Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/ARMS.2018.010117
Theophilus Kwek
In February 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) released a damning report of human rights abuses perpetrated against the Rohingya. The report was based on interviews with Rohingya fleeing from Myanmar since 9 October 2016, with research continuing up to January 2017. Many recounted personal experiences of violence and physical, life-threatening harm. The report received some attention among humanitarian agencies (many of which have been banned from accessing Rakhine state) but was largely ignored by the international press. Headlines that week focused on the Trump administration’s attempts to defend its travel ban. This poem contains fragments and modifications of the report. It is not an attempt to supplant the voices of those at the heart of the report, but—by stripping down its language—an attempt to make (and mend) our ways of reading (and hearing) their stories.
{"title":"To Move Between and Often Within","authors":"Theophilus Kwek","doi":"10.3167/ARMS.2018.010117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ARMS.2018.010117","url":null,"abstract":"In February 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for\u0000Human Rights (OHCHR) released a damning report of human rights abuses perpetrated\u0000against the Rohingya. The report was based on interviews with Rohingya fleeing\u0000from Myanmar since 9 October 2016, with research continuing up to January 2017.\u0000Many recounted personal experiences of violence and physical, life-threatening harm.\u0000The report received some attention among humanitarian agencies (many of which have\u0000been banned from accessing Rakhine state) but was largely ignored by the international\u0000press. Headlines that week focused on the Trump administration’s attempts to defend\u0000its travel ban. This poem contains fragments and modifications of the report. It is not\u0000an attempt to supplant the voices of those at the heart of the report, but—by stripping\u0000down its language—an attempt to make (and mend) our ways of reading (and hearing)\u0000their stories.","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75737657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/ARMS.2017.010108
Kathryn Tomko Dennler
Refused asylum seekers living in the UK face hostility and legal restrictions on the basis of immigration status that limit access to statutory support, employment, and social goods. Working at a non-profit organization that offered an advice service for refused asylum seekers, I observed how the experiences of refused asylum seekers are constituted not simply by restrictions within immigration law, but rather by the ways in which laws are perceived and implemented by a wide range of actors. I argue that the legal consciousness of social workers hostile to refused asylum seekers plays an important role in making policy through practice. I show that social workers prioritized immigration enforcement over other legal obligations, thereby amplifying the meaning of immigration status and deepening the marginalization of refused asylum seekers.
{"title":"Re/Making Immigration Policy through Practice","authors":"Kathryn Tomko Dennler","doi":"10.3167/ARMS.2017.010108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ARMS.2017.010108","url":null,"abstract":"Refused asylum seekers living in the UK face hostility and legal restrictions\u0000on the basis of immigration status that limit access to statutory support, employment,\u0000and social goods. Working at a non-profit organization that offered an advice service\u0000for refused asylum seekers, I observed how the experiences of refused asylum seekers\u0000are constituted not simply by restrictions within immigration law, but rather by the\u0000ways in which laws are perceived and implemented by a wide range of actors. I argue\u0000that the legal consciousness of social workers hostile to refused asylum seekers plays\u0000an important role in making policy through practice. I show that social workers prioritized\u0000immigration enforcement over other legal obligations, thereby amplifying the\u0000meaning of immigration status and deepening the marginalization of refused asylum\u0000seekers.","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90785154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/arms.2018.010101
E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Mette Louise Berg
Throughout history, migration has been at the heart of the transformation of societies and communities. At the same time, changing dynamics across social, economic, political, cultural, and environmental realms have influenced processes of migration and (im)mobility around the world in different ways, including by facilitating, forcing, preventing, normalizing, criminalizing, and securitizing the movement of diverse people and objects. As academic, political, policy, and popular interest in migration has increased in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, so too has the need to remain attentive to the long histories, wide-ranging geographies, and multiple directionalities of different forms of migration. Indeed, the growing interest in migration makes it important to continue to interrogate how, why, and with what effect different people and institutions study, teach, and respond to migration. This includes posing questions such as: how do we, and could we, conceptualize and resist particular ways of framing migration and mobility; whose vantage points are centralized and whose are erased from view and ignored in migration studies and policies; who counts as a migrant in the first place; and to what extent and how can a focus on migration stimulate more nuanced and engaged ways of being in and responding to the world around us?
{"title":"Inaugural Editorial","authors":"E. Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Mette Louise Berg","doi":"10.3167/arms.2018.010101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/arms.2018.010101","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout history, migration has been at the heart of the transformation of societies and communities.\u0000At the same time, changing dynamics across social, economic, political, cultural, and\u0000environmental realms have influenced processes of migration and (im)mobility around the\u0000world in different ways, including by facilitating, forcing, preventing, normalizing, criminalizing,\u0000and securitizing the movement of diverse people and objects. As academic, political, policy,\u0000and popular interest in migration has increased in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, so\u0000too has the need to remain attentive to the long histories, wide-ranging geographies, and multiple\u0000directionalities of different forms of migration. Indeed, the growing interest in migration\u0000makes it important to continue to interrogate how, why, and with what effect different people\u0000and institutions study, teach, and respond to migration. This includes posing questions such as:\u0000how do we, and could we, conceptualize and resist particular ways of framing migration and\u0000mobility; whose vantage points are centralized and whose are erased from view and ignored in\u0000migration studies and policies; who counts as a migrant in the first place; and to what extent\u0000and how can a focus on migration stimulate more nuanced and engaged ways of being in and\u0000responding to the world around us?","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"216 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91386797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/ARMS.2018.010118
Tahmineh Hooshyar Emami
“Exploring in-betweenness” is the name of a collection of experiments that originate from my background in Architecture, overlapped with an interest in actual and perceived spaces of refuge. The result is a two-part experiment in which firstly, creative writing and literary analysis were used as vehicles to criticize and suggest alternative hierarchical arrangements of space, and secondly, the experiment which constitutes the topic of this article, where the actual and constructed dialogues between words and buildings are further explored. The author as both an insider and an observer aims to explore the relationship between space, lived experiences and sociological narratives. In “Literary Spatialities,” critical spatial writing is used to position the reader as the author through reflective passages and visual reconstructions to explore border encounters between refugee and host communities.
{"title":"Experiencing In-betweenness","authors":"Tahmineh Hooshyar Emami","doi":"10.3167/ARMS.2018.010118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ARMS.2018.010118","url":null,"abstract":"“Exploring in-betweenness” is the name of a collection of experiments that\u0000originate from my background in Architecture, overlapped with an interest in actual\u0000and perceived spaces of refuge. The result is a two-part experiment in which firstly,\u0000creative writing and literary analysis were used as vehicles to criticize and suggest alternative\u0000hierarchical arrangements of space, and secondly, the experiment which constitutes\u0000the topic of this article, where the actual and constructed dialogues between words\u0000and buildings are further explored. The author as both an insider and an observer aims\u0000to explore the relationship between space, lived experiences and sociological narratives.\u0000In “Literary Spatialities,” critical spatial writing is used to position the reader as\u0000the author through reflective passages and visual reconstructions to explore border\u0000encounters between refugee and host communities.","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79282459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/ARMS.2018.010107
R. Rosen, S. Crafter
This article analyzes coverage of separated child migrants in three British tabloids between the introduction of the Dubs Amendment, which committed to relocating unaccompanied minors to the UK, and the demolition of the unofficial refugee camp in Calais. This camp has been a key symbol of Europe’s “migration crisis” and the subject of significant media attention in which unaccompanied children feature prominently. By considering the changes in tabloid coverage over this time period, this article highlights the increasing contestation of the authenticity of separated children as they began arriving in the UK under Dubs, concurrent with representations of “genuine” child migrants as innocent and vulnerable. We argue that attention to proximity can help account for changing discourses and that the media can simultaneously sustain contradictory views by preserving an essentialized view of “the child,” grounded in racialized, Eurocentric, and advanced capitalist norms. Together, these points raise questions about the political consequences of framing hospitality in the name of “the child.”
{"title":"Media Representations of Separated Child Migrants","authors":"R. Rosen, S. Crafter","doi":"10.3167/ARMS.2018.010107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ARMS.2018.010107","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes coverage of separated child migrants in three British\u0000tabloids between the introduction of the Dubs Amendment, which committed to relocating\u0000unaccompanied minors to the UK, and the demolition of the unofficial refugee\u0000camp in Calais. This camp has been a key symbol of Europe’s “migration crisis” and the\u0000subject of significant media attention in which unaccompanied children feature prominently.\u0000By considering the changes in tabloid coverage over this time period, this article\u0000highlights the increasing contestation of the authenticity of separated children as they\u0000began arriving in the UK under Dubs, concurrent with representations of “genuine”\u0000child migrants as innocent and vulnerable. We argue that attention to proximity can help\u0000account for changing discourses and that the media can simultaneously sustain contradictory\u0000views by preserving an essentialized view of “the child,” grounded in racialized,\u0000Eurocentric, and advanced capitalist norms. Together, these points raise questions about\u0000the political consequences of framing hospitality in the name of “the child.”","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88940955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/ARMS.2017.010111
A. Komporozos-Athanasiou, Nina Papachristou
In this interview with UCL’s Aris Komporozos-Athanasiou, Lefteris Papagiannakis explains his role as Athens’ vice mayor for migrants and refugees. He discusses the city’s responses to the arrival of thousands of refugees and migrants in the last few years. He reflects on the complex relationship of the municipality of Athens with non-government support networks, such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations, as well as autonomous local activists, in providing support services to migrants. Papagiannakis also addresses how Athens negotiates its support for these groups in the current European anti-immigrant climate, and the relationship between the Greek economic crisis and the so-called “refugee crisis.”
{"title":"Migration and Citizenship in “Athens of Crisis”","authors":"A. Komporozos-Athanasiou, Nina Papachristou","doi":"10.3167/ARMS.2017.010111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ARMS.2017.010111","url":null,"abstract":"In this interview with UCL’s Aris Komporozos-Athanasiou, Lefteris Papagiannakis\u0000explains his role as Athens’ vice mayor for migrants and refugees. He discusses\u0000the city’s responses to the arrival of thousands of refugees and migrants in the last\u0000few years. He reflects on the complex relationship of the municipality of Athens with\u0000non-government support networks, such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs),\u0000international organizations, as well as autonomous local activists, in providing support\u0000services to migrants. Papagiannakis also addresses how Athens negotiates its support\u0000for these groups in the current European anti-immigrant climate, and the relationship\u0000between the Greek economic crisis and the so-called “refugee crisis.”","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73619866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/arms.2018.010109
Elizabeth Challinor
This article discusses the legal and institutional framework of refugee hospitality in Portugal. This sets the context for an analysis of how hospitality encounters take place in northern towns between asylum seekers, refugees, voluntary hosting institutions, public services, and volunteers. The aim is to enquire into the conflicting expectations, morals, and values of these different people and institutions, and into how they are managed and negotiated in practice. Through focusing on the “moral subjectivities” of individuals, the data elucidates the tensions that arise between charity- based and rights-based approaches, how misunderstandings arise and are avoided through engaging in “contextual protection,” and how linear transitions from hospitality to hostility cannot be presumed.
{"title":"Refugee Hospitality Encounters in Northern Portugal","authors":"Elizabeth Challinor","doi":"10.3167/arms.2018.010109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/arms.2018.010109","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the legal and institutional framework of refugee hospitality in Portugal. This sets the context for an analysis of how hospitality encounters take place in northern towns between asylum seekers, refugees, voluntary hosting institutions, public services, and volunteers. The aim is to enquire into the conflicting expectations, morals, and values of these different people and institutions, and into how they are managed and negotiated in practice. Through focusing on the “moral subjectivities” of individuals, the data elucidates the tensions that arise between charity- based and rights-based approaches, how misunderstandings arise and are avoided through engaging in “contextual protection,” and how linear transitions from hospitality to hostility cannot be presumed.","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89907568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/ARMS.2017.010115
Sara Vannini, R. Gómez, Megan A. Carney, K. Mitchell
We reflect on the experience of a cross-disciplinary collaboration between scholars in the fields of geography, anthropology, communication, and information studies, and suggest paths for future research on sanctuary and migration studies that are based on interdisciplinary approaches. After situating sanctuary in a wider theoretical, historical, and global context, we discuss the origins and contemporary expressions of sanctuary both within and beyond faith-based organizations. We include the role of collective action, personal stories, and artistic expressions as part of the new sanctuary movement, as well as the social and political forms of outrage that lead to rekindling protest and protection of undocumented immigrants, refugees, and other minorities and vulnerable populations. We conclude with a discussion on the urgency for interdisciplinary explorations of these kinds of new, contemporary manifestations of sanctuary, and suggest paths for further research to deepen the academic dialogue on the topic.
{"title":"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Refugee and Migration Studies","authors":"Sara Vannini, R. Gómez, Megan A. Carney, K. Mitchell","doi":"10.3167/ARMS.2017.010115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ARMS.2017.010115","url":null,"abstract":"We reflect on the experience of a cross-disciplinary collaboration between\u0000scholars in the fields of geography, anthropology, communication, and information\u0000studies, and suggest paths for future research on sanctuary and migration studies that\u0000are based on interdisciplinary approaches. After situating sanctuary in a wider theoretical,\u0000historical, and global context, we discuss the origins and contemporary expressions\u0000of sanctuary both within and beyond faith-based organizations. We include the role of\u0000collective action, personal stories, and artistic expressions as part of the new sanctuary\u0000movement, as well as the social and political forms of outrage that lead to rekindling\u0000protest and protection of undocumented immigrants, refugees, and other minorities\u0000and vulnerable populations. We conclude with a discussion on the urgency for interdisciplinary\u0000explorations of these kinds of new, contemporary manifestations of sanctuary,\u0000and suggest paths for further research to deepen the academic dialogue on the topic.","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82171918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/ARMS.2018.010106
Ivi Daskalaki, Nadina Leivaditi
The closure of borders along the “Balkan route” and the EU-Turkey agreement in 2016 resulted in the involuntary immobility of thousands of refugees in Greece. Since then, the large-scale emergency relief aid on the Greek shores has been replaced by the development of provisions for the gradual integration of refugees within wider European society. In such a context, education comes to the fore in the management of Europe’s so-called “refugee crisis.” This article explores refugee youths’ educational engagements in the framework of their “temporary” accommodation in a Transit Shelter for Unaccompanied (Male) Minors on the island of Lesvos. The article discusses how the youths themselves act upon educational arrangements made by their caretakers within a context of limited agency inscribed in a “code” of filoxenia (hospitality to foreigners). This code positions refugee youths both as temporary “guests” and simultaneously as “subjects” of discipline in the residency and in wider society.
{"title":"Education and Hospitality in Liminal Locations for Unaccompanied Refugee Youths in Lesvos","authors":"Ivi Daskalaki, Nadina Leivaditi","doi":"10.3167/ARMS.2018.010106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/ARMS.2018.010106","url":null,"abstract":"The closure of borders along the “Balkan route” and the EU-Turkey agreement\u0000in 2016 resulted in the involuntary immobility of thousands of refugees in Greece.\u0000Since then, the large-scale emergency relief aid on the Greek shores has been replaced\u0000by the development of provisions for the gradual integration of refugees within wider\u0000European society. In such a context, education comes to the fore in the management\u0000of Europe’s so-called “refugee crisis.” This article explores refugee youths’ educational\u0000engagements in the framework of their “temporary” accommodation in a Transit Shelter\u0000for Unaccompanied (Male) Minors on the island of Lesvos. The article discusses\u0000how the youths themselves act upon educational arrangements made by their caretakers\u0000within a context of limited agency inscribed in a “code” of filoxenia (hospitality to\u0000foreigners). This code positions refugee youths both as temporary “guests” and simultaneously\u0000as “subjects” of discipline in the residency and in wider society.","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82233718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-01DOI: 10.3167/arms.2018.010112
Diya Abdo, Krista Craven
Every Campus A Refuge is a novel initiative whereby college campuses provide housing and support to refugees navigating the resettlement process in the United States. This article details the founding and development of the Every Campus A Refuge initiative, particularly as it has been implemented at Guilford College, a small liberal arts college in North Carolina. It also details how Guilford College faculty and students are engaging in a multifaceted research study to document the resettlement experiences of refugee families who participate in Every Campus A Refuge and to determine the efficacy of the program in providing a “soft er landing” for refugees. Overall, this article aims to provide a detailed account of Every Campus A Refuge so as to show how such a program may be implemented at other college campuses.
{"title":"Every Campus A Refuge","authors":"Diya Abdo, Krista Craven","doi":"10.3167/arms.2018.010112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3167/arms.2018.010112","url":null,"abstract":"Every Campus A Refuge is a novel initiative whereby college campuses\u0000provide housing and support to refugees navigating the resettlement process in the\u0000United States. This article details the founding and development of the Every Campus\u0000A Refuge initiative, particularly as it has been implemented at Guilford College, a\u0000small liberal arts college in North Carolina. It also details how Guilford College faculty\u0000and students are engaging in a multifaceted research study to document the resettlement\u0000experiences of refugee families who participate in Every Campus A Refuge and\u0000to determine the efficacy of the program in providing a “soft er landing” for refugees.\u0000Overall, this article aims to provide a detailed account of Every Campus A Refuge so as\u0000to show how such a program may be implemented at other college campuses.","PeriodicalId":52702,"journal":{"name":"Migration and Society","volume":"35 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84685848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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