A. Jaiswal, Ankit Kaushik, Akshay K. Singh, D. Sinha
Background: The gall bladder development in fetal life is complex and starts as early as the 4th week of gestation; the abnormal development of the gall bladder is associated with various congenital abnormalities. The objective of the present study was to study fetal gall bladder development in relation to gestational age (GA) among fetuses. Methodology: In a cross-sectional observational study of 29 fetuses, the gall bladder parameters and histological changes are evaluated at different gestational age. The fetus was categorized based on GA into three categories of <20 weeks, 21–30 weeks, and 31 weeks and above. After dissection of the abdomen, the shape and location of the gall bladder were observed. The relationship of gall bladder with liver was observed. The gall bladder length (GBL) and gall bladder width (GBW) were measured. The histogenesis of the gall bladder was observed among all fetuses and developmental changes were noted. Results: The study included 29 fetuses, 14 males and 15 females. The first, second, and third groups comprised 5, 14, and 10 fetuses. The GA ranged from 13 to 35 weeks. The mean crown-rump length (CRL) of the fetuses was 19.34 ± 6.32 cm. The mean GBL was 2.06 ± 0.83 cm and the mean GBW was 0.77 ± 0.32 cm. The GBL and GBW increased with CRL, GA, and weight. The strong positive correlation was observed between GBL, GBW with GA and CRL. On microscopy, among the first group, fetal gall bladder at 13 weeks showed solid structure with obliterated lumen and area of early canalization. The muscular layer initially was very thin and comprised only few haphazardly arranged muscle fiber in the first group, the thickness was found to be more in the second group and a well-formed adult-like muscular layer was found in the third group. The loose connective tiisue, the outer most layer was pronounced in the third group. Conclusion: The fetal gall bladder parameters show linear increase with GA and CRL. The location, size, and relation of the fundus with margin of gall bladder in fetus undergo changes with the development of the fetus. The fetal gall bladder undergoes marked histological changes during development.
{"title":"Fetal gall bladder development: A histo-morphometric study","authors":"A. Jaiswal, Ankit Kaushik, Akshay K. Singh, D. Sinha","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_89_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_89_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The gall bladder development in fetal life is complex and starts as early as the 4th week of gestation; the abnormal development of the gall bladder is associated with various congenital abnormalities. The objective of the present study was to study fetal gall bladder development in relation to gestational age (GA) among fetuses. Methodology: In a cross-sectional observational study of 29 fetuses, the gall bladder parameters and histological changes are evaluated at different gestational age. The fetus was categorized based on GA into three categories of <20 weeks, 21–30 weeks, and 31 weeks and above. After dissection of the abdomen, the shape and location of the gall bladder were observed. The relationship of gall bladder with liver was observed. The gall bladder length (GBL) and gall bladder width (GBW) were measured. The histogenesis of the gall bladder was observed among all fetuses and developmental changes were noted. Results: The study included 29 fetuses, 14 males and 15 females. The first, second, and third groups comprised 5, 14, and 10 fetuses. The GA ranged from 13 to 35 weeks. The mean crown-rump length (CRL) of the fetuses was 19.34 ± 6.32 cm. The mean GBL was 2.06 ± 0.83 cm and the mean GBW was 0.77 ± 0.32 cm. The GBL and GBW increased with CRL, GA, and weight. The strong positive correlation was observed between GBL, GBW with GA and CRL. On microscopy, among the first group, fetal gall bladder at 13 weeks showed solid structure with obliterated lumen and area of early canalization. The muscular layer initially was very thin and comprised only few haphazardly arranged muscle fiber in the first group, the thickness was found to be more in the second group and a well-formed adult-like muscular layer was found in the third group. The loose connective tiisue, the outer most layer was pronounced in the third group. Conclusion: The fetal gall bladder parameters show linear increase with GA and CRL. The location, size, and relation of the fundus with margin of gall bladder in fetus undergo changes with the development of the fetus. The fetal gall bladder undergoes marked histological changes during development.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48837897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The posterior condylar canal (PCC) and its associated emissary vein are important anatomical landmarks for juxta-condylar approach and extreme lateral approach for exposing lesions in the region lateral to the foramen magnum. The study aimed to provide a complete gender-based assessment of the morphological characteristics of PCC in an adult central Indian population. Methodology: The study was conducted on 130 dry adult central Indian human skulls of known sex (81 males, 49 females). The presence of PCC on both sides, their patency, variations, and site of internal opening in relation to important anatomical landmarks, i.e., sigmoid sulcus, jugular foramen, and foramen magnum were assessed. Results: The PCC and probe patency were statistically more common bilaterally than unilateral. Females showed statistically significant higher incidence of bilateral PCC and bilateral probe patency than males. Three morphological variations in PCC were found, i.e., double condylar canal, septation, and spur. They showed no significant gender differences. In both sexes, bilateral intrasinus was the most common type of internal opening of PCC. Internal opening into jugular foramen, foramen magnum, and retro sinus was significantly more unilaterally than bilateral. Significant gender differences in unilateral intrasinus and unilateral retro sinus type of internal opening were noted. Conclusion: This study gives knowledge about the comparison of various morphological variations of PCC in both sexes of an adult central Indian population, and its clinical impact on the surgeries of this region.
{"title":"Sexual dimorphism and clinical importance of posterior condylar canal","authors":"Suchismita Das","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_65_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_65_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The posterior condylar canal (PCC) and its associated emissary vein are important anatomical landmarks for juxta-condylar approach and extreme lateral approach for exposing lesions in the region lateral to the foramen magnum. The study aimed to provide a complete gender-based assessment of the morphological characteristics of PCC in an adult central Indian population. Methodology: The study was conducted on 130 dry adult central Indian human skulls of known sex (81 males, 49 females). The presence of PCC on both sides, their patency, variations, and site of internal opening in relation to important anatomical landmarks, i.e., sigmoid sulcus, jugular foramen, and foramen magnum were assessed. Results: The PCC and probe patency were statistically more common bilaterally than unilateral. Females showed statistically significant higher incidence of bilateral PCC and bilateral probe patency than males. Three morphological variations in PCC were found, i.e., double condylar canal, septation, and spur. They showed no significant gender differences. In both sexes, bilateral intrasinus was the most common type of internal opening of PCC. Internal opening into jugular foramen, foramen magnum, and retro sinus was significantly more unilaterally than bilateral. Significant gender differences in unilateral intrasinus and unilateral retro sinus type of internal opening were noted. Conclusion: This study gives knowledge about the comparison of various morphological variations of PCC in both sexes of an adult central Indian population, and its clinical impact on the surgeries of this region.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43492203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research in anatomy: Challenges and opportunities amid the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"N. Pushpa, S. Viveka, K. Ravi","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_5_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_5_22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48190901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Gugapriya, Sithikantha Banarjee, M. Girish, Sachin Damke, Shital Bhattad
Background: Graduate Medical Education Regulations 1997 and “Vision 2015” documents were the steps toward training a skilled and competent Indian Medical Graduate (IMG). To implement the changes in the curriculum and to achieve the IMG goal, a nation-wide faculty development program was started by the Medical Council of India in 2009. Even before the introduction of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) in 2019, the Indian medical curriculum imbibed and trained the Graduates in competencies relevant for an IMG. This research was to attempt to understand the stakeholder perspective of the contribution of the curriculum in attaining the IMG roles prior to 2019. Methodology: The present multicentric study was carried out among 450 interns belonging to batch 2018 in the state of Maharashtra. A self-administrated, online, structured questionnaire containing 27 items based on IMG roles was used as the study instrument. Descriptive analysis was performed to arrive at the perception of stakeholders. Results: Analysis of self-rating of the competency for IMG roles showed a 30.7% for the “leader and as a team member role”. A detailed analysis noted that the majority of the participants lacked confidence in the role of the “medical expert.” Competency in the psychomotor domain gained maximum self-rating in comparison to the affective domain. The overall rating about their undergraduate training toward five IMG roles had an unsatisfactory score of 56.3% for the “lifelong learner” role. Conclusion: The study highlighted the stakeholder perspective about curriculum equipping them in developing “leader and a team member” while failing with “lifelong learner” IMG role. The study also emphasized that the attitudinal domain needs addressing by the CBME curriculum.
{"title":"Attainment of Indian Medical Graduate (IMG) roles through the curriculum: The untold stakeholder perspective","authors":"T. Gugapriya, Sithikantha Banarjee, M. Girish, Sachin Damke, Shital Bhattad","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_74_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_74_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Graduate Medical Education Regulations 1997 and “Vision 2015” documents were the steps toward training a skilled and competent Indian Medical Graduate (IMG). To implement the changes in the curriculum and to achieve the IMG goal, a nation-wide faculty development program was started by the Medical Council of India in 2009. Even before the introduction of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) in 2019, the Indian medical curriculum imbibed and trained the Graduates in competencies relevant for an IMG. This research was to attempt to understand the stakeholder perspective of the contribution of the curriculum in attaining the IMG roles prior to 2019. Methodology: The present multicentric study was carried out among 450 interns belonging to batch 2018 in the state of Maharashtra. A self-administrated, online, structured questionnaire containing 27 items based on IMG roles was used as the study instrument. Descriptive analysis was performed to arrive at the perception of stakeholders. Results: Analysis of self-rating of the competency for IMG roles showed a 30.7% for the “leader and as a team member role”. A detailed analysis noted that the majority of the participants lacked confidence in the role of the “medical expert.” Competency in the psychomotor domain gained maximum self-rating in comparison to the affective domain. The overall rating about their undergraduate training toward five IMG roles had an unsatisfactory score of 56.3% for the “lifelong learner” role. Conclusion: The study highlighted the stakeholder perspective about curriculum equipping them in developing “leader and a team member” while failing with “lifelong learner” IMG role. The study also emphasized that the attitudinal domain needs addressing by the CBME curriculum.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44898903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halima Albalushi, Mohamed Al Mushaiqri, Ruqaiya Al Jabri
Introduction: Many countries adopted remote teaching upon the declaration of COVID-19 pandemic. Like many universities around the world, Sultan Qaboos University in the Sultanate of Oman shifted to emergency remote teaching (ERT) to contain the spread of the virus. In addition, anatomy classes were shifted to be taught online completely. This study aimed to explore students' perspective about the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on anatomy learning. Methodology: Students enrolled in anatomy courses during spring 2020 semester were asked to fill a questionnaire within 4 weeks of the end of online classes. The questionnaire included questions about students' perceptions and preferences about learning anatomy during ERT. Results: Findings indicated that coronavirus pandemic was disruptive to students' anatomy learning. Fulfilling courses requirements, home environment, internet connection, the anatomy knowledge without exposure to cadavers, and other resources in the lab were their main concerns. The reliability of internet connection was a major factor affecting their way of studying anatomy and selecting learning resources. Social media platforms were helpful in assisting students in their study and communication between themselves and their instructors. However, assessment and practical part teaching were not satisfactory to the students and they urge improvement. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic was disruptive to anatomy education. Internet connection was the major obstacles for the students, while the social media platforms were helpful tools in study and communication. Students urged improvement in the practical part teaching and assessment of the anatomy courses.
{"title":"Learning human anatomy amid COVID-19 pandemic: A students' perspective","authors":"Halima Albalushi, Mohamed Al Mushaiqri, Ruqaiya Al Jabri","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_85_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_85_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Many countries adopted remote teaching upon the declaration of COVID-19 pandemic. Like many universities around the world, Sultan Qaboos University in the Sultanate of Oman shifted to emergency remote teaching (ERT) to contain the spread of the virus. In addition, anatomy classes were shifted to be taught online completely. This study aimed to explore students' perspective about the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on anatomy learning. Methodology: Students enrolled in anatomy courses during spring 2020 semester were asked to fill a questionnaire within 4 weeks of the end of online classes. The questionnaire included questions about students' perceptions and preferences about learning anatomy during ERT. Results: Findings indicated that coronavirus pandemic was disruptive to students' anatomy learning. Fulfilling courses requirements, home environment, internet connection, the anatomy knowledge without exposure to cadavers, and other resources in the lab were their main concerns. The reliability of internet connection was a major factor affecting their way of studying anatomy and selecting learning resources. Social media platforms were helpful in assisting students in their study and communication between themselves and their instructors. However, assessment and practical part teaching were not satisfactory to the students and they urge improvement. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic was disruptive to anatomy education. Internet connection was the major obstacles for the students, while the social media platforms were helpful tools in study and communication. Students urged improvement in the practical part teaching and assessment of the anatomy courses.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49180368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Leukemia is a varied group of hematological malignancies due to uncontrolled proliferation of blast cells. Among childhood leukemias, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprise 70%–80% of all childhood leukemias in India. The current study aims to report the various prognostic markers of disease severity. Methodology: Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 20 patients of ALL were subjected to cytogenetic and flow cytometric analysis after recording clinical history and laboratory findings. Patients were classified according to immunophenotyping markers.: For risk stratification, patients were divided into two subgroups B ALL and T ALL. The age group of majority of patients was 1–9 years (90%) with 5% each belonging to <1 and >9 years. Male: female ratio was 1.1:1. Results: Hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and mediastinal involvement was found in 45%, 40%, and 5% of patients, respectively. Hemoglobin levels <5 g/dl and >5 g/dl were seen in 50% of patients in each range. White blood cell counts >50,000 were seen in 3 (15%) of patients. Cytogenetic analysis revealed hypodiploid karyotype for majority (64%) of cases, normal karyotype in 28% and hyperdiploidy in rest (7%). Structural aberrations like t (21;4), del (5p), dic (5) were found all in B ALL subgroup. Patients were stratified into high and standard risk groups based on good and prognostic factors. Conclusions: This study reinforces the significance of immunophenotyping cytogenetics, clinical presentation as a prognostic tool, and their significance in risk stratification.
{"title":"Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Indian children at a tertiary care center: A multiparametric study with prognostic implications","authors":"S. Jha, Dinesh Kumar","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_49_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_49_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Leukemia is a varied group of hematological malignancies due to uncontrolled proliferation of blast cells. Among childhood leukemias, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprise 70%–80% of all childhood leukemias in India. The current study aims to report the various prognostic markers of disease severity. Methodology: Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from 20 patients of ALL were subjected to cytogenetic and flow cytometric analysis after recording clinical history and laboratory findings. Patients were classified according to immunophenotyping markers.: For risk stratification, patients were divided into two subgroups B ALL and T ALL. The age group of majority of patients was 1–9 years (90%) with 5% each belonging to <1 and >9 years. Male: female ratio was 1.1:1. Results: Hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and mediastinal involvement was found in 45%, 40%, and 5% of patients, respectively. Hemoglobin levels <5 g/dl and >5 g/dl were seen in 50% of patients in each range. White blood cell counts >50,000 were seen in 3 (15%) of patients. Cytogenetic analysis revealed hypodiploid karyotype for majority (64%) of cases, normal karyotype in 28% and hyperdiploidy in rest (7%). Structural aberrations like t (21;4), del (5p), dic (5) were found all in B ALL subgroup. Patients were stratified into high and standard risk groups based on good and prognostic factors. Conclusions: This study reinforces the significance of immunophenotyping cytogenetics, clinical presentation as a prognostic tool, and their significance in risk stratification.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41267304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Rasool, Pratima Jaiswal, Aarushi Jain, Shiv K. Sharma
Background: The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney and greatly varies in its structure among different vertebrates; also the formation of nephron shows a variable degree of differences among species. This study was done to compare the size of the renal corpuscle, glomerulus, and urinary space between human and goat kidneys. Methodology: This observational descriptive type of the study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kota from December 2019 to January 2021, after seeking proper approval from the Institutional Review Board and Ethical Committee for the study. Seventy human and 70 goat kidney tissues were taken for this study. The stained sections were studied under light microscopy for the diameter of renal corpuscles and glomeruli were measured in ×400 by MICAPS camera and software attached on microscope. The observed data were analyzed, and calculated by MedCalc software version 20.0.3. Data were subjected to independent sample t-test and results were compared and were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: The renal corpuscles had the mean greatest and least diameter of 131.57 μ and 131.49 μ in humans. While respective values were 157.95 μ and 142.61 μ in goats. The glomeruli had mean maximum and minimum diameter of 112.80 μ and 111.60 μ in humans and 128.20 μ and 119.59 μ in goats. Mean urinary space distance that was 9.66 μ and 13.19 μ in humans and goats, respectively. Conclusions: The present is useful for anatomists and veterinary doctors, comparative anatomists, anthropologists, and histologists.
{"title":"Histomorphometric study of renal corpuscles of human and goat","authors":"G. Rasool, Pratima Jaiswal, Aarushi Jain, Shiv K. Sharma","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_72_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_72_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The nephron is the functional and structural unit of the kidney and greatly varies in its structure among different vertebrates; also the formation of nephron shows a variable degree of differences among species. This study was done to compare the size of the renal corpuscle, glomerulus, and urinary space between human and goat kidneys. Methodology: This observational descriptive type of the study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Kota from December 2019 to January 2021, after seeking proper approval from the Institutional Review Board and Ethical Committee for the study. Seventy human and 70 goat kidney tissues were taken for this study. The stained sections were studied under light microscopy for the diameter of renal corpuscles and glomeruli were measured in ×400 by MICAPS camera and software attached on microscope. The observed data were analyzed, and calculated by MedCalc software version 20.0.3. Data were subjected to independent sample t-test and results were compared and were considered significant at P < 0.05. Results: The renal corpuscles had the mean greatest and least diameter of 131.57 μ and 131.49 μ in humans. While respective values were 157.95 μ and 142.61 μ in goats. The glomeruli had mean maximum and minimum diameter of 112.80 μ and 111.60 μ in humans and 128.20 μ and 119.59 μ in goats. Mean urinary space distance that was 9.66 μ and 13.19 μ in humans and goats, respectively. Conclusions: The present is useful for anatomists and veterinary doctors, comparative anatomists, anthropologists, and histologists.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48472389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Arya, Sushma Tomar, R. Diwan, A. Pandey, P. Manik
Introduction: The uterine size is important during planning of assisted reproductive techniques and hysterectomy and there is no established normative data from the women of northern India, this study was undertaken with the objective to report the normal length, width and anteroposterior lengths of non-gravid uterus. Methodology: In a prospective observational study, conducted in Department of Anatomy in collaboration with Departments of Radiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, the ultrasonographic measurements of non-gravid uterus were noted. The ultrasonography was performed on females in dorsal decubitus position having full urinary bladder. Uterine position was identified by placing the probe on suprapubic area Length and anteroposterior diameter of uterus were measured by placing the probe in longitudinal direction (sagittal plane). Length was measured from fundus to external os. The anteroposterior diameter is maximum measurement in mid sagittal plane of body of uterus. The transducer was rotated up to 90 degree to measure the transverse diameter. Transverse diameter is the maximum measurement in transverse plane across the fundus. The volume of uterus was calculated. Results: The study included transabdominal ultrasonographic measurements of 100 females of age range 19-49 years (mean age 34.06 ± 0.35 years). Mean length, transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameters and volume noted were 7.71 (±0.47) cm, 4.63 (±0.33) cm, 3.75 (±0.31) cm and 70.54 (± 9.68) cm3. Conclusion: Normative values of uterine length, width and anteroposterior diameters of one-hundred non-pregnant women of northern India reported. Accurate measurement of uterine parameters is useful in timely management of various pathologies associated with abnormal size of uterus, infertility related procedures; such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer (ET) and intrauterine device insertion.
{"title":"Uterine parameters of clinical importance in North Indian females of reproductive age – An ultrasonographic evaluation","authors":"A. Arya, Sushma Tomar, R. Diwan, A. Pandey, P. Manik","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_93_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_93_20","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The uterine size is important during planning of assisted reproductive techniques and hysterectomy and there is no established normative data from the women of northern India, this study was undertaken with the objective to report the normal length, width and anteroposterior lengths of non-gravid uterus. Methodology: In a prospective observational study, conducted in Department of Anatomy in collaboration with Departments of Radiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, the ultrasonographic measurements of non-gravid uterus were noted. The ultrasonography was performed on females in dorsal decubitus position having full urinary bladder. Uterine position was identified by placing the probe on suprapubic area Length and anteroposterior diameter of uterus were measured by placing the probe in longitudinal direction (sagittal plane). Length was measured from fundus to external os. The anteroposterior diameter is maximum measurement in mid sagittal plane of body of uterus. The transducer was rotated up to 90 degree to measure the transverse diameter. Transverse diameter is the maximum measurement in transverse plane across the fundus. The volume of uterus was calculated. Results: The study included transabdominal ultrasonographic measurements of 100 females of age range 19-49 years (mean age 34.06 ± 0.35 years). Mean length, transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameters and volume noted were 7.71 (±0.47) cm, 4.63 (±0.33) cm, 3.75 (±0.31) cm and 70.54 (± 9.68) cm3. Conclusion: Normative values of uterine length, width and anteroposterior diameters of one-hundred non-pregnant women of northern India reported. Accurate measurement of uterine parameters is useful in timely management of various pathologies associated with abnormal size of uterus, infertility related procedures; such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer (ET) and intrauterine device insertion.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44174301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prasenjit Bose, U. Choudhary, Pooja Singh, Barkha Singh, Royana Singh
Introduction: During pulmonary vein isolation ablation procedure, the knowledge of number and position of pulmonary veins with thickness of posterior wall of left atrium (LA) is of invaluable significance. The objective of the study was to determine the left atrial wall thickness (LAWT) and its relationship with number and variations of right pulmonary veins (RPVs) and left pulmonary veins (LPVs). Methodology: In an observational study, carried out in the Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), morphological variations of pulmonary veins among 75 formalin-fixed hearts were noted. The thickness of posterior wall of LA was measured in each specimen studied. The number of RPVs and LPVs was counted. Any sexual differences in these numbers were noted. Results: Normal anatomical description of two RPVs and two LPVs opening the LA was observed in 63 out of 75 heart specimens (84%). The posterior LAWT is ranged 1.28–1.48 mm where two RPVs and two LPVs enter LA. The remaining 12 specimens (16%) showed variation in the number of veins opening into LA ranging between 1 and 5 veins of either side. The posterior LAWT ranged between 1.01 and 2.53 mm in these 12 specimens. The mean posterior LAWT thickness with 3, 4, and 5 RPVs was 1.47, 1.94, and 2.43 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The thickness of posterior wall of LA increases as the number of RPVs increases. Twelve specimens (16%) showed variation in the number of veins opening into LA ranging between 1 and 5 veins of either side.
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