Madhumita Patnaik, S. Mohakud, M. Gaikwad, P. Ravi
The hepatic diaphragmatic surface is usually smooth and featureless. Although the existing literature mentions grooves or fissures on the diaphragmatic surface, there is no consensus regarding its causative factors. During routine dissection, the authors found a liver with a broad accessory fissure on the anterior surface of the anatomical right lobe. An enlarged hepatic area was observed on the left side of this accessory fissure. The undersurface of the right hemidiaphragm had a diaphragmatic band that extended into the hepatic fissure. The morphometry of the accessory fissure was studied. Retrospective magnetic resonance imaging showed that the middle hepatic vein was to the immediate right of the accessory fissure. Histological examination was done to confirm the presence of muscle tissue in the hypertrophied diaphragmatic band. As the need for surgeries and transplantations of the liver rises, there is a need to understand the hepatic macroscopic anatomy and its radiological correlation.
{"title":"A case of accessory anterior hepatic fissure: Cadaveric study with retrospective radiological investigation into its vascularity","authors":"Madhumita Patnaik, S. Mohakud, M. Gaikwad, P. Ravi","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_91_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_91_21","url":null,"abstract":"The hepatic diaphragmatic surface is usually smooth and featureless. Although the existing literature mentions grooves or fissures on the diaphragmatic surface, there is no consensus regarding its causative factors. During routine dissection, the authors found a liver with a broad accessory fissure on the anterior surface of the anatomical right lobe. An enlarged hepatic area was observed on the left side of this accessory fissure. The undersurface of the right hemidiaphragm had a diaphragmatic band that extended into the hepatic fissure. The morphometry of the accessory fissure was studied. Retrospective magnetic resonance imaging showed that the middle hepatic vein was to the immediate right of the accessory fissure. Histological examination was done to confirm the presence of muscle tissue in the hypertrophied diaphragmatic band. As the need for surgeries and transplantations of the liver rises, there is a need to understand the hepatic macroscopic anatomy and its radiological correlation.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47247961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.4103/njca.njca_149_21
Sipra Rout, Mythraeyee Prasad
Background: Pterion is a critical neuroanatomical landmark in various neurosurgical approaches, including for the placement of burr holes. In addition, it also holds significance from radiological, anthropological, and forensic point of view. Thus, we undertook the current study to investigate the prevalence of different morphological types of pterion along with their morphometric parameters from adjacent bony landmarks in the south Indian population. Methodology: A total of 64 adult dry human skulls of unknown gender and age were included for the study. All skulls were grossly normal. The types of pterions were classified on both sides based on Murphy's classification. The vertical linear distance from the center of the pterion to the zygomatic arch (PZ) and to the anterior border of the frontozygomatic suture (PF) was measured with a digital vernier caliper. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: All four varieties of pterion were noticed. The sphenoparietal variety was found as most predominant bilaterally (81%), followed by epipteric (12.5%) stellate (3.9%) and frontotemporal (2.39%). One of the epipteric varieties consists of an unusually large ossicle. Pterion was typically located 3.59 ± 0.43cm behind the fronto zygomatic suture and 3.71 ± 0.34 cm above the zygomatic arch. Conclusion: The sphenoparietal variant of pterion was predominant on both sides, followed by epipteric variety.
{"title":"Morphometric and morphological variants of pterion with its clinical importance in South Indian population","authors":"Sipra Rout, Mythraeyee Prasad","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_149_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_149_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pterion is a critical neuroanatomical landmark in various neurosurgical approaches, including for the placement of burr holes. In addition, it also holds significance from radiological, anthropological, and forensic point of view. Thus, we undertook the current study to investigate the prevalence of different morphological types of pterion along with their morphometric parameters from adjacent bony landmarks in the south Indian population. Methodology: A total of 64 adult dry human skulls of unknown gender and age were included for the study. All skulls were grossly normal. The types of pterions were classified on both sides based on Murphy's classification. The vertical linear distance from the center of the pterion to the zygomatic arch (PZ) and to the anterior border of the frontozygomatic suture (PF) was measured with a digital vernier caliper. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: All four varieties of pterion were noticed. The sphenoparietal variety was found as most predominant bilaterally (81%), followed by epipteric (12.5%) stellate (3.9%) and frontotemporal (2.39%). One of the epipteric varieties consists of an unusually large ossicle. Pterion was typically located 3.59 ± 0.43cm behind the fronto zygomatic suture and 3.71 ± 0.34 cm above the zygomatic arch. Conclusion: The sphenoparietal variant of pterion was predominant on both sides, followed by epipteric variety.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45003540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_104_21
A. Pattajoshi, T. Dalei
Background: Localization of the spinal levels is an important task during any spinal surgery. The purpose of the study is to assess the accuracy and reliability in identifying L5–S1 disc space by surface localization using Venus of dimple as a landmark in posterior spinal surgery without undertaking any radiological assistance. Methodology: We prospectively analyzed 39 patients, who had undergone primary posterior spine surgery, especially for Prolapsed intervertebral disc mostly affecting the lumbosacral region. Following surface marking using Venus of dimple as a landmark, patients were subjected to surgery with or without prior X-ray evaluation solely on surface localization of L5–S1 disc space. Intraoperatively, the accuracy and reliability of the surface marking were determined. Results: Sixty-four percent of the patients had accurate L5–S1 spine level localization utilizing the above clinical palpatory methods, while 23% of the cases identified L5 spine intraoperatively. On analyzing this surface topographical method with that of X-ray in standing position, the sensitivity and specificity came to be 93.3% and 49%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 77.8%. Conclusion: The method of localization of L5–S1 space described although cannot fully replace the role of fluoroscopic assistance during spinal surgery, still it is an important, simple, and reliable alternative method of localization which demands its application by the spine surgeons, especially in the beginning of their carrier and in certain specific situations.
{"title":"Localization of L5–S1 disc space by utilizing simple on table surface marking in posterior lumbar spine surgery without any radiological assistance: An observational study","authors":"A. Pattajoshi, T. Dalei","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_104_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_104_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Localization of the spinal levels is an important task during any spinal surgery. The purpose of the study is to assess the accuracy and reliability in identifying L5–S1 disc space by surface localization using Venus of dimple as a landmark in posterior spinal surgery without undertaking any radiological assistance. Methodology: We prospectively analyzed 39 patients, who had undergone primary posterior spine surgery, especially for Prolapsed intervertebral disc mostly affecting the lumbosacral region. Following surface marking using Venus of dimple as a landmark, patients were subjected to surgery with or without prior X-ray evaluation solely on surface localization of L5–S1 disc space. Intraoperatively, the accuracy and reliability of the surface marking were determined. Results: Sixty-four percent of the patients had accurate L5–S1 spine level localization utilizing the above clinical palpatory methods, while 23% of the cases identified L5 spine intraoperatively. On analyzing this surface topographical method with that of X-ray in standing position, the sensitivity and specificity came to be 93.3% and 49%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 77.8%. Conclusion: The method of localization of L5–S1 space described although cannot fully replace the role of fluoroscopic assistance during spinal surgery, still it is an important, simple, and reliable alternative method of localization which demands its application by the spine surgeons, especially in the beginning of their carrier and in certain specific situations.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47437099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Balakrishna N. Shetty, Sweekritha Shetty, Prashanth Umesh
Background: Sports and games have become professional activities. The standard of fitness level is raised. Advancement in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using free tendon graft is one of the key developments. Autograft with minimal donor site or functional morbidity is the key. The latest is the use of semitendinosus in ACL reconstruction. Preoperative knowledge of graft in terms of size is crucial. The present cadaveric study is an attempt to understand the morphology of the semitendinosus tendon (ST) as tendon graft in the local population. Methodology: A total of 50 male cadaver limbs embalmed with formalin were used for harvesting 50 STs. The exact age and height of the cadavers were not known. The femoral length was used as a measure of body height. Tendon length and quadruple diameters were measured. Anderson–Darling test was used for distribution analysis of all the data. Results: In our study, mean length of the tendon was 27.12 cm which is shorter than the required 28 cm for quadrupling the tendon. The average diameter was 8.14 mm which is slightly more than the minimum required thickness of 8 mm. These two findings suggest that tendons in the Indian population are not long enough for an ideal quadruple graft with more than 8 mm diameter. Conclusion: The result of our study is in conformation with the previous studies on the Indian population and also in the Western population. The height of the individual can be inferred from length of the femur; hence, height can be taken as a good predictor for the length of ST in the Indian population.
{"title":"Semitendinosus tendon morphometry as a graft – A cadaver study","authors":"Balakrishna N. Shetty, Sweekritha Shetty, Prashanth Umesh","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_95_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_95_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sports and games have become professional activities. The standard of fitness level is raised. Advancement in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using free tendon graft is one of the key developments. Autograft with minimal donor site or functional morbidity is the key. The latest is the use of semitendinosus in ACL reconstruction. Preoperative knowledge of graft in terms of size is crucial. The present cadaveric study is an attempt to understand the morphology of the semitendinosus tendon (ST) as tendon graft in the local population. Methodology: A total of 50 male cadaver limbs embalmed with formalin were used for harvesting 50 STs. The exact age and height of the cadavers were not known. The femoral length was used as a measure of body height. Tendon length and quadruple diameters were measured. Anderson–Darling test was used for distribution analysis of all the data. Results: In our study, mean length of the tendon was 27.12 cm which is shorter than the required 28 cm for quadrupling the tendon. The average diameter was 8.14 mm which is slightly more than the minimum required thickness of 8 mm. These two findings suggest that tendons in the Indian population are not long enough for an ideal quadruple graft with more than 8 mm diameter. Conclusion: The result of our study is in conformation with the previous studies on the Indian population and also in the Western population. The height of the individual can be inferred from length of the femur; hence, height can be taken as a good predictor for the length of ST in the Indian population.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41326480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_138_21
V. Kumar, R. Rajprasath, M. Murugan
The presence of aberrant peritoneal folds is one of the differential diagnoses of intestinal obstruction in the pediatric population. Therefore, knowing the variations in the attachment pattern of peritoneum and its folds is essential. In this context, we report a rare peritoneal fold found during the routine human cadaveric dissection of the abdomen, which is attached superiorly to the liver including the gallbladder and inferiorly extended as a bilaminar fold with one attaching to duodenum and other to transverse colon. In addition, the sigmoid colon was completely plastered to the posterior pelvic wall. This variant peritoneal fold is named as hepato-duodeno-colic ligament and is described in detail with its clinical context. The knowledge regarding this abnormal peritoneal fold would be highly useful for surgeons while planning laparoscopic procedures in the upper quadrant of the abdomen.
{"title":"Hepato-duodeno-colic fold and sessile sigmoid colon – Rare peritoneal bands in abdomen","authors":"V. Kumar, R. Rajprasath, M. Murugan","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_138_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_138_21","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of aberrant peritoneal folds is one of the differential diagnoses of intestinal obstruction in the pediatric population. Therefore, knowing the variations in the attachment pattern of peritoneum and its folds is essential. In this context, we report a rare peritoneal fold found during the routine human cadaveric dissection of the abdomen, which is attached superiorly to the liver including the gallbladder and inferiorly extended as a bilaminar fold with one attaching to duodenum and other to transverse colon. In addition, the sigmoid colon was completely plastered to the posterior pelvic wall. This variant peritoneal fold is named as hepato-duodeno-colic ligament and is described in detail with its clinical context. The knowledge regarding this abnormal peritoneal fold would be highly useful for surgeons while planning laparoscopic procedures in the upper quadrant of the abdomen.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49255963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_121_21
P. Gowda, Suman Udupi
Background: Rouviere's sulcus (RS) is a cleft, on the inferior surface of the liver, extending from the caudate process to the right lobe for a variable distance. Cystic duct and artery lie anterosuperior while the common bile duct lies anterior to this sulcus, making it an important landmark in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Being situated anterior to segment I of liver and having the right posterior portal pedicle as its frequent content, it is an important guide in right segmental liver resection. This study intends to study the anatomy of the RS. Methodology: The present study was done by analyzing 60 formalin-fixed adult livers, for the presence/absence of RS, its morphology and morphometry. Results: RS was present in 49 (81.66%) specimens, it was oblique in 26 (43.33%), transverse in 23 (38.33%) and absent in 11 (18.33%) specimens, RS was classified into three different types - type 1, type 2, and type 3 based on its degree of penetration into the substance of the liver. Type 1, defined as a deep sulcus was present in 37 (61.66%) specimens. Type 2, a slit-like shallow sulcus was observed in 7 (11.66%) and type 3, scar-like sulcus was observed in 5 (8.33%) of specimens. The average length of RS was 2.84 cm, breadth was 0.18 cm and the average depth of the RS was 0.62 cm. Conclusion: RS is an important extra-biliary landmark of the liver, that could easily be visualized during laparoscopic hepatobiliary surgeries and its identification could definitely reduce the risk of bile duct and vascular injuries during these surgeries. Hence, the in-depth knowledge about the anatomy of RS which is less studied and not included in anatomy literature is essential.
{"title":"Morphological study of rouviere's sulcus: An important landmark in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and right segmental liver resection","authors":"P. Gowda, Suman Udupi","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_121_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_121_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rouviere's sulcus (RS) is a cleft, on the inferior surface of the liver, extending from the caudate process to the right lobe for a variable distance. Cystic duct and artery lie anterosuperior while the common bile duct lies anterior to this sulcus, making it an important landmark in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Being situated anterior to segment I of liver and having the right posterior portal pedicle as its frequent content, it is an important guide in right segmental liver resection. This study intends to study the anatomy of the RS. Methodology: The present study was done by analyzing 60 formalin-fixed adult livers, for the presence/absence of RS, its morphology and morphometry. Results: RS was present in 49 (81.66%) specimens, it was oblique in 26 (43.33%), transverse in 23 (38.33%) and absent in 11 (18.33%) specimens, RS was classified into three different types - type 1, type 2, and type 3 based on its degree of penetration into the substance of the liver. Type 1, defined as a deep sulcus was present in 37 (61.66%) specimens. Type 2, a slit-like shallow sulcus was observed in 7 (11.66%) and type 3, scar-like sulcus was observed in 5 (8.33%) of specimens. The average length of RS was 2.84 cm, breadth was 0.18 cm and the average depth of the RS was 0.62 cm. Conclusion: RS is an important extra-biliary landmark of the liver, that could easily be visualized during laparoscopic hepatobiliary surgeries and its identification could definitely reduce the risk of bile duct and vascular injuries during these surgeries. Hence, the in-depth knowledge about the anatomy of RS which is less studied and not included in anatomy literature is essential.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45899235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_126_21
S. Yadav, S. Kalra, S. Wadhwa, P. Rani
Background: These days, food products industry involves the commercial production and addition of food colors, which comprises many food dyes, including caramel colors. 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) is a component of various caramel-colored food products such as bakery, beer, soft drinks, coffee and sauces, which are consumed daily. The most common route of exposure is ingestion and liver is the organ of detoxification. The histomorphometric observations in liver after 4-MEI consumption have not been reported to the best of our knowledge and so the present study have been designed to evaluate the same. Methodology: Adult male Wistar albino rats weighing 150–200 g were procured for the study and divided into the control and experimental groups. The experimental animals were given 4-MEI orally by gavage tube at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight daily for 1 month, while the control animals received distilled water. At the end of experiment, all the animals were euthanized under ether anesthesia by perfusion with Formal saline. Dissection and histopathological processing of liver was done for the examination. Results: The histomorphometric observations of the liver in experimental rats revealed a significant increase in sinusoidal width indicative of sinusoidal dilatation and congestion. There was a significant increase in the size of hepatocytes while a decrease in the size of their nuclei was noted, suggestive of ballooning degeneration. Conclusion: The findings in the present study strongly suggest hepatocellular damage caused by ingestion of 4-MEI found in caramel color dyes used routinely in the food industry.
{"title":"Role of 4-methylimidazole in liver toxicity: A histomorphometric study in albino rats","authors":"S. Yadav, S. Kalra, S. Wadhwa, P. Rani","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_126_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_126_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: These days, food products industry involves the commercial production and addition of food colors, which comprises many food dyes, including caramel colors. 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) is a component of various caramel-colored food products such as bakery, beer, soft drinks, coffee and sauces, which are consumed daily. The most common route of exposure is ingestion and liver is the organ of detoxification. The histomorphometric observations in liver after 4-MEI consumption have not been reported to the best of our knowledge and so the present study have been designed to evaluate the same. Methodology: Adult male Wistar albino rats weighing 150–200 g were procured for the study and divided into the control and experimental groups. The experimental animals were given 4-MEI orally by gavage tube at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight daily for 1 month, while the control animals received distilled water. At the end of experiment, all the animals were euthanized under ether anesthesia by perfusion with Formal saline. Dissection and histopathological processing of liver was done for the examination. Results: The histomorphometric observations of the liver in experimental rats revealed a significant increase in sinusoidal width indicative of sinusoidal dilatation and congestion. There was a significant increase in the size of hepatocytes while a decrease in the size of their nuclei was noted, suggestive of ballooning degeneration. Conclusion: The findings in the present study strongly suggest hepatocellular damage caused by ingestion of 4-MEI found in caramel color dyes used routinely in the food industry.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46101678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/2277-4025.337048
K. S. Ravi
{"title":"Message from editor-in-chief","authors":"K. S. Ravi","doi":"10.4103/2277-4025.337048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-4025.337048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42815801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_112_21
Anil Kumar, P. Klinkhachorn, C. Mohammed
Background: In humans, the mandible is the longest, densest, and most robust facial bone. It displays a high degree of phenotypic variation between sexes and is resistant to postmortem trauma. Measures of male and female mandibles were quantified in this study along with nonmetric and metric parameters to determine the gender. Methodology: In this retrospective observational study, 96 mandibles (55 males and 41 females) were evaluated for gender through the measurement of 15 metric and 5 nonmetric parameters. Results: A significant correlation between nonmetric variables of the squared chin (85.54%), prominent muscle markings (74.54%), everted gonial flares (94.54%), and triangular coronoid processes (81.81%) was found. Females, by contrast, tended to have a rounded chin (68.49%), a less prominent muscle marking (53.6%), an inverted gonial flare (95.54%), and a hooked shape coronoid process (80.48%). All metric mandible parameters were determined, evaluated, and statistically analyzed in SPSS to determine whether gender had a relationship with the mandibles. Conclusion: Various metric and nonmetric criteria, in addition to existing methods, can be used to determine the gender of a person's mandible.
{"title":"Measurement of metric and nonmetric parameters for determining the gender of the human mandible","authors":"Anil Kumar, P. Klinkhachorn, C. Mohammed","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_112_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_112_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In humans, the mandible is the longest, densest, and most robust facial bone. It displays a high degree of phenotypic variation between sexes and is resistant to postmortem trauma. Measures of male and female mandibles were quantified in this study along with nonmetric and metric parameters to determine the gender. Methodology: In this retrospective observational study, 96 mandibles (55 males and 41 females) were evaluated for gender through the measurement of 15 metric and 5 nonmetric parameters. Results: A significant correlation between nonmetric variables of the squared chin (85.54%), prominent muscle markings (74.54%), everted gonial flares (94.54%), and triangular coronoid processes (81.81%) was found. Females, by contrast, tended to have a rounded chin (68.49%), a less prominent muscle marking (53.6%), an inverted gonial flare (95.54%), and a hooked shape coronoid process (80.48%). All metric mandible parameters were determined, evaluated, and statistically analyzed in SPSS to determine whether gender had a relationship with the mandibles. Conclusion: Various metric and nonmetric criteria, in addition to existing methods, can be used to determine the gender of a person's mandible.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45588683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_102_21
Anasuya Ghosh, S. Sarkar, B. Ray, Arpita Sarkar, Anirban Dasgupta
Background: Assessment has a very important role in curricular development by motivating students and target setting, providing appropriate feedback and quality assurance. During COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown, most of the medical schools throughout the world including India had to undergo a paradigm shift from face to face to online mode in medical education and assessment. This study was planned to assess and analyze the perception and opinion of 1st-year medical students from all over the country regarding the online assessment (OA) process that emerged during the COVID 19 pandemic. We also tried to find out the preferred resources that the students wanted to access via online mode and any major hindrance they faced. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional, Internet based, online survey conducted on 1st year medical students from all over India. Result: Students preferred the traditional (face to face) examinations over the OA in terms of usefulness, motivation, answering long answer questions, adequacy of allotted time, and ease of performance. However, they favored OA in terms of examination anxiety, examiner bias, and answering the objective type of questions. The lack of good Internet connectivity was considered a major hindrance. Conclusion: This information might be helpful for respective authorities to establish an effective online platform which could deliver an authentic and valid OA in future during any crisis.
{"title":"Face to face versus virtual assessment - A survey on Indian medical students' perception during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Anasuya Ghosh, S. Sarkar, B. Ray, Arpita Sarkar, Anirban Dasgupta","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_102_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_102_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Assessment has a very important role in curricular development by motivating students and target setting, providing appropriate feedback and quality assurance. During COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown, most of the medical schools throughout the world including India had to undergo a paradigm shift from face to face to online mode in medical education and assessment. This study was planned to assess and analyze the perception and opinion of 1st-year medical students from all over the country regarding the online assessment (OA) process that emerged during the COVID 19 pandemic. We also tried to find out the preferred resources that the students wanted to access via online mode and any major hindrance they faced. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional, Internet based, online survey conducted on 1st year medical students from all over India. Result: Students preferred the traditional (face to face) examinations over the OA in terms of usefulness, motivation, answering long answer questions, adequacy of allotted time, and ease of performance. However, they favored OA in terms of examination anxiety, examiner bias, and answering the objective type of questions. The lack of good Internet connectivity was considered a major hindrance. Conclusion: This information might be helpful for respective authorities to establish an effective online platform which could deliver an authentic and valid OA in future during any crisis.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45642675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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