版社,2023 年。
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引用次数: 0
Carceral citizenship in Puerto Rico: Self-help and punishment 波多黎各的监禁公民身份:自助与惩罚
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.10979
Caroline Mary Parker
The predominant criminological view of ‘carceral citizenship’ takes citizenship as a purely juridical matter, overlooking key social dimensions of citizenship as a human practice. To understand how the carceral turn is reconfiguring citizenship in Puerto Rico, I explore how formerly incarcerated people carve out a place for themselves in Puerto Rican society under the shadow of the prison. Focusing on one couple and their efforts to operate a therapeutic community, I show how self-help supplies a subset of former prisoners with a publicly recognized form of social belonging. Though more stable and encompassing than the stigmatized exile that awaits many people returning from prison, this carceral citizenship invites formerly incarcerated people to assume critical roles in the confinement, punishment, and care of people convicted of drug offences. Overall, this article highlights how self-help and punishment have emerged as intertwined mediums through which formerly incarcerated people assert their citizenship. Resumen: Ciudadanía carcelaria en Puerto Rico: Autoayuda y castigoLa visión criminológica predominante de la “ciudadanía carcelaria” considera la ciudadanía como una cuestión puramente jurídica, obviando dimensiones sociales clave de la ciudadanía como la práctica humana. Para entender cómo el giro carcelario está reconfigurando la ciudadanía en Puerto Rico, exploro cómo las personas excarceladas se hacen un hueco en la sociedad puertorriqueña bajo la sombra de la prisión. Centrándome en una pareja y sus esfuerzos por gestionar una comunidad terapéutica, muestro cómo la autoayuda proporciona una forma de pertenencia social públicamente reconocida a un subconjunto de ex reclusos. Aunque más estable y abarcadora que el exilio estigmatizado que espera a muchas personas que regresan de la cárcel, esta ciudadanía carcelaria invita a personas anteriormente encarceladas a asumir funciones críticas en el confinamiento, castigo y cuidado de personas condenadas por delitos de drogas. En general, este artículo destaca cómo la autoayuda y el castigo han surgido como medios entrelazados a través de los cuales las personas excarceladas afirman su ciudadanía. 
关于 "监禁公民身份 "的主流犯罪学观点将公民身份视为纯粹的司法问题,忽略了公民身份作为人类实践的关键社会维度。为了了解 "监禁转向 "如何重新配置波多黎各的公民身份,我探讨了曾经被监禁的人如何在监狱的阴影下为自己在波多黎各社会中开辟一席之地。我以一对夫妇和他们经营治疗社区的努力为重点,展示了自助如何为一部分刑满释放人员提供了一种公众认可的社会归属形式。与许多从监狱归来的人所面临的被污名化的流放相比,这种社会公民身份更加稳定、更具包容性,它邀请曾经被监禁的人在监禁、惩罚和照顾毒品犯罪者的过程中扮演重要角色。总之,这篇文章强调了自助和惩罚是如何交织在一起,成为前被监禁者维护其公民身份的媒介。关于 "监狱公民身份 "的主流犯罪学观点认为公民身份是一个纯粹的司法问题,忽略了公民身份的关键社会维度,如人类实践。为了了解 "监禁转向 "如何重构波多黎各的公民身份,我探讨了刑满释放人员如何在监狱的阴影下为自己在波多黎各社会中开辟出一片天地。我以一对夫妇和他们经营治疗社区的努力为重点,说明自助如何为一部分刑满释放人员提供了一种得到公众认可的社会归属形式。这种监狱公民身份虽然比许多从监狱归来的人所面临的被污名化的流放更稳定、更有包容性,但也邀请曾经被监禁的人在监禁、惩罚和照顾毒品犯罪者的过程中扮演重要角色。总之,这篇文章强调了自助和惩罚是如何交织在一起,成为刑满释放人员维护其公民身份的手段。
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引用次数: 0
Cosechar para el mundo, pastar para la región. Una historia de globalización en los Montes de María (1850-1917) 为世界收获,为地区放牧。蒙特斯·德·玛丽亚的全球化历史(1850-1917)
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.11020
M. Baud
Cosechar para el mundo, pastar para la región. Una historia de globalización en los Montes de María (1850-1917), by Santiago Colmenares Guerra, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2023
为世界收割,为地区放牧。《玛丽亚山的全球化史》(1850-1917年),作者:圣地亚哥·科尔梅纳雷斯·格拉,哥伦比亚国立大学,2023年
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引用次数: 0
Review of Unraveling Time: Thirty Years of Ethnography in Cuenca, Ecuador 《解开时间:厄瓜多尔昆卡三十年的民族志》书评
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.11012
Christien Klaufus
Unraveling Time: Thirty Years of Ethnography in Cuenca, Ecuador, by Ann Miles, Texas University Press, 2022
解开时间:厄瓜多尔昆卡三十年的人种学,安·迈尔斯著,德克萨斯大学出版社,2022年
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引用次数: 0
Review of The Muslims of Latin America and the Caribbean 《拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的穆斯林》书评
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.11011
T. Mota
The Muslims of Latin America and the Caribbean, by Ken Chitwood, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2021
《拉丁美洲和加勒比的穆斯林》,Ken Chitwood著,Lynne Rienner出版社,2021年
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引用次数: 0
Building blocks for a new paradigm? State-making, society and violence in twentieth-century Mexico 新范式的构建模块?二十世纪墨西哥的建国、社会和暴力
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.11017
W. Pansters
– Unrevolutionary Mexico. The Birth of a Strange Dictatorship, by Paul Gillingham, Yale University Press, 2021. – Agrarian Revolt in the Sierra of Chihuahua, 1959-1965, by Elizabeth Henson, University of Arizona Press, 2019. – In the Vortex of Violence. Lynching, Extralegal Justice, and the State in Post-Revolutionary Mexico, by Gema Kloppe-Santamaría, University of California Press, 2020. – Unintended Lessons of Revolution. Student Teachers and Political Radicalism in Twentieth-Century Mexico, by Tanalís Padilla, Duke University Press, 2021. – [Tiempo suspendido]. Una historia de la desaparición forzada en México, 1940-1980, by Camilo Vicente Ovalle, Bonilla Artigas Editores, 2019.
——不革命的墨西哥。《一个奇怪独裁政权的诞生》,保罗·吉林厄姆著,耶鲁大学出版社,2021年《奇瓦瓦山脉的土地起义,1959-1965》,伊丽莎白·汉森著,亚利桑那大学出版社,2019年在暴力漩涡中。《Lynching,法外司法与革命后墨西哥的州》,Gema Kloppe Santamaría著,加州大学出版社,2020年革命的意外教训。《二十世纪墨西哥的学生教师与政治激进主义》,Tanalís Padilla著,杜克大学出版社,2021年[Tienpo suspido]。《墨西哥发展史》,1940-1980年,卡米洛·维森特·奥瓦莱著,博尼拉·阿蒂加斯出版社,2019年。
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引用次数: 0
Review of Street matters: A critical history of 20th-century urban policy in Brazil 街道事务回顾:20世纪巴西城市政策的关键历史
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.10999
João Tonucci
Street matters: A critical history of 20th-century urban policy in Brazil, by Fernando Luiz Lara, Ana Paula Koury. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022
《街头事务:巴西20世纪城市政策的批判史》,费尔南多·路易斯·拉拉、安娜·保拉·库里著。匹兹堡大学出版社,2022
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引用次数: 0
Review of Latin American guerrilla movements. Origins, evolution, outcomes 回顾拉丁美洲的游击运动。起源,进化,结果
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-05-02 DOI: 10.32992/erlacs.11001
Håvar Solheim
Latin American guerrilla movements. Origins, evolution, outcomes, by Dirk Kruijt, Eduardo Rey Tristán, Alberto Martín Álvarez. Routledge, 2020
拉丁美洲游击运动。起源,进化,结果,德克·克鲁伊特,爱德华多·雷伊·特里斯坦,阿尔贝托·马丁·阿尔瓦雷斯。劳特利奇,2020年
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引用次数: 0
期刊
European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
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