Since 1947, Baloch have resisted inclusion into the Pakistan and have waged several waves of ethno-nationalist insurgency against the state. Scholars and Baloch nationalist leaders alike generally assert that Baloch are more secular than other Pakistanis, more opposed to the political Islamist policies pursued by the state, and less supportive of Islamist militancy in the country. However, these claims lack empirical support. We employ data derived from a large national survey of Pakistanis from 2012 to evaluate these conventional wisdoms. Contrary to claims in the literature, we find that Baloch resemble Pakistanis generally with few important exceptions.
{"title":"Rethinking Baloch Secularism: What the Data Say","authors":"C. C. Fair, A. Hamza","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2946050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2946050","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1947, Baloch have resisted inclusion into the Pakistan and have waged several waves of ethno-nationalist insurgency against the state. Scholars and Baloch nationalist leaders alike generally assert that Baloch are more secular than other Pakistanis, more opposed to the political Islamist policies pursued by the state, and less supportive of Islamist militancy in the country. However, these claims lack empirical support. We employ data derived from a large national survey of Pakistanis from 2012 to evaluate these conventional wisdoms. Contrary to claims in the literature, we find that Baloch resemble Pakistanis generally with few important exceptions.","PeriodicalId":52516,"journal":{"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41558618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-10DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/2019.1421
A. Adedokun
With the heavy involvement of the United Nations (UN) and the international community, the Rome General Peace Agreement of 1992 ended more than 16 years of civil war in Mozambique. The peace agreement and post-conflict initiatives by the international community was successful in transforming the Mozambique National Resistance (Renamo) from a rebel group into a viable political party. Key components of the United Nations and the broader international community success in negotiating peace and creating conditions for political stability and democracy in Mozambique were (a) the provision of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) before democratisation, (b) decentralization of humanitarian and relief efforts to provincial and district levels, (c) provision of financial support directly for the development of political parties, and (d) budget support to sectors relevant to peacebuilding. Though imperfect, Mozambique remains an important case study in how the UN and international community can help in post-conflict environments. Thus, the paper argues that success in peacebuilding operations depends on credible and impartial international support through the UN, as opposed to peacebuilding operations through the United States of America or Russia.
{"title":"Transition from Civil War to Peace: The Role of the United Nations and International Community in Mozambique","authors":"A. Adedokun","doi":"10.46743/1082-7307/2019.1421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46743/1082-7307/2019.1421","url":null,"abstract":"With the heavy involvement of the United Nations (UN) and the international community, the Rome General Peace Agreement of 1992 ended more than 16 years of civil war in Mozambique. The peace agreement and post-conflict initiatives by the international community was successful in transforming the Mozambique National Resistance\u2028(Renamo) from a rebel group into a viable political party. Key components of the United Nations and the broader international community success in negotiating peace and creating conditions for political stability and democracy in Mozambique were (a) the provision of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) before democratisation, (b) decentralization of humanitarian and relief efforts to provincial and district levels, (c) provision of financial support directly for the development of political parties, and (d) budget support to sectors relevant to peacebuilding. Though imperfect, Mozambique remains an important case study in how the UN and international community can help in post-conflict environments. Thus, the paper argues that success in peacebuilding operations depends on credible and impartial international support through the UN, as opposed to peacebuilding operations through the United States of America or Russia.","PeriodicalId":52516,"journal":{"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46013732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
nels thinking in marketing in the 20th century. Australasian Marketing Journal, 9, 23–52. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3582(01)70174-7 Wohl, M. J., & Branscombe, N. R. (2008). Remembering historical victimization: Collective guilt for current ingroup transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 988–1006. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.988 Wohl, M. J. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Reysen, S. (2010). Perceiving your group’s future to be in jeopardy: Extinction threat induces collective angst and the desire to strengthen the ingroup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 898–910. http://dx .doi.org/10.1177/0146167210372505 Wohl, M. J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2011). Is identifying with a historically victimized group good or bad for your health? Transgenerational posttraumatic stress and collective victimization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 818– 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.844 Worchel, S., Rothgerber, H., Day, E. A., Hart, D., & Butemeyer, J. (1998). Social identity and individual productivity within groups. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 389–413. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01181.x Zimbardo, P. (2007). The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. New York, NY: M. E. Sharp. Ziv, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Shulman, S. (1974). Children’s psychological reactions to wartime stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 24 –30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ h0036611
20世纪的营销思想。澳大利亚市场营销杂志，9,23-52。http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3582(01)70174-7 Wohl, m.j.， & Branscombe, n.r.(2008)。铭记历史上的受害者:当前群体内部越界的集体罪恶感。心理学报，2004(4):988 - 996。http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.988 Wohl, m.j. A, Branscombe, n.r.， & Reysen, S.(2010)。意识到你的团队的未来处于危险之中:灭绝的威胁会引起集体焦虑和加强内部团队的愿望。人格与社会心理学报，36,898-910。http://dx .doi.org/10.1177/0146167210372505 Wohl, m.j. A, and Van Bavel, j.j.(2011)。认同历史上的受害群体对你的健康是好是坏?跨代创伤后应激和集体受害。社会心理学杂志，41(1)，818 - 824。http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.844 Worchel, S.， Rothgerber, H.， Day, E. A.， Hart, D.， & Butemeyer, J.(1998)。社会认同和群体中的个人生产力。社会心理学杂志，37,389-413。http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111 / j.2044-8309.1998.tb01181。x Zimbardo, P.(2007)。路西法效应:了解好人如何变坏。纽约，纽约:M. E.夏普。Ziv, A.， Kruglanski, A. W.， and Shulman, S.(1974)。儿童对战时压力的心理反应。人格与社会心理学杂志，30,24 -30。http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ h0036611
{"title":"Correction to Abrams et al. (2015)","authors":"D. Houston, J. V. D. Vyver","doi":"10.1037/pac0000115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000115","url":null,"abstract":"nels thinking in marketing in the 20th century. Australasian Marketing Journal, 9, 23–52. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3582(01)70174-7 Wohl, M. J., & Branscombe, N. R. (2008). Remembering historical victimization: Collective guilt for current ingroup transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 988–1006. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.988 Wohl, M. J. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Reysen, S. (2010). Perceiving your group’s future to be in jeopardy: Extinction threat induces collective angst and the desire to strengthen the ingroup. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 898–910. http://dx .doi.org/10.1177/0146167210372505 Wohl, M. J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2011). Is identifying with a historically victimized group good or bad for your health? Transgenerational posttraumatic stress and collective victimization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 818– 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.844 Worchel, S., Rothgerber, H., Day, E. A., Hart, D., & Butemeyer, J. (1998). Social identity and individual productivity within groups. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 389–413. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01181.x Zimbardo, P. (2007). The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. New York, NY: M. E. Sharp. Ziv, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Shulman, S. (1974). Children’s psychological reactions to wartime stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 24 –30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ h0036611","PeriodicalId":52516,"journal":{"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","volume":"219 1","pages":"358 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79013065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is argued that including civil society at the negotiation table can increase the perceived legitimacy of peace treaties. As a result, it can contribute to the consolidation of peace. In this paper, the author presents the findings from a controlled experiment in order to test the impact of inclusive peace negotiations on the perceived legitimacy of peace treaties. Contrary to the expectations of the scholars working on the inclusiveness and the consolidation of peace hypothesis, the results show that the treatment group in the experiment does not perceive inclusive peace agreements to be more legitimate.
{"title":"Civil Society at the Negotiation Table, Legitimacy Beliefs and Durable Peace","authors":"Direnç Kanol","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2575395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2575395","url":null,"abstract":"It is argued that including civil society at the negotiation table can increase the perceived legitimacy of peace treaties. As a result, it can contribute to the consolidation of peace. In this paper, the author presents the findings from a controlled experiment in order to test the impact of inclusive peace negotiations on the perceived legitimacy of peace treaties. Contrary to the expectations of the scholars working on the inclusiveness and the consolidation of peace hypothesis, the results show that the treatment group in the experiment does not perceive inclusive peace agreements to be more legitimate.","PeriodicalId":52516,"journal":{"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"4-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68210040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-01DOI: 10.5840/PEACEJUSTICE20122212
Shavkat Kasymov
This paper presents the analysis of conflict history over freshwater in several drainage basins across the planet. As will be demonstrated in this paper, unilateral water policies have proved to reduce the role and prospect of water treaties and international water sharing regimes, and led to political tensions and conflicts. The main argument of the essay is that unilateral diversions of water flows will instigate wars between riparian states because of the rising demand for freshwater in the future. Unilateral practices of water diversion create a situation of inequitable distribution of water among nation-states within a basin which is a prerequisite for a sustainable conflict. State policies have to aim to eliminate situations of inequitable distribution and increase accessibility to clean drinking water for populations across a river basin based on their needs in order to secure long-lasting peace and stability. Author Bio(s) Shavkat Kasymov is a lawyer and an international policy analyst. He holds a M.A. degree in International Peace Studies from the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA. His research interests are related to international conflict resolution, conflict transformation, peace building, sustainable economic development, and social justice. Email: shavkatik@gmail.com. This article is available in Peace and Conflict Studies: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol18/iss2/5 Peace and Conflict Studies
{"title":"Disputes Over Water Resources: A History of Conflict and Cooperation in Drainage Basins","authors":"Shavkat Kasymov","doi":"10.5840/PEACEJUSTICE20122212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5840/PEACEJUSTICE20122212","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the analysis of conflict history over freshwater in several drainage basins across the planet. As will be demonstrated in this paper, unilateral water policies have proved to reduce the role and prospect of water treaties and international water sharing regimes, and led to political tensions and conflicts. The main argument of the essay is that unilateral diversions of water flows will instigate wars between riparian states because of the rising demand for freshwater in the future. Unilateral practices of water diversion create a situation of inequitable distribution of water among nation-states within a basin which is a prerequisite for a sustainable conflict. State policies have to aim to eliminate situations of inequitable distribution and increase accessibility to clean drinking water for populations across a river basin based on their needs in order to secure long-lasting peace and stability. Author Bio(s) Shavkat Kasymov is a lawyer and an international policy analyst. He holds a M.A. degree in International Peace Studies from the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA. His research interests are related to international conflict resolution, conflict transformation, peace building, sustainable economic development, and social justice. Email: shavkatik@gmail.com. This article is available in Peace and Conflict Studies: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol18/iss2/5 Peace and Conflict Studies","PeriodicalId":52516,"journal":{"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","volume":"18 1","pages":"291-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71059482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/1999.1196
L. Kriesberg
{"title":"On Advancing Truth and Morality in Conflict Resolution","authors":"L. Kriesberg","doi":"10.46743/1082-7307/1999.1196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46743/1082-7307/1999.1196","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52516,"journal":{"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"8-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70579553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-06-01DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/1995.1159
H. Newcombe
{"title":"The Roots of Cooperation","authors":"H. Newcombe","doi":"10.46743/1082-7307/1995.1159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46743/1082-7307/1995.1159","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52516,"journal":{"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"28-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70579539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.46743/1082-7307/1994.1162
Chadwick F. Alger
{"title":"Peace Studies at the Ohio State University","authors":"Chadwick F. Alger","doi":"10.46743/1082-7307/1994.1162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46743/1082-7307/1994.1162","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52516,"journal":{"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70579477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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