Carbon Trends最新文献_第10页

The effect of in-situ electrochemical grafting of KH-792 onto carbon fibers on surface properties 原位电化学接枝KH-792对碳纤维表面性能的影响

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100542

Yan-lin Li , Chong-pan Ma , Xiao-lei Sun , Qi-hang Lou , Yuan-jian Tong , Yu Wang

Carbon fibers(CFs) have a carbon content as high as 90 % and exhibit chemical inertness on their surface. They must undergo surface activation treatment before being used as a reinforcing phases in composite materials. In this study, in-situ electrochemical grafting technology was employed to link the molecules of γ-aminoethyl aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-792), which had undergone hydrolysis condensation, onto the surface of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based CFs. The effect of electrochemical grafting of KH-792 on the surface physical and chemical structure and properties of the CFs were investigated through testing methods such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, single-filament tensile, and dynamic contact angle (DCAT). The results indicated that after electrochemical grafting with a KH-792/NH₄HCO₃ composite electrolyte, the number of oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing groups on the fiber surface was significantly increased, resulting in improved surface wettability of carbon fibers. Electrochemical grafting and acid ion etching lead to a slight decrease in the degree of graphitization (R) of carbon fibers, but the mechanical properties remain stable After treatment with KH-792 under 3 mA·cm⁻² current density conditions, KH-792 treatment resulted in a peak of active functional group content on the surface of carbon fibers. Consequently, the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) value of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy based composites increased by 56 %.

碳纤维（CFs）的含碳量高达90%，其表面具有化学惰性。它们在用作复合材料中的增强相之前必须经过表面活化处理。本研究采用原位电化学接枝技术将经水解缩聚的γ-氨基乙基氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（KH-792）分子连接到聚丙烯腈（PAN）基碳纤维表面。通过x射线光电子能谱（XPS）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、单丝拉伸和动态接触角（DCAT）等测试方法，研究了KH-792电化学接枝对碳纤维表面物理化学结构和性能的影响。结果表明：KH-792/NH4HCO3复合电解质电化学接枝后，纤维表面的含氧基团和含氮基团数量显著增加，碳纤维表面润湿性得到改善。电化学接枝和酸离子刻蚀导致碳纤维的石墨化程度(R)略有下降，但力学性能保持稳定。在3 mA·cm−2电流密度条件下，KH-792处理后，碳纤维表面活性官能团含量达到峰值。因此，碳纤维增强环氧基复合材料的界面剪切强度（IFSS）值提高了56%。

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引用次数: 0

Substrate polishing and CO2 addition promote long growths of vertically aligned carbon nanotube carpets on aluminum foils by one-step CVD 衬底抛光和CO2的加入促进了铝箔上垂直排列的碳纳米管地毯的一步CVD生长

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100538

Antoine Combrisson, Emeline Charon, Mathieu Pinault, Cécile Reynaud, Martine Mayne-L’Hermite

The one-step catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) meets the requirements for large-scale production of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) to enable their numerous applications. Its main advantage at standard temperatures around 800 °C is the absence of growth saturation thanks to the renewal of catalytic particles through the continuous supply of a metal precursor. However, at lower temperature to grow VACNTs on substrates affording only medium range temperatures (eg. aluminum), some saturation occurs, especially as long syntheses duration are required due to the reduced growth rate. We show here how to overcome this limitation and produce tall and dense VACNT carpets at 615 °C on various grades of aluminum flexible foils. Adding CO₂ in the gas phase delays the saturation and avoid the degradation of the carpet for synthesis duration above 2 h. Results are consistently better on higher grade substrates, due to the impact of roughness on VACNT nucleation. The trade-off line between mass density and height often reported in the case of 2-steps CCVD does not affect the one-step process. On polished Al foils, VACNTs almost 1 mm-tall are obtained with densities greater than 100 mg/cm³. Growth rate and quality of VACNTs are at the state-of-the-art for syntheses at such moderate temperature.

一步催化化学气相沉积（CCVD）满足了垂直排列碳纳米管（VACNTs）大规模生产的要求，使其能够得到广泛的应用。在800℃左右的标准温度下，它的主要优点是没有生长饱和，这要归功于通过持续供应金属前驱体来更新催化颗粒。然而，在较低的温度下，在仅提供中等范围温度的衬底上生长vacnt(例如。铝)，会发生一些饱和，特别是由于生长速率降低而需要较长的合成时间。我们在这里展示了如何克服这一限制，并在615°C下用不同等级的铝箔生产高而致密的真空地毯。在气相中加入二氧化碳延迟了饱和，避免了合成时间超过2小时的地毯降解。由于粗糙度对VACNT成核的影响，在更高等级的基质上，结果始终更好。在两步CCVD中经常报道的质量密度和高度之间的权衡线并不影响一步工艺。在抛光铝箔上，获得了几乎1毫米高的vacnt，密度大于100 mg/cm3。在这种温和的温度下，vacnt的生长速度和质量处于最先进的水平。

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引用次数: 0

Structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of single graphyne layers based on a 2D biphenylene network 基于二维联苯网络的单石墨炔层的结构、力学和电子特性

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100506

Mateus Silva Rêgo , Mário Rocha dos Santos , Marcelo Lopes Pereira Junior , Eduardo Costa Girão , Vincent Meunier , Paloma Vieira Silva

Graphene is a promising material for the development of applications in nanoelectronic devices, but the lack of a band gap necessitates the search for ways to tune its electronic properties. In addition to doping, defects, and nanoribbons, a more radical alternative is the development of 2D forms with structures that are in clear departure from the honeycomb lattice, such as graphynes, with the distinctive property of involving carbon atoms with both hybridizations

s p

and

s p^{2}

. The density and details of how the acetylenic links are distributed allow for a variety of electronic signatures. Here we propose a graphyne system based on the recently synthesized biphenylene monolayer. We demonstrate that this system features highly localized states with a spin-polarized semiconducting configuration. We study its stability and show that the system’s structural details directly influence its highly anisotropic electronic properties. Finally, we show that the symmetry of the frontier states can be further tuned by modulating the size of the acetylenic chains forming the system.

石墨烯在纳米电子器件中是一种很有前途的材料，但由于缺乏带隙，需要寻找调整其电子特性的方法。除了掺杂、缺陷和纳米带之外，一种更激进的替代方案是开发2D形式，其结构与蜂窝晶格明显不同，例如石墨炔，其独特的性质是涉及具有sp和sp2杂化的碳原子。乙炔链分布的密度和细节允许各种电子签名。本文提出了一种以新合成的联苯单层为基础的石墨炔体系。我们证明了该系统具有高度局域化的自旋极化半导体结构。我们研究了它的稳定性，并表明系统的结构细节直接影响其高度各向异性的电子性能。最后，我们证明了边界态的对称性可以通过调节形成体系的乙炔链的大小来进一步调整。

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引用次数: 0

Recent advancements in MXene-based catalysts: Synthesis, characterization, and applications in sustainable energy production mxene基催化剂的合成、表征及其在可持续能源生产中的应用

IF 3.9 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100551

Nur-Sultan Mussa , Kydyr Askaruly , Kalampyr Bexeitova , Seitkhan Azat , Kainaubek Toshtay

MXenes have emerged as promising two-dimensional (2D) materials for catalytic applications in energy production due to their exceptional structural, electronic, and chemical properties. Their high surface area, tunable surface terminations, and excellent electrical conductivity make them ideal candidates for facilitating surface reactions and enhancing charge transfer processes. Additionally, the ability to modify their composition and structure at the atomic level allows for the design of tailored MXene-based catalysts suited for various energy-related reactions. This review highlights recent advancements in MXene-based catalysts, focusing on novel synthesis techniques, including selective etching, CVD and ALD, as well as advanced characterization methods such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR, and In-situ/Operando techniques. Their applications in key catalytic processes, including the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbons, CO₂ hydrogenation to methane, and hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting, are discussed, as these reactions play a crucial role in carbon utilization, energy storage, and the transition to sustainable fuels. Notably, Mo₂C-based catalysts favor heavier hydrocarbon formation, while NiV oxycarbide electrocatalysts exhibit high durability and hydrogen selectivity. These findings emphasize MXenes’ potential in sustainable energy conversion and highlight the need for further optimization to enhance their catalytic efficiency and stability.

由于其特殊的结构、电子和化学性质，MXenes已成为在能源生产中催化应用的有前途的二维（2D）材料。它们的高表面积，可调的表面末端和优异的导电性使它们成为促进表面反应和增强电荷转移过程的理想候选者。此外，在原子水平上修改其组成和结构的能力允许设计适合各种能量相关反应的基于mxene的催化剂。本文综述了mxene基催化剂的最新进展，重点介绍了新的合成技术，包括选择性蚀刻、CVD和ALD，以及先进的表征方法，如XRD、拉曼光谱、TEM、FTIR和原位/Operando技术。讨论了它们在关键催化过程中的应用，包括碳氢化合物的费托合成，CO 2加氢制甲烷和通过电化学水分解制氢，因为这些反应在碳利用，能量储存和向可持续燃料过渡中起着至关重要的作用。值得注意的是，Mo₂c基催化剂有利于形成较重的碳氢化合物，而NiV型碳化氧电催化剂具有较高的耐久性和氢选择性。这些发现强调了MXenes在可持续能源转化方面的潜力，并强调了进一步优化以提高其催化效率和稳定性的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Fluorescent Chitosan-Europium hydroxyapatite beads for drug delivery 用于给药的荧光壳聚糖-铕羟基磷灰石珠

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100513

Joana Bahamonde-Duarte , Sarah Briceño , Karla Vizuete , Alexis Debut , Luis J. Borrero-González , Gema González

Fluorescent Chitosan-Europium-doped hydroxyapatite beads (HAp:xEu

^{3 +}

/CS with 0

\leq

x

\leq

0.2) were synthesized for the delivery of ciprofloxacin as a model drug. Europium-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and thermally treated at 600

^{\circ} C

for 2 h. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were combined with chitosan to form the beads. The beads were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Chitosan-Europium-doped hydroxyapatite beads reduce the initial burst release of ciprofloxacin and extend the release period, making the beads suitable for sustained potential drug delivery applications. The results reveal that the fluorescence and emission properties were enhanced by the interaction of ciprofloxacin with the beads. These beads offer a combination of optical properties and prolonged ciprofloxacin release with several advantages over conventional immediate-release formulations that could improve therapeutic efficacy.

合成了壳聚糖-铕掺杂羟基磷灰石荧光珠（HAp:xEu3+/CS, 0≤x≤0.2），用于递送环丙沙星作为模型药物。采用水热法制备掺铕羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒，并在600°C下热处理2 h。将羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒与壳聚糖结合形成微珠。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜、能量色散x射线光谱、发光光谱和紫外可见光谱对微珠进行了表征。壳聚糖-铕掺杂羟基磷灰石珠减少了环丙沙星的初始爆发释放并延长了释放期，使珠适合于持续潜在的药物递送应用。结果表明，环丙沙星与微球的相互作用增强了微球的荧光和发射性能。这些微珠结合了光学特性和环丙沙星缓释时间，与传统的立即释放制剂相比，具有几个优点，可以提高治疗效果。

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引用次数: 0

Low-density functionalized amorphous carbon nanofoam as binder-free Thin-film Supercapacitor electrode 低密度功能化非晶碳纳米泡沫作为无粘结剂薄膜超级电容器电极

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100516

Subrata Ghosh , Massimiliano Righi , Andrea Macrelli , Francesco Goto , Marco Agozzino , Gianlorenzo Bussetti , Valeria Russo , Andrea Li Bassi , Carlo S. Casari

Nanoporous carbon materials containing small domains of sp²-carbon with highly disordered structures are promising for supercapacitor applications. Herein, we synthesize amorphous carbon nanofoam with 98% volumetric void fraction and low mass density of around 30 mg/cm³ by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature. With the unavoidable oxygen functional groups on the nanoporous surface, carbon nanofoam and nitrogen-functionalized carbon nanofoams are directly grown on the desired substrate under different background gases (Ar, N₂, N₂H₂)_, and employed as supercapacitor electrodes. Among the background gases used in synthesis, the use of nitrogen yields nanofoam with higher thickness and more N-content with higher graphitic-N. From the test of amorphous carbon nanofoam supercapacitor device, nitrogenated amorphous carbon electrode shows a higher areal capacitance of 4.1 mF/cm² at 20 mV/s in aqueous electrolyte, a better capacitance retention at higher current, and excellent cycle stability (98%) over 10,000 charge-discharge cycles are achieved compared to not-functionalized counterpart prepared under Ar background gas (2.7 mF/cm² and cycle stability of 88%).

含有sp2-碳小畴且结构高度无序的纳米多孔碳材料在超级电容器中具有广阔的应用前景。本文采用脉冲激光沉积的方法，在室温下合成了体积孔隙率为98%、质量密度约为30 mg/cm3的非晶碳纳米泡沫。利用纳米孔表面不可避免的氧官能团，在不同背景气体（Ar, N2, N2H2）下，直接在所需的衬底上生长碳纳米泡沫和氮官能团碳纳米泡沫，并将其用作超级电容器电极。在合成过程中使用的背景气体中，氮气的使用使纳米泡沫具有更高的厚度和更高的n含量，石墨- n含量也更高。通过对非晶态碳纳米泡沫超级电容器器件的测试，氮化非晶态碳电极在水电解质中表现出更高的面积电容，在20 mV/s下具有4.1 mF/cm2，在大电流下具有更好的电容保持性，并且在10,000次充放电循环中具有优异的循环稳定性（98%），而在Ar背景气体下制备的非功能化碳电极（2.7 mF/cm2，循环稳定性为88%）。

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引用次数: 0

Compact modeling of low-voltage Ti3C2Tx MXene-based TFTs for 1-bit ALU circuit implementation 基于1位ALU电路实现的低压Ti3C2Tx mxentfts的紧凑建模

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100546

Mukuljeet Singh Mehrolia , Ritesh Kumar Chourasia , Komal , Ankit Verma , Abhishek Kumar Singh , Nitesh K. Chourasia

In order to realize a 1-Bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), this article provides an explanation of the fabrication process for a thin film transistor (TFT) that is based on MXene and operates at low voltage. The Ti₃C₂T_x−MXene/SnO₂ acts as an active layer of TFT, Li-Al₂O₃ possess high-k value is used as dielectric layer of this TFT. Aluminum serves as electrode for source and drain, for gate electrode silicon is employed. This fabricated device operated at low voltage ∼ 2 V and exhibits good performance parameters as threshold voltage of 1.2 V, subthreshold swing of 194

\frac{mV}{decade}

, on-off ratio ∼ 10⁵ and mobility 10.6

\frac{c m^{2}}{V - \sec}

. Additionally, using Silvaco-Techmodeler tool this fabricated device is compact modeled which is used ahead for the implementation of 1-Bit ALU circuit by the means of Silvaco-Gateway tool. This compact modelling obtaining by Silvaco-Techmodeler tool provides good accuracy ∼ 100% as small fraction of error is estimated between fabricated and modeled data (0.001% and 0.92%). Silvaco-Gateway tool helps for the implementation of 1-Bit ALU circuit in which all the outputs of logic circuits as AND, NOT, OR and XNOR and outputs that are governed by select lines are analyzed which confirms satisfactory transient characteristics for all cases. This fabricated, low-voltage and compact modeled device would be utilized ahead for the realization of microprocessors and memory circuits.

为了实现1位算术逻辑单元（ALU），本文介绍了一种基于MXene的低电压薄膜晶体管（TFT）的制造工艺。Ti3C2Tx−MXene/SnO2作为TFT的有源层，具有高k值的Li-Al2O3作为该TFT的介电层。铝作为源极和漏极，硅作为栅极。该器件在低电压~ 2V下工作，具有良好的性能参数，阈值电压为1.2 V，亚阈值摆幅为194 mVdecade，通断比为~ 105，迁移率为10.6 cm2V−sec。此外，使用Silvaco-Techmodeler工具，该制造的器件被紧凑地建模，并通过Silvaco-Gateway工具提前用于实现1位ALU电路。这种由Silvaco-Techmodeler工具获得的紧凑建模提供了良好的精度~ 100%，因为在制造和建模数据之间估计的误差很小（0.001%和0.92%）。Silvaco-Gateway工具有助于实现1位ALU电路，其中逻辑电路的所有输出作为AND， NOT， OR和XNOR以及由选择线控制的输出进行分析，确认所有情况下令人满意的瞬态特性。这种制造出来的低电压和紧凑的模型器件将提前用于微处理器和存储电路的实现。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of carbon phases in ureilite meteorites using electron microscopy techniques 用电子显微镜技术研究uilite陨石中的碳相

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100534

Alan G. Salek , Andrew G. Tomkins , Nicholas C. Wilson , Colin M. MacRae , Brock M. Nicholas , Dougal G. McCulloch

Ureilites contain up to 7 % carbon, which is much higher than other meteorites, and most contain higher concentrations of diamond than rocks on Earth. Graphite, amorphous carbon and lonsdaleite have also been reported in ureilites, but the petrogenesis of carbon phases, their crystallinity and structural inter-relationships are strongly debated. Here, we employ advanced electron microscopy techniques to investigate the morphology and microstructure of carbon phases in ureilite meteorites. Diamonds are present as single crystals (up to 20 μm in size) containing nano-FeS crystals, and smaller defective diamonds surrounded by FeS/FeNiS crystals, suggesting that a catalytic effect may be assisting their formation. Two main types of graphite were observed: well-ordered euhedral graphite and nanocrystalline graphite. The nanocrystalline graphite coexists with diamond and lonsdaleite in all ureilites containing these phases, whereas coarse euhedral graphite is only present in ureilites lacking diamond and lonsdaleite, suggesting the former is associated with diamond/lonsdaleite formation. The lonsdaleite was frequently found to contain cubic stacking faults and exhibited an orientation dependence in which the [

210]

direction of lonsdaleite aligned with the [001] direction of adjacent nanocrystalline graphite. Therefore, given that the lonsdaleite-bearing regions contain folds and kink bands resembling the euhedral graphite, we suggest that lonsdaleite + nanocrystalline graphite formed by replacement of the well-ordered graphite following a catastrophic impact that disrupted the ureilite parent body.

陨石含有高达7%的碳，这比其他陨石要高得多，而且大多数陨石含有比地球上岩石更高浓度的钻石。石墨、无定形碳和长石也曾被报道过，但碳相的岩石成因、它们的结晶度和结构间的相互关系仍存在激烈的争论。本文采用先进的电子显微镜技术研究了uilite陨石中碳相的形貌和微观结构。金刚石以含有纳米FeS晶体的单晶（尺寸达20 μm）的形式存在，而较小的缺陷金刚石则被FeS/FeNiS晶体包围，这表明催化作用可能有助于它们的形成。观察到两种主要类型的石墨：有序自面体石墨和纳米晶石墨。纳米晶石墨与金刚石和朗斯达莱石共存于含金刚石和朗斯达莱石的所有白云石中，而粗自面体石墨只存在于不含金刚石和朗斯达莱石的白云石中，表明前者与金刚石/朗斯达莱石的形成有关。lonsdaleite经常被发现含有立方层错，并表现出取向依赖，其中lonsdaleite的[210]方向与相邻纳米晶石墨的[001]方向对齐。因此，考虑到含长斯代尔石区域含有类似自面体石墨的褶皱和扭结带，我们认为长斯代尔石+纳米晶石墨是在灾难性撞击破坏了铀矿母体后，由有序的石墨取代而形成的。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping aggregate transformations in dispersions with automated particle image analysis 映射聚合变换在分散与自动粒子图像分析

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100541

Kazufumi Kobashi, Don N. Futaba, Shun Muroga, Takeo Yamada, Toshiya Okazaki, Kenji Hata

Carbon nanotube (CNT) aggregates in dispersions are widely utilized to produce the composites, fibers, and thick films, however, the relationship between the CNT aggregate morphology and the intrinsic CNT properties remains unclear. To elucidate this point, the morphology of thousands of CNT aggregates was characterized by particle image analysis from which we generated a map of aggregate size and shape distributions to describe and interpret the changing structures. Based on size and shape distributions, we classified the aggregate structures from aligned CNT forest into four groups: (1) macroclusters, (2) filaments, (3) mesh, and (4) fine particles. In this way, we demonstrated porous yet robust CNT films with high electrical conductivity and high specific surface area, elucidating correlations between the CNT aggregate structures in dispersions and the film properties. The CNT aggregate structures in different dispersion states were visualized using sizes and shapes for each of CNT aggregates. The structural transformations from as-grown aligned CNTs to mesh-like, isotropic aggregate structures could be accurately tracked. These findings can assist CNT users in identifying the most suitable CNT aggregate structures for their targeted applications.

碳纳米管（CNT）聚集体分散体被广泛用于制备复合材料、纤维和厚膜，然而，碳纳米管聚集体形态与碳纳米管固有性能之间的关系尚不清楚。为了阐明这一点，我们通过颗粒图像分析对数千个碳纳米管聚集体的形态进行了表征，从中我们生成了聚集体大小和形状分布的地图，以描述和解释结构的变化。基于大小和形状分布，我们将排列碳纳米管森林的聚集体结构分为四组：(1)大簇，(2)长丝，(3)网状和(4)细颗粒。通过这种方式，我们展示了具有高导电性和高比表面积的多孔而坚固的碳纳米管薄膜，阐明了分散体中碳纳米管聚集体结构与薄膜性能之间的相关性。利用每个碳纳米管聚集体的大小和形状来可视化不同分散状态下的碳纳米管聚集体结构。从生长的排列CNTs到网状、各向同性聚集体结构的结构转变可以精确地跟踪。这些发现可以帮助碳纳米管用户为他们的目标应用确定最合适的碳纳米管聚合结构。

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引用次数: 0

Synthesis of graphene oxide: A refined approach 氧化石墨烯的合成：一种精炼的方法

IF 3.1 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Trends

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100509

Maria Refalo Magro, Daniel A. Vella, Glenn Cassar

The conventional method for preparing graphene oxide (GO) relies on the use of corrosive acids namely concentrated H₂SO₄, HNO₃, and H₃PO₄ as well as aggressive oxidizing agents such as KMnO₄ and KClO₄. The application of heat further exacerbates the preparation, promoting the release of harmful acidic NO_x and ClO₂ fumes. The formation of the by-product Mn₂O₇ could also increase the risk of explosion. A safe(r) and shorter method of preparation of GO has been a challenge for many researchers. This study presents a method of preparing GO, that reduces risks by eliminating the need for heating and shortening the oxidation step. This method utilises mixtures of concentrated H₂SO₄ and KMnO₄ with graphite thus eliminating the release of toxic fumes.

Characterization studies revealed that the graphite precursor with an average lateral flake size of 15.06 ±1.87 µm was successfully oxidized to GO and subsequently exfoliated to thinner sheets. The resulting GO exhibited a reduced average lateral sheet size of 10.22 0.62 µm and comprised approximately 10 layers, indicating that the precursor material is polycrystalline. Comprehensive XPS analysis revealed that the oxygen content and chemical states of carbon in the synthesized GO was comparable to that of commercially available GO, with similar distribution of oxygen functionalities. In the in-house produced GO, the predominant functional group was found to be the C-O bond corresponding to the epoxy group, followed by the ester and acid anhydride functional groups. Furthermore, the decrease in the percentage of sp² hybridized carbon in GO to 45.52 %—measured using X-ray induced Auger spectroscopy—confirms the successful oxidation of the precursor, which initially exhibited 80.21 % sp² character in graphite.

制备氧化石墨烯（GO）的传统方法依赖于使用腐蚀性酸，即浓H2SO4、HNO3和H3PO4，以及腐蚀性氧化剂，如KMnO4和KClO4。加热进一步加剧了制备过程，促进了有害的酸性NOx和ClO2烟雾的释放。副产物Mn2O7的形成也会增加爆炸的风险。一种安全(r)和更短的制备氧化石墨烯的方法一直是许多研究人员面临的挑战。本研究提出了一种制备氧化石墨烯的方法，通过消除加热和缩短氧化步骤来降低风险。这种方法利用浓H2SO4和KMnO4与石墨的混合物，从而消除有毒烟雾的释放。表征研究表明，平均横向鳞片尺寸为15.06±1.87µm的石墨前驱体被成功氧化为氧化石墨烯，随后剥落成更薄的薄片。所得氧化石墨烯的平均横向尺寸减小为10.22 0.62µm，由大约10层组成，表明该前驱体材料是多晶材料。综合XPS分析表明，合成的氧化石墨烯的氧含量和碳的化学状态与市售氧化石墨烯相当，氧官能团分布相似。在自制的氧化石墨烯中，主要官能团是与环氧基团对应的C-O键，其次是酯和酸酐官能团。此外，使用x射线诱导俄格光谱测量，氧化石墨烯中sp2杂化碳的百分比下降到45.52%，证实了前驱体的成功氧化，其最初在石墨中表现出80.21%的sp2特征。

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