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On the construction of the system for forensic psycholinguistics 论司法心理语言学体系的构建
Pub Date : 2019-06-02 DOI: 10.14746/fped.2018.7.2.2019.8.1.7
Shaogang Yang, Zhuo Liu
Forensic psycholinguistics is an emerging interdisciplinary subject that makes use of the psychological methods to analyze the linguistic phenomena in legal activities and therefore it is of the multiple and cross-disciplinary nature. In ancient Chinese culture there were written expressions with thoughts of foren­sic psycholinguistics and its practices. In Western countries the research started from European societies at the end of 19th cen­tury when Münsterberg and Cattell and some other scholars act­ed as the pioneers of this domain. After the WWII the research center of forensic psycholinguistics gradually moved to the Unit­ed States where the research of legal psychology and the use of psychological methods greatly facilitate the study and practic­es of forensic psycholinguistics. Its study object aims at the lin­guistic behavior in such legal activities as legislation, judicial, the obeying of the law and transgression, and its task should be the research on the behavior of the legal language in both levels of consciousness and unconsciousness. The construction of the system for forensic psycholinguistics should start from the perspectives of linguistic psychology of legislation, judicial, the enforcement and obeying of the law and the legal publicity so that a cross-cultural emerging subject with its values of prac­tical application could be created.
司法心理语言学是一门新兴的跨学科学科,它利用心理学的方法来分析法律活动中的语言现象,因此具有多元性和跨学科性。在中国古代文化中,存在着带有前心理语言学思想及其实践的书面表达。在西方国家,这项研究始于19世纪末的欧洲社会,当时Münsterberg、Cattell和其他一些学者是这一领域的先驱。第二次世界大战后,法医心理语言学的研究中心逐渐转移到美国,在那里,法律心理学的研究和心理学方法的使用极大地促进了法医心理语言学研究和实践。它的研究对象是立法、司法、守法、违法等法律活动中的语言行为,其任务应该是从意识和无意识两个层面研究法律语言的行为。司法心理语言学体系的构建应从立法、司法、执法与守法、法律宣传等方面的语言学心理学入手,以期形成一门具有实践应用价值的跨文化新兴学科。
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引用次数: 1
The origins of postmodern moral relativism 后现代道德相对主义的起源
Pub Date : 2019-06-02 DOI: 10.14746/fped.2018.7.2.2019.8.1.5
Gang Deng
Postmodernism, which emerged in the 1960s, involves a wide range of fields and carries out all-round critical reflections on the foundation, tradition and other aspects of the development of modern civilization. Postmodern morality came into being with the popularity of postmodernism in western countries. It features obvious “de-universality” and provides a new mirror for reflec­tions on modern morality. Its progressive significance cannot be ignored. However, some postmodern moral concepts are becoming increasingly relativistic, even going to extremes, bringing about disturbances to society. Tracing the root of moral relativism back to ancient times based on the great history of its development, this study first sorts out the same gene of ancient Western mor­al relativism – using “skepticism” as a weapon against authority and dogmatism, and points out that the key of using moral rel­ativism lies in seeking the proper limit of “skepticism”. Then it draws forth the fact that postmodern morality started with “skepticism” and prevailed because of its “relativism”, pointing out that some postmodern morality moved toward moral relativ­ism because of persistence in “skepticism”, while some fall into a state of moral nihility by radicalising “skepticism”. If a crafts­man wants to do good work, he must first sharpen his tools. This study concludes with suggestions on how to use the “skepticism” of postmodern morality.
后现代主义产生于20世纪60年代,涉及领域广泛,对现代文明发展的基础、传统等方面进行了全方位的批判反思。后现代道德是随着后现代主义在西方国家的流行而产生的。它具有明显的“去普遍性”特征,为反思现代道德提供了新的视角。它的进步意义不容忽视。然而,一些后现代道德观念正变得越来越相对论,甚至走向极端,给社会带来动荡。本研究从道德相对主义的伟大发展史出发,追溯其根源,首先梳理出西方古代道德相对论的同一基因——以“怀疑论”作为反对权威和教条主义的武器,并指出道德相对性的运用关键在于寻求“怀疑主义”的适当限度。然后指出后现代道德是从“怀疑论”开始并因其“相对主义”而盛行的,指出一些后现代道德由于对“怀疑论“的执着而走向道德关系主义,而另一些则因对“怀疑主义”的激进化而陷入道德虚无状态。如果一个手工艺人想做好工作,他必须先磨好工具。本研究最后就如何运用后现代道德的“怀疑论”提出建议。
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引用次数: 0
Etyka nikomachejska, Księga VI 《尼哥马伦理学》,第六卷
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.14746/fped.2018.7.2.2019.8.1.2
Jacek Woroniecki, Arystoteles
Etyka nikomachejska, Księga VI
《尼哥马伦理学》,第六卷
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引用次数: 0
Pojęcie kryzysu w filozofii i naukach społecznych a kryzysy prawne
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.14746/FPED.2018.7.1.11
Paweł Skuczyński
The aim of this article is to discuss different approaches to the phenomena of crisis, which are reconstructed from chosen philosophical and social sciences theories. Latest popularity of the notion of legal or constitutional crisis in jurisprudence establishes the point of departure. Using this notion in legal context opens a problem of adopting in this field more general and well-grounded perspectives on crises. Subsequently, I present the concept of crises in works of Edmund Husserl, Hannah Arendt, Reinhart Koselleck and Niklas Luhmann. Each of aforementioned sections is concluded with an explication of the concept of crises in perspective of adequate theory. My final task is to draw some most important consequences for understanding constitutional crisis, as well as the need for general theory of legal crises.
本文的目的是讨论危机现象的不同处理方法,这些方法是从选定的哲学和社会科学理论中重建的。法律或宪法危机概念在法学中的最新流行确立了出发点。在法律背景下使用这一概念会带来一个问题,即在这一领域对危机采取更普遍和更有根据的观点。随后,我在胡塞尔、阿伦特、科塞莱克和鲁曼的作品中提出了危机的概念。上述每一节的结尾都从充分理论的角度对危机的概念进行了解释。我的最后一项任务是得出一些对理解宪法危机最重要的后果,以及对法律危机一般理论的必要性。
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引用次数: 1
Ewolucja analitycznej teorii prawa a bezpośrednie stosowanie konstytucji
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.14746/FPED.2018.7.1.5
A. Bator
The paper analyses the sources of diversity in opinions about the acceptability of direct application of constitution by courts in the so-called confrontational version (a judicial review: the refusal of application of the parliamentary act which is incoherent with a constitution). I claim that such differences result from diverging assumptions accepted within analytic jurisprudence. More precisely speaking, the above differences stem from the three alternative approaches within analytic legal theory: a traditional, a modern, and a postmodern (postanalytic) one. Polish legal thought is dominated by the modern approach, what influence also a debate on the direct applicability of constitution. The modern approach hardly accepts a situation in which a legal professional (a judge) needs to face new social and political challenges. The more adequate in this respect seems to be the postanalytic approach. Thus, arguments which refuse the judge’s right to directly and autonomously apply the constitution against the parliamentary law (which are put forth by some representatives of both legal doctrine and judiciary), are based mainly upon the modern version of the analytic legal theory. Alternatively, the postanalytic perspective offers theoretical foundations for the acceptability of direct and autonomous judicial application of the constitution. As for the traditional version of analytic theory, it possesses some explanatory force towards Polish political practice of the day. Since it supports claims which question any form of judicial activism. This approach seems to undermine any reasons for the existence of independent constitutional judiciary, the direct application of constitution byordinary courts included.
本文分析了在所谓的对抗性版本(司法审查:拒绝适用与宪法不一致的议会法案)中,关于法院直接适用宪法的可接受性的不同意见的来源。我声称,这种差异是分析法学中所接受的不同假设的结果。更确切地说,上述差异源于分析法学理论中的三种替代方法:传统方法、现代方法和后现代方法。波兰的法律思想是以现代方法为主的,对宪法的直接适用性也产生了怎样的影响。现代方法很难接受法律专业人员(法官)需要面对新的社会和政治挑战的情况。在这方面,后分析方法似乎更为充分。因此,拒绝法官直接和自主适用宪法反对议会法的权利的论点(由法律学说和司法机构的一些代表提出)主要基于现代版本的分析法学理论。或者,后分析视角为宪法的直接和自主司法适用的可接受性提供了理论基础。对于分析理论的传统版本而言,它对当时的波兰政治实践具有一定的解释力。因为它支持质疑任何形式的司法激进主义的主张。这种做法似乎破坏了独立宪法司法机构存在的任何理由,包括通过普通法院直接适用宪法。
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引用次数: 0
Europejska filozofia praw człowieka a konstytucyjna formuła obowiązków człowieka i obywatela 欧洲人权哲学与人权和公民义务的宪法公式
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.14746/FPED.2018.7.1.9
Bartosz Liżewski
This article is devoted to the problem of the obligations of a human and citizen in the Polish constitution. This matter is shown from the philosophy and legal point of you. The aim of the article is to show what influence the philosophy of human rights had on regulating the obligations of human and citizen in the European and Polish law. The main idea is, that the constructions of the provisions in the Polish constitution is the reflection of the European philosophy on human rights. This philosophy is based on the individualization and personalization on the human. Therefore the freedoms and rights are underlined and its obligations are limited. The provisions on the Constitution of the Republic of Poland which concern the obligations agree this philosophy. In the opinion of the author of this article these solutions are not good. All the provisions regulating the obligations of a human and citizen can be called the obligations towards the country. They include, loyalty to the Republic of Poland, observing the Polish law, paying taxis, defending the country and protecting the environment. The authors of the constitution omitted the obligations towards the family and local communities.
本文专门讨论波兰宪法规定的人和公民的义务问题。这件事是从你的哲学和法律角度来说明的。这篇文章的目的是要说明人权哲学对欧洲和波兰法律中规定人和公民义务的影响。主要观点是,波兰宪法条款的构建是欧洲人权哲学的反映。这种哲学是建立在个性化和个性化的基础上的。因此,自由和权利得到强调,其义务受到限制。《波兰共和国宪法》中有关义务的条款赞同这一理念。在本文作者看来,这些解决方案并不好。一切规定人和公民义务的规定都可以称为对国家的义务。这些义务包括:忠于波兰共和国、遵守波兰法律、支付出租车费用、保卫国家和保护环境。宪法的起草者忽略了对家庭和地方社区的义务。
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引用次数: 1
Wolność jako zasada neokonstytucjonalna
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.14746/fped.2018.7.1.7
Justyna Holocher
The liberal principal in dubio pro libertate is the philosophical foundation of the theory of constitutional rule of law and constitutes an incorporation of moral principles into the law and order. It is perceived as a circumstance to confirm the legitimacy for the thesis of passing from rule of law to the constitutional rule of law on the philosophical and dogmatic planes. It influences the process of constitutionalization, and especially the rules governing the judicial interpretation, forming thus the legal theory of interpretation built upon the argumentative nature of the law and its weight-based application which is essentially a matter of selecting the rule applicable as the parameter of control of constitutionality. It bolsters up constitutionalism conceived as a set of legislative measures aimed at limiting the legislative authority and jurisprudence by attaching a particular importance to the liberty arguments whose value will be eventually referred to the good of the individual.
怀疑自由原则是宪政法治理论的哲学基础,构成了道德原则与法律秩序的结合。它被认为是一种情况,可以在哲学和教条层面上确认从法治过渡到宪政法治的论点的合法性。它影响着宪法化的进程,尤其是管辖司法解释的规则,从而形成了建立在法律的争论性质及其基于权重的适用基础上的法律解释理论,这本质上是选择适用的规则作为控制合宪性的参数的问题。它支持立宪主义,认为它是一套旨在限制立法权威和法理的立法措施,特别重视自由论点,其价值最终将涉及个人的利益。
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引用次数: 0
Kryzys nowoczesnego konstytucjonalizmu. Między liberalną sędziokracją a postliberalnym populizmem 现代宪政的危机。自由司法与后自由民粹主义之间
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.14746/FPED.2018.7.1.14
Adam Sulikowski
The author assumes that modern, Western constitutionalism, with its emphasis on individual rights, is not the only form of constitutionalism, understood as ideas of restrictions imposed on government activities, practiced throughout history. In the author’s opinion, the current crisis of the dominant paradigm of constitutionalism is caused by the contradictions of liberal democracy. In this aspect, the author’s analysis is based on the concepts of Antonio Gramsci, Chantal Mouffe, Ernesto Laclau and Claude Lefort. In the author’s opinion, the described crisis may lead to permanent transformations and the emergence of new forms and paradigms of constitutionalism.
作者认为,强调个人权利的现代西方宪政并不是宪政的唯一形式,它被理解为对政府活动施加限制的思想,在历史上一直在实践。笔者认为,当前宪政主导范式的危机是由自由民主的矛盾造成的。在这方面,笔者的分析是基于安东尼奥·葛兰西、尚塔尔·墨菲、埃内斯托·拉克劳和克劳德·勒福特的概念。笔者认为,所描述的危机可能会导致永久的转变,并出现新的宪政形式和范式。
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引用次数: 1
Konstytucjonalizm jako refleksja
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.14746/FPED.2018.7.1.1
Maciej Pichlak
The objective of the paper is to present various forms of constitutionalism, with a special focus on constitutionalism understood as a form of reflection of political community. The paper adopts the perspective of reflexivity theory in order to reconstruct the basic alternatives in that regard, and also to reveal their potential advant ges and weaknesses. As it is demonstrated, it is precisely philosophical and sociological conceptions of reflexivity that are particularly suitable for understanding the specificities of constitutionalism – indeed, the latter, as a discourse about the foundations of the political and legal existence of a given community, inevitably assumes the form of reflection. The special focus within the paper is devoted to two key distinctions within the sphere of reflexivity theory, which impact the manner in which constitutional reflection is performed. The first of the distinctions concerns the relationship of reflection to tradition, while the second is done according to the criterion of the logical structure of reflexive cognizance. It is argued here that the dominant version of modern constitutionalism prescribes that constitutional reflexion be perceived as a closed process with the objective of emancipation from tradition. An alternative to this mainstream approach can be proposed in the form of capturing constitutionalism as reflexion with its foundation in tradition, at the same time dialogically mediated in other forms of social and political discourse.
本文的目的是呈现各种形式的宪政,特别关注作为政治共同体反映形式的宪政。本文采用反身性理论的视角来重构这方面的基本选择,并揭示其潜在的优势和不足。正如所证明的那样,正是哲学和社会学的反身性概念特别适合于理解宪政的特殊性——事实上,后者作为一种关于特定社区的政治和法律存在基础的论述,不可避免地采用了反思的形式。本文特别关注反思性理论领域内的两个关键区别,这两个区别影响了宪法反思的方式。第一种区别涉及反思与传统的关系,第二种区别则是根据反身性认识的逻辑结构来判断的。本文认为,现代宪政主义的主流版本规定,宪法反思应被视为一个以从传统中解放出来为目标的封闭过程。这种主流方法的另一种选择是,将宪政作为传统基础的反思,同时在其他形式的社会和政治话语中进行对话调解。
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引用次数: 1
Władza konstytuująca jako przedmiot badań nauk prawnych 宪法权威作为法律研究的主题
Pub Date : 2018-09-10 DOI: 10.14746/FPED.2018.7.1.3
K. Kaleta
The article discusses the nature and role of constituent power in contemporary constitutional democracies. It presents the genesis of the concept of constituent power (phrased by Joseph Emmanuel Sieyès within the distinction between «pouvoir constituant» and «pouvoir constitué»), different approaches to this concept framed in the XXth century legal science by such thinkers as H. Kelsen and C. Schmitt, and finally the contemporary interpretations of this concept. The author indicates and analyses two major issues relevant to the nature and role of constituent power in the contemporary constitutional democracy. Firstly, he examines the thesis that the democratic constituent power’s activity remains normatively undetermined. The search for internal normativity that might characterise constituent power in democracy determines such practical constitutional issues as discretion of the legislator within the process of making or amending the constitution. Secondly, the author points out that analysis of the role of  pouvoir constituant» in contemporary constitutionalism should not be limited to analysis of the „constitutional moment” only; the significance of constituent power should not be seen just in the framework of the one-off act of making the constitution. Constituent power should remain an active participant of constitutional discourse which induces a search for new principles ensuring balance between constituent and constituted power in constitutional democracies.
本文论述了当代宪政民主中制宪权力的性质和作用。它介绍了构成权力概念的起源(约瑟夫·伊曼纽尔·西伊在区分“权力构成”和“权力构成”时提出的说法),在20世纪的法学中,h·凯尔森和c·施密特等思想家对这一概念提出的不同方法,最后是对这一概念的当代解释。作者指出并分析了当代宪政民主中与制宪权力的性质和作用相关的两个主要问题。首先,他考察了民主制宪权力的活动在规范上仍未确定的论点。寻求可能成为民主中组成权力特征的内部规范性,决定了立法者在制定或修改宪法过程中的自由裁量权等实际宪法问题。其次,作者指出,对“国民构成”在当代宪政中的作用的分析不应仅仅局限于对“宪政时刻”的分析;制宪权的意义不应仅仅局限于制宪这一一次性行为的框架内。制宪权力应继续积极参与宪政话语,从而促使寻求确保宪政民主中制宪权力和构成权力之间平衡的新原则。
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引用次数: 1
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Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna
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