In recent years, several industries have discharged wastewater containing high quantities of dyes directly into the ecosystem, creating a significant environmental hazard due to the contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water. The rapid growth of the textile industry has exacerbated this issue, as residual materials, particularly dyes, in treated wastewater contribute to environmental degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that activated carbon is highly effective in removing cationic dye, specifically methylene blue (MB), from wastewater. Adsorption has become the most widely used separation technique due to its efficiency in contaminant adsorption. This study focuses on the use of both treated and untreated adsorbents derived from discarded fruit seeds. Given the global demand for food and fruits, the use of fruit seeds to produce adsorbents has gained popularity due to their low cost, biocellulose content, and availability. The adsorbents were analyzed using FTIR, BET, SEM, and thermogravimetric (TG) methods. The relationship between the pH of the methylene blue solution and the pHpzc (point of zero charge) of the adsorbent surface was thoroughly characterized. This study provides a comprehensive examination of isothermal models, kinetic models, and thermodynamic functions. The phenomenon of adsorption, along with its relationship to surface area and pH, is also investigated. Finally, it was found that biowaste fruit seeds can serve as a low-cost alternative to commercial activated carbon for the effective removal of various pollutants from the aquatic environment on a large scale.
{"title":"A comprehensive review of methylene blue dye adsorption on activated carbon from edible fruit seeds: A case study on kinetics and adsorption models","authors":"Safaa Talib Al-Asadi , Zainab Haider Mussa , Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim , Hesam Kamyab , Haider Falih Shamikh Al-Saedi , Issa Farhan Deyab , Nisreen Jawad Kadhim","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, several industries have discharged wastewater containing high quantities of dyes directly into the ecosystem, creating a significant environmental hazard due to the contamination of soil, groundwater, and surface water. The rapid growth of the textile industry has exacerbated this issue, as residual materials, particularly dyes, in treated wastewater contribute to environmental degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that activated carbon is highly effective in removing cationic dye, specifically methylene blue (MB), from wastewater. Adsorption has become the most widely used separation technique due to its efficiency in contaminant adsorption. This study focuses on the use of both treated and untreated adsorbents derived from discarded fruit seeds. Given the global demand for food and fruits, the use of fruit seeds to produce adsorbents has gained popularity due to their low cost, biocellulose content, and availability. The adsorbents were analyzed using FTIR, BET, SEM, and thermogravimetric (TG) methods. The relationship between the pH of the methylene blue solution and the pHpzc (point of zero charge) of the adsorbent surface was thoroughly characterized. This study provides a comprehensive examination of isothermal models, kinetic models, and thermodynamic functions. The phenomenon of adsorption, along with its relationship to surface area and pH, is also investigated. Finally, it was found that biowaste fruit seeds can serve as a low-cost alternative to commercial activated carbon for the effective removal of various pollutants from the aquatic environment on a large scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-23DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100526
K.B. Nerkar, Poonam Parkar, Ajay Chaudhari
Single Be, Sc, Ti metal atom and their cluster (dimer and trimer) decorated C24 nanocages are considered for hydrogen storage. A comparison of single metal atom, dimer, and trimer decorated C24 nanocages and their hydrogen storage performance is carried out. Decoration of single Be atom on C24 nanocage distorts the nanocage and it is not suitable for hydrogen storage. Be2, Be3, Sc, Sc2, Sc3, Ti, Ti2, and Ti3 metal atom/cluster decoration do not distort the C24 nanocage geometry before H2 adsorption. After H2 adsorption Sc2, Sc3 and Ti3 clusters get broken into their constituent atoms and do not remain in cluster form. Among the metal cluster decorated C24 structures considered, C24Ti and C24Ti2 show thermodynamically favorable H2 adsorption at ambient conditions without distorting the metal cluster after H2 adsorption and thus they are more suitable for hydrogen storage at ambient conditions than the other structures considered. Though the Sc3 and Ti3 cluster decorated C24 nanocages show the highest and second highest H2 uptake capacity among all the structures considered and also thermodynamically favorable H2 adsorption at ambient conditions, the Sc3 and Ti3 clusters get broken after maximum H2 molecules adsorption.
{"title":"Metal-cluster (Be, Sc, Ti) decorated C24 nanocages and their hydrogen storage performance","authors":"K.B. Nerkar, Poonam Parkar, Ajay Chaudhari","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100526","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Single Be, Sc, Ti metal atom and their cluster (dimer and trimer) decorated C<sub>24</sub> nanocages are considered for hydrogen storage. A comparison of single metal atom, dimer, and trimer decorated C<sub>24</sub> nanocages and their hydrogen storage performance is carried out. Decoration of single Be atom on C<sub>24</sub> nanocage distorts the nanocage and it is not suitable for hydrogen storage. Be<sub>2</sub>, Be<sub>3</sub>, Sc, Sc<sub>2</sub>, Sc<sub>3</sub>, Ti, Ti<sub>2</sub>, and Ti<sub>3</sub> metal atom/cluster decoration do not distort the C<sub>24</sub> nanocage geometry before H<sub>2</sub> adsorption. After H<sub>2</sub> adsorption Sc<sub>2</sub>, Sc<sub>3</sub> and Ti<sub>3</sub> clusters get broken into their constituent atoms and do not remain in cluster form. Among the metal cluster decorated C<sub>24</sub> structures considered, C<sub>24</sub>Ti and C<sub>24</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub> show thermodynamically favorable H<sub>2</sub> adsorption at ambient conditions without distorting the metal cluster after H<sub>2</sub> adsorption and thus they are more suitable for hydrogen storage at ambient conditions than the other structures considered. Though the Sc<sub>3</sub> and Ti<sub>3</sub> cluster decorated C<sub>24</sub> nanocages show the highest and second highest H<sub>2</sub> uptake capacity among all the structures considered and also thermodynamically favorable H<sub>2</sub> adsorption at ambient conditions, the Sc<sub>3</sub> and Ti<sub>3</sub> clusters get broken after maximum H<sub>2</sub> molecules adsorption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-24DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100529
Sukanya Sukanya , Maria Argirusi , René Wilhelm
Sustainable recycling of end-of-life batteries is critical in addressing both environmental concerns and resource scarcity. This study presents the liquid-phase exfoliation of high-quality graphite derived from spent batteries, employing a natural anionic surfactant to achieve stable suspensions in an organic solvent. Moreover, metal impurities of the spent anode material were removed via extraction with water. The use of acid treatment was avoided. The exfoliation process involves ultrasonication in the presence of the surfactant, which facilitates partial delamination of the graphite material while preserving structural integrity of the spent graphite while maintaining structural integrity. The resulting graphite suspensions demonstrate excellent stability, attributed to the effective surfactant adsorption on the graphite surfaces, preventing re-stacking and aggregation. Characterization techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy, confirm the high quality and few-layer nature of the exfoliated graphite. Additionally, the environmental benefits and cost-effectiveness of using the surfactant are highlighted. This approach not only facilitates the reuse of valuable materials from waste batteries but also aligns with green chemistry principles, offering a promising route for sustainable material recovery and the production of high-performance graphite for various applications.
{"title":"Liquid-phase suspension stabilization and exfoliation of end-of-life batteries high-quality graphite with a natural surfactant","authors":"Sukanya Sukanya , Maria Argirusi , René Wilhelm","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100529","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable recycling of end-of-life batteries is critical in addressing both environmental concerns and resource scarcity. This study presents the liquid-phase exfoliation of high-quality graphite derived from spent batteries, employing a natural anionic surfactant to achieve stable suspensions in an organic solvent. Moreover, metal impurities of the spent anode material were removed via extraction with water. The use of acid treatment was avoided. The exfoliation process involves ultrasonication in the presence of the surfactant, which facilitates partial delamination of the graphite material while preserving structural integrity of the spent graphite while maintaining structural integrity. The resulting graphite suspensions demonstrate excellent stability, attributed to the effective surfactant adsorption on the graphite surfaces, preventing re-stacking and aggregation. Characterization techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy, confirm the high quality and few-layer nature of the exfoliated graphite. Additionally, the environmental benefits and cost-effectiveness of using the surfactant are highlighted. This approach not only facilitates the reuse of valuable materials from waste batteries but also aligns with green chemistry principles, offering a promising route for sustainable material recovery and the production of high-performance graphite for various applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100529"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-06-02DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100493
Marlene Puchaicela , David Lara , Vinicio J. Cevallos , Alexis Garzón , Jules Gardener , Guillermo Solorzano , Lilian Spencer , Johnny Chimborazo
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) incorporated into hydrogels are promising materials for drug delivery applications, especially wound dressings. Its green synthesis, using biomass such as watermelon seeds, offers important economic, environmental, and technological advantages. This aligns with the principles of the circular economy and supports their potential for biomedical use. In this work, the CQDs were synthesized via the hydrothermal method from watermelon seeds. Their physicochemical properties were thoroughly characterized using multiple techniques, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Hydrogels were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to assess CQDs’ antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity, both in their pure form and integrated into the hydrogels. HRTEM analysis revealed that CQDs exhibited a quasi-spherical morphology with an average diameter of approximately 12–13 nm, as well as, AFM measurements confirmed a similar size of diameter distribution with an average height of 0.385 nm. Raman spectroscopy identified two dominant peaks at and , corresponding to the disordered D-band and the crystalline G-band, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the presence of functional groups, including hydroxyl, amine, and hybridized CH bonds, carbonyl, alkene/alkyne, amide, ether, and CO bonds. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen elements, while fluorescence microscopy revealed strong, sustained photoluminescence in the blue range. Lastly, biological tests showed that CQDs, in isolation, did not exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. However, cytotoxicity assessments demonstrated that CQDs in pure form were non-toxic at a concentration of 0.03 mg/ml. Conversely, when integrated into PVA and HPMC hydrogels, a toxic effect was observed at the same concentration. When combined with HPMC alone, a slight toxicity was observed. These findings suggest that CQDs’ high photoluminescence and minimal cytotoxicity make them excellent candidates for hydrogel-based drug delivery systems in wound care applications.
{"title":"Synthesis and physical characterization of carbon quantum dots from watermelon seed towards a biological application","authors":"Marlene Puchaicela , David Lara , Vinicio J. Cevallos , Alexis Garzón , Jules Gardener , Guillermo Solorzano , Lilian Spencer , Johnny Chimborazo","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) incorporated into hydrogels are promising materials for drug delivery applications, especially wound dressings. Its green synthesis, using biomass such as watermelon seeds, offers important economic, environmental, and technological advantages. This aligns with the principles of the circular economy and supports their potential for biomedical use. In this work, the CQDs were synthesized via the hydrothermal method from watermelon seeds. Their physicochemical properties were thoroughly characterized using multiple techniques, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Hydrogels were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to assess CQDs’ antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity, both in their pure form and integrated into the hydrogels. HRTEM analysis revealed that CQDs exhibited a quasi-spherical morphology with an average diameter of approximately 12–13 nm, as well as, AFM measurements confirmed a similar size of diameter distribution with an average height of 0.385 nm. Raman spectroscopy identified two dominant peaks at <span><math><mrow><mspace></mspace><mn>1340</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mspace></mspace><mn>1590</mn><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, corresponding to the disordered D-band and the crystalline G-band, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the presence of functional groups, including hydroxyl, amine, <span><math><mrow><mi>s</mi><msup><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>s</mi><msup><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> hybridized C<img>H bonds, carbonyl, alkene/alkyne, amide, ether, and C<img>O bonds. XPS analysis confirmed the presence of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen elements, while fluorescence microscopy revealed strong, sustained photoluminescence in the blue range. Lastly, biological tests showed that CQDs, in isolation, did not exhibit significant antimicrobial activity. However, cytotoxicity assessments demonstrated that CQDs in pure form were non-toxic at a concentration of 0.03 mg/ml. Conversely, when integrated into PVA and HPMC hydrogels, a toxic effect was observed at the same concentration. When combined with HPMC alone, a slight toxicity was observed. These findings suggest that CQDs’ high photoluminescence and minimal cytotoxicity make them excellent candidates for hydrogel-based drug delivery systems in wound care applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100493"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-21DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100525
Sony Bharadwaj , Manoj Sehrawat , Sushant Sharma , Tejendra K Gupta , Indu Elizabeth , Mamta Rani , Bhanu Pratap Singh
Flexible strain sensors are crucial in wearable devices, yet achieving both high sensitivity and a broad strain detection range simultaneously poses challenges, often leading to trade-offs. In this study, a flexible, sandwiched structured strain sensor has been developed using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymer and long-length multiwalled carbon nanotube (l-MWCNT) buckypaper. The l-MWCNT helps to keep the resistance steady as long as the strain stays within a certain limit. This greatly expands the strain detection range of the sensor to ∼427%. Additionally, the sensor exhibits notable sensing properties with a highest gauge factor of ∼150 and a rapid response and recovery time of 100 ms. It also demonstrates good stability and durability during cyclic stretching and releasing tests, owing to the reversible changes in the CNT conductive network under tensile and compression loading. This sensor enables real-time health monitoring and can detect various physiological activities such as swallowing, breathing, speech, pulse, and movements of the wrist and fingers. These advancements highlight the potential of flexible strain sensor technology in improving human movement detection.
{"title":"Strain detection using long-length MWCNT buckypaper-based flexible strain sensor for large strain range","authors":"Sony Bharadwaj , Manoj Sehrawat , Sushant Sharma , Tejendra K Gupta , Indu Elizabeth , Mamta Rani , Bhanu Pratap Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible strain sensors are crucial in wearable devices, yet achieving both high sensitivity and a broad strain detection range simultaneously poses challenges, often leading to trade-offs. In this study, a flexible, sandwiched structured strain sensor has been developed using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymer and long-length multiwalled carbon nanotube (<em>l-</em>MWCNT) buckypaper. The <em>l-</em>MWCNT helps to keep the resistance steady as long as the strain stays within a certain limit. This greatly expands the strain detection range of the sensor to ∼427%. Additionally, the sensor exhibits notable sensing properties with a highest gauge factor of ∼150 and a rapid response and recovery time of 100 ms. It also demonstrates good stability and durability during cyclic stretching and releasing tests, owing to the reversible changes in the CNT conductive network under tensile and compression loading. This sensor enables real-time health monitoring and can detect various physiological activities such as swallowing, breathing, speech, pulse, and movements of the wrist and fingers. These advancements highlight the potential of flexible strain sensor technology in improving human movement detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing growth of electric vehicles and portable electronics has led to a surplus energy demand in recent decades. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have garnered significant attention and are believed to be the most promising future for sustainable high energy supply. Despite their high theoretical capacity, polysulfide shuttling has been a thorny drawback for their experimental performance degradation. In this work, lichen (Parmotrema stuppeum), a unique species with a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with fungi and algae, was used as a biomass for carbon precursor to modify the glass fiber (GF) separator. The necessary 3-dimensional porous carbon structure and active surface functional groups are obtained without extra additives. The porous network associated with l-600 accompanies foam-like structures that are anticipated to filter up polysulfides and facilitate lithium ions transport in the electrode-electrolyte interface. Thereby, the porous architecture ensures physical sites and traps dissolved polysulfide intermediate compounds, holding them as potential active materials that can undergo catalytic reactions within the cathode side. The Li-S cell, accompanied by the modified separator (L-600), offered a high initial specific capacity of 1330 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C. Further, the Li-S cell offered a prolonged reversible capacity of 725 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles, with a capacity degradation rate of 0.22 % per cycle. Post-stability analysis of the Li-S separator confirms the effectiveness of the modified separator in mitigating polysulfide shuttling.
近几十年来，电动汽车和便携式电子产品的日益增长导致了能源需求过剩。锂硫（li -硫）电池已经引起了人们的广泛关注，被认为是未来可持续高能量供应最有希望的电池。尽管多硫化物的理论容量很高，但其实验性能的下降一直是一个棘手的缺点。本文以地衣（Parmotrema stuppeum）这种与真菌和藻类共生的独特物种为原料，制备碳前体，用于改性玻璃纤维（GF）分离器。无需额外添加剂即可获得所需的三维多孔碳结构和活性表面官能团。与l-600相关的多孔网络伴随着泡沫状结构，有望过滤多硫化物并促进锂离子在电极-电解质界面中的传输。因此，多孔结构确保了物理位置和捕获溶解的多硫化物中间化合物，使它们成为可以在阴极侧进行催化反应的潜在活性物质。该锂- s电池配有改进的分离器（L-600），在0.2℃下可提供1330 mAh g-1的高初始比容量，并且在200次循环后可提供725 mAh g-1的长期可逆容量，每次循环的容量衰减率为0.22%。对锂硫分离器的后稳定性分析证实了改性后的锂硫分离器在减少多硫化物穿梭方面的有效性。
{"title":"Nature-inspired three-dimensional foam-like porous carbon surface modified separator for high-performance Li-S batteries","authors":"Krishnan Vignesh , Tamilarasan Mathivanan , Mariappan Ganeshbabu , Nuthalapati Prasanna Naga Puneeth , Balasubramaniam Ramkumar , Yun Sung Lee , Ramakrishnan Kalai Selvan","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing growth of electric vehicles and portable electronics has led to a surplus energy demand in recent decades. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have garnered significant attention and are believed to be the most promising future for sustainable high energy supply. Despite their high theoretical capacity, polysulfide shuttling has been a thorny drawback for their experimental performance degradation. In this work, lichen (<em>Parmotrema stuppeum</em>), a unique species with a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with fungi and algae, was used as a biomass for carbon precursor to modify the glass fiber (GF) separator. The necessary 3-dimensional porous carbon structure and active surface functional groups are obtained without extra additives. The porous network associated with <span>l</span>-600 accompanies foam-like structures that are anticipated to filter up polysulfides and facilitate lithium ions transport in the electrode-electrolyte interface. Thereby, the porous architecture ensures physical sites and traps dissolved polysulfide intermediate compounds, holding them as potential active materials that can undergo catalytic reactions within the cathode side. The Li-S cell, accompanied by the modified separator (L-600), offered a high initial specific capacity of 1330 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> at 0.2 C. Further, the Li-S cell offered a prolonged reversible capacity of 725 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> after 200 cycles, with a capacity degradation rate of 0.22 % per cycle. Post-stability analysis of the Li-S separator confirms the effectiveness of the modified separator in mitigating polysulfide shuttling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100547
Pascal Puech , Damien Tristant , Shaorui Chen , Shae Wetzel , Yuxin Xiang , Tianzhao Hu , Lili Zhang , Marc Monthioux , Feng Li
Sodium intercalation in graphite is known to be unstable, posing a challenge for energy storage applications based on this cation. This study combines Raman spectroscopy with first-principles calculations, including electron-phonon coupling, to investigate charge transfer mechanisms and stability in Na-intercalated graphite. Contrary to theoretical predictions on a pure Na graphite intercalated compound, Raman data show no evidence of so-called mechanical coupling between Na+ ions and graphene layers. As we have selected a partially graphitized carbon with an intense 2D band for the anode, analyzing the Raman shifts of both the G and 2D bands is possible and allows us to discriminate between doping and lattice expansion treated as strain effects. The observed shifts are fully explained by a simple charge-transfer mechanism to each graphene layer. At stage one intercalation, a charge transfer value of -0.17±0.02 |e-| per carbon atom is determined. These findings highlight the ability of Raman spectroscopy to quantify charge transfer and differentiate intercalation behaviors between the various alkali metals.
{"title":"Charge transfer during sodium-ion intercalation in graphite-like anodes as determined by Raman spectroscopy","authors":"Pascal Puech , Damien Tristant , Shaorui Chen , Shae Wetzel , Yuxin Xiang , Tianzhao Hu , Lili Zhang , Marc Monthioux , Feng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium intercalation in graphite is known to be unstable, posing a challenge for energy storage applications based on this cation. This study combines Raman spectroscopy with first-principles calculations, including electron-phonon coupling, to investigate charge transfer mechanisms and stability in Na-intercalated graphite. Contrary to theoretical predictions on a pure Na graphite intercalated compound, Raman data show no evidence of so-called mechanical coupling between Na<sup>+</sup> ions and graphene layers. As we have selected a partially graphitized carbon with an intense 2D band for the anode, analyzing the Raman shifts of both the G and 2D bands is possible and allows us to discriminate between doping and lattice expansion treated as strain effects. The observed shifts are fully explained by a simple charge-transfer mechanism to each graphene layer. At stage one intercalation, a charge transfer value of -0.17±0.02 |e<sup>-</sup>| per carbon atom is determined. These findings highlight the ability of Raman spectroscopy to quantify charge transfer and differentiate intercalation behaviors between the various alkali metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100553
Tom Fournier , Samir El Masaoudi , Iann C. Gerber , Benjamin Lassagne , Cedric Crespos , Jean-Marc Leyssale , Kelvin Cruz , Germercy Paredes , Felana Andriambelaza , Marc Monthioux , Pascal Puech , Fabrice Piazza
Opening a band gap in graphene is essential for its integration into electronic devices, but remains a major challenge. Hydrogenation offers a promising route, though the process is complicated by competing mechanisms such as hydrogen desorption and unwanted etching. Here, we investigate one-sided hydrogenation of monolayer graphene on SiO₂/Si substrates at temperatures below ∼100 °C, using a hot-filament-assisted method compatible with semiconductor processing. Our results reveal a regime where hydrogen chemisorption and hole formation (etching) coexist. Dehydrogenation experiments and first-principles calculations indicate that hydrogen atoms preferentially cluster on neighboring carbon sites, potentially leading to dome-like lattice distortions. While hydrogen incorporation is favored at these sites, our simulations suggest that the resulting stresses alone are insufficient to cause carbon–carbon bond breakage. Instead, etching likely requires the presence of energetic atomic hydrogen. These findings help clarify the interplay between hydrogenation and etching and provide guidance for controlled graphene functionalization in device applications.
{"title":"Hydrogenation and etching of single-layer graphene during exposure to atomic hydrogen","authors":"Tom Fournier , Samir El Masaoudi , Iann C. Gerber , Benjamin Lassagne , Cedric Crespos , Jean-Marc Leyssale , Kelvin Cruz , Germercy Paredes , Felana Andriambelaza , Marc Monthioux , Pascal Puech , Fabrice Piazza","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Opening a band gap in graphene is essential for its integration into electronic devices, but remains a major challenge. Hydrogenation offers a promising route, though the process is complicated by competing mechanisms such as hydrogen desorption and unwanted etching. Here, we investigate one-sided hydrogenation of monolayer graphene on SiO₂/Si substrates at temperatures below ∼100 °C, using a hot-filament-assisted method compatible with semiconductor processing. Our results reveal a regime where hydrogen chemisorption and hole formation (etching) coexist. Dehydrogenation experiments and first-principles calculations indicate that hydrogen atoms preferentially cluster on neighboring carbon sites, potentially leading to dome-like lattice distortions. While hydrogen incorporation is favored at these sites, our simulations suggest that the resulting stresses alone are insufficient to cause carbon–carbon bond breakage. Instead, etching likely requires the presence of energetic atomic hydrogen. These findings help clarify the interplay between hydrogenation and etching and provide guidance for controlled graphene functionalization in device applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144779944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100515
Yi Chen Huang, Jun Yi Wu
Shrimp shells are used as the carbon and nitrogen source to produce high-fluorescence nitrogen-carbon dots at room temperature by employing a cutting process based on NaCl crystals without added nitrogen-doped agents. The synthesis process is rapid (<5 min) and easy. The synthesized nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) are characterized using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scan electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The synthesized NCDs exhibit high fluorescence and are effectively used in the instant and fast detection of tea freshness.
{"title":"Low-energy consumption rapid synthesis of high-fluorescence nitrogen-doped carbon dots at room temperature using a combusted shrimp shell combined solution and application to catechins detection","authors":"Yi Chen Huang, Jun Yi Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shrimp shells are used as the carbon and nitrogen source to produce high-fluorescence nitrogen-carbon dots at room temperature by employing a cutting process based on NaCl crystals without added nitrogen-doped agents. The synthesis process is rapid (<5 min) and easy. The synthesized nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) are characterized using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scan electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The synthesized NCDs exhibit high fluorescence and are effectively used in the instant and fast detection of tea freshness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100512
Sudhanshu Dwivedi , Somnath Biswas
Spin-controlled device in single-walled carbon nanotube-field effect transistor (SWCNT-FET) architecture are patterned by the combinatorial lithographic techniques that are made-up of the chromium oxides electrodes comprising of half-metal CrO2 that is ferromagnetic in nature. Chromium oxides thin films were deposited over isostructural rutile-type-tetragonal TiO2 layers on SiO2/Si substrates. The as-deposited thin films consisted of the chromium-di-oxide (CrO2) as the dominant phase along with the minor phase of antiferromagnetic Cr2O3. We report on the elaborate vibrational bands analysis of CrO2 in the 2D thin film configuration based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) characterization. In the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies, we mention surface bonding elements of chromium oxides thin films along with the comprehensive description of different states. Magnetic force microscopic (MFM) images revealed the magnetic grain size of ∼235 nm in the chromium oxides thin films. Electrical & magnetoresistive studies confirmed the dominance of intergranular tunnelling mechanism along with an MR % = 40 % at T = 290 K. Spin-controlled device has been patterned by the electron beam lithography (EBL) by employing chemical etching technique in case of half-metal CrO2 for the first time. We demonstrate the gate-dependent MR % in these spin-controlled devices of +60 % and -79 % under out-of-pane geometry of H = 0.1 T & H = 0.5 T at the temperature of T = 290 K, respectively.
{"title":"Augmented MR of half-metallic ferromagnetic CrO2 based thin films & spin-controlled device in SWCNT-FET architecture","authors":"Sudhanshu Dwivedi , Somnath Biswas","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spin-controlled device in single-walled carbon nanotube-field effect transistor (<strong>SWCNT-FET)</strong> architecture are patterned by the combinatorial lithographic techniques that are made-up of the chromium oxides electrodes comprising of half-metal <strong>CrO<sub>2</sub></strong> that is ferromagnetic in nature. Chromium oxides thin films were deposited over isostructural rutile-type-tetragonal <strong>TiO<sub>2</sub></strong> layers on <strong>SiO<sub>2</sub>/Si</strong> substrates. The as-deposited thin films consisted of the chromium-<em>di</em>-oxide (<strong>CrO<sub>2</sub></strong>) as the dominant phase along with the minor phase of antiferromagnetic <strong>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></strong>. We report on the elaborate vibrational bands analysis of <strong>CrO<sub>2</sub></strong> in the <strong>2D</strong> thin film configuration based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (<strong>FTIR</strong>) characterization. In the <strong>X-ray</strong> photoelectron spectroscopy (<strong>XPS</strong>) studies, we mention surface bonding elements of chromium oxides thin films along with the comprehensive description of different states. Magnetic force microscopic (<strong>MFM</strong>) images revealed the magnetic grain size of ∼235 nm in the chromium oxides thin films. Electrical & magnetoresistive studies confirmed the dominance of intergranular tunnelling mechanism along with an <strong>MR %</strong> = 40 % at <strong><em>T</em></strong> = 290 K. Spin-controlled device has been patterned by the electron beam lithography (<strong>EBL</strong>) by employing chemical etching technique in case of half-metal <strong>CrO<sub>2</sub></strong> for the first time. We demonstrate the gate-dependent <strong>MR %</strong> in these spin-controlled devices of +60 % and -79 % under out-of-pane geometry of <strong><em>H</em></strong> = 0.1 T & <strong><em>H</em></strong> = 0.5 T at the temperature of <strong><em>T</em></strong> = 290 K, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":52629,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Trends","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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