Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.468
S. Son, Sokhee P. Jung
A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a system in which MFC is applied to a sediment layer of an aqueous system for water purification. SMFCs can remove contaminants from sediments and decompose organic matter while simultaneously producing electrical energy. SMFC is installed in the form of installing an anode in the sediment at the bottom of the water system and a cathode in the water layer above the sediment, and connecting the two electrodes through an external circuit. Early SMFCs were developed to be used as power sources in hard-to-reach deep water areas or remote areas. However, recently, it has attracted a lot of attention as a technology for biologically purifying pollutants through its own power supply. Furthermore, it is being developed as a means of monitoring the environmental condition of the installed area. Despite the importance of SMFC, no comprehensive review has yet been published to the Korean readers on the trends and prospects of SMFC research. Therefore, in this review paper, the mechanism of SMFC, their mechanism of removal of organic, inorganic, and heavy metals, and the current state of SMFC technology are discussed, and future prospects are presented.
{"title":"Trends and Prospects of Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells as Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystem Remediation Technology","authors":"S. Son, Sokhee P. Jung","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.468","url":null,"abstract":"A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) is a system in which MFC is applied to a sediment layer of an aqueous system for water purification. SMFCs can remove contaminants from sediments and decompose organic matter while simultaneously producing electrical energy. SMFC is installed in the form of installing an anode in the sediment at the bottom of the water system and a cathode in the water layer above the sediment, and connecting the two electrodes through an external circuit. Early SMFCs were developed to be used as power sources in hard-to-reach deep water areas or remote areas. However, recently, it has attracted a lot of attention as a technology for biologically purifying pollutants through its own power supply. Furthermore, it is being developed as a means of monitoring the environmental condition of the installed area. Despite the importance of SMFC, no comprehensive review has yet been published to the Korean readers on the trends and prospects of SMFC research. Therefore, in this review paper, the mechanism of SMFC, their mechanism of removal of organic, inorganic, and heavy metals, and the current state of SMFC technology are discussed, and future prospects are presented.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45640647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.426
Dokyung Kim, J. Kwak, Rongxue Cui, Lia Kim, Tae-Yang Lee, Haemi Kim, Y. An
Objectives : Since the risk of pollutants in soil environment may vary depending on the characteristics, functions, and environmental conditions of the soil, the site-specific soil ecological risk assessment (SERA) should be conducted to protect soil ecosystem from pollutants. It has been confirmed that each country is conducting SERAs based on site-specific guidelines suitable for their own conditions. However, in Korea, there is a lack of basis for introducing SERA, therefore, the development of techniques for SERA which is suitable for domestic soil conditions is required. Accordingly, this study aimed to propose the direction of domestic guideline for SERA.Methods : This study investigated and analyzed the ecological risk indices for SERA. The factors were classified the ecological risk indices based on chemical, toxicological, and integrated evaluations.Results and Discussion : For the chemical indices, they have limitations that it is difficult to reflect soil characteristics and cannot indicate a relation with ecological receptors, although they can calculate contamination level rapidly. The toxicological indices can calculate the effect of pollutions on ecological receptors. However, there are also limitations that it is difficult to reproduce environmental conditions for target site. While the integrated indices require the ecological assessment along with chemical, toxicological analysis. They are found to quantify complex contaminations with reflecting site-specific characteristics of soils and ecological receptors.Conclusion : The techniques for domestic site-specific SERA should be based on the indices for integrated assessment.
{"title":"A comparative Study of Ecological Risk Index for Site-specific Soil Ecological Risk Assessment","authors":"Dokyung Kim, J. Kwak, Rongxue Cui, Lia Kim, Tae-Yang Lee, Haemi Kim, Y. An","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.426","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : Since the risk of pollutants in soil environment may vary depending on the characteristics, functions, and environmental conditions of the soil, the site-specific soil ecological risk assessment (SERA) should be conducted to protect soil ecosystem from pollutants. It has been confirmed that each country is conducting SERAs based on site-specific guidelines suitable for their own conditions. However, in Korea, there is a lack of basis for introducing SERA, therefore, the development of techniques for SERA which is suitable for domestic soil conditions is required. Accordingly, this study aimed to propose the direction of domestic guideline for SERA.Methods : This study investigated and analyzed the ecological risk indices for SERA. The factors were classified the ecological risk indices based on chemical, toxicological, and integrated evaluations.Results and Discussion : For the chemical indices, they have limitations that it is difficult to reflect soil characteristics and cannot indicate a relation with ecological receptors, although they can calculate contamination level rapidly. The toxicological indices can calculate the effect of pollutions on ecological receptors. However, there are also limitations that it is difficult to reproduce environmental conditions for target site. While the integrated indices require the ecological assessment along with chemical, toxicological analysis. They are found to quantify complex contaminations with reflecting site-specific characteristics of soils and ecological receptors.Conclusion : The techniques for domestic site-specific SERA should be based on the indices for integrated assessment.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49386381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.515
Gyuhyun Kim, I. Han
Objectives : Recently, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has been actively discussed in all fields around the world. And the related R&D(Research and Development) has been widely conducted in the environmental field. The core of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is hyperconnectivity, superintelligence, and convergence. Major technologies related with it are AI(Artificial Intelligence), IoT(Internet of Things), 5G(Fifth Generation communication technology), robots, blockchain, drones, 3D(Three Dimension) printers, big data, unmanned transportation, biotechnology, new materials, sharing economy, and VR/AR(Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality), etc. It is intended to seek development plans through the examples of the 4th industrial revolution technology’s environmental application.Methods : In concentration of the public technology development project, based on environmental policy, conducted from 2011 to 2020, some cases of the 4th industrial revolution technology’s environmental application have been analyzed and the future prospects have been derived.Results and Discussion : The 4th Industrial Revolution technology has been applied in various fields such as design, operation, maintenance, investigation, monitoring, and service provision in the environmental field. Therefore, in the future, it is expected that there will be working environment improvement, the progress of service quality and operational efficiency.Conclusion : With the transition to smart environmental technology, it is expected that it will be possible to advance the industry and create high value-added things. To do so, government policy support and technology development should be continuously executed.
{"title":"Applications and Prospects of Fourth Industrial Revolution Technology in Environmental Areas -\u0000 Focusing on Environmental Policy based Public Technology Development Projects -","authors":"Gyuhyun Kim, I. Han","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.515","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : Recently, the Fourth Industrial Revolution has been actively discussed in all fields around the world. And the related R&D(Research and Development) has been widely conducted in the environmental field. The core of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is hyperconnectivity, superintelligence, and convergence. Major technologies related with it are AI(Artificial Intelligence), IoT(Internet of Things), 5G(Fifth Generation communication technology), robots, blockchain, drones, 3D(Three Dimension) printers, big data, unmanned transportation, biotechnology, new materials, sharing economy, and VR/AR(Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality), etc. It is intended to seek development plans through the examples of the 4th industrial revolution technology’s environmental application.Methods : In concentration of the public technology development project, based on environmental policy, conducted from 2011 to 2020, some cases of the 4th industrial revolution technology’s environmental application have been analyzed and the future prospects have been derived.Results and Discussion : The 4th Industrial Revolution technology has been applied in various fields such as design, operation, maintenance, investigation, monitoring, and service provision in the environmental field. Therefore, in the future, it is expected that there will be working environment improvement, the progress of service quality and operational efficiency.Conclusion : With the transition to smart environmental technology, it is expected that it will be possible to advance the industry and create high value-added things. To do so, government policy support and technology development should be continuously executed.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43507369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.453
N. Kim, Bogyeong Kim, Eun-Hee Lee
Objectives : Microplastics, known as pieces of polymer debris less than 5 mm, result from plastic particles originally manufactured to small size or fragmentation from larger plastic items. Due to the persistence, microplastics can remain and accumulate in land and ocean for a prolonged period. Microplastics enter ecosystems and cause various problems. Trophic transfer of microplastics can be occurred in food chain, accordingly humans also can ingest microplastics. The accumulation of microplastics raises concerns regarding impacts on human health and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Here, we discuss the source and route of microplastics found in environments, and ecological effects of microplastics on organisms.Methods : We explore how microplastics enter terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic environments and influence individual animals, plants, and microorganisms living in diverse ecosystems. Research literature is reviewed microplastics in terms of ecological risk published between 2010s and June 2022.Results and Discussion : Diverse human activities (e.g., industrial and agricultural activity) accelerate the production of microplastics and result in a release of microplastics to surrounding ecosystems. The microplastics can circulate among the terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic environments. The exposure of microplastics can induce oxidative stress, damage of intestinal cells, and reduce the body size in animals. In plants, length of root, biomass, and chlorophyll content are decreased upon exposure to microplastics. In addition, microplastics inhibit the growth of microalgae by reducing algal chlorophyll contents and cause oxidative stress.Conclusion : This paper includes basic information regarding the occurrence and accumulation of microplastics and their ecological effects on organisms. The contents will help to understand behavior of microplastics in diverse environments and to further evaluate ecological impacts of microplastics.
{"title":"Source and Route of Microplastics in Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Aquatic Environments, and Effects of Microplastics on Organisms","authors":"N. Kim, Bogyeong Kim, Eun-Hee Lee","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.453","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : Microplastics, known as pieces of polymer debris less than 5 mm, result from plastic particles originally manufactured to small size or fragmentation from larger plastic items. Due to the persistence, microplastics can remain and accumulate in land and ocean for a prolonged period. Microplastics enter ecosystems and cause various problems. Trophic transfer of microplastics can be occurred in food chain, accordingly humans also can ingest microplastics. The accumulation of microplastics raises concerns regarding impacts on human health and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Here, we discuss the source and route of microplastics found in environments, and ecological effects of microplastics on organisms.Methods : We explore how microplastics enter terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic environments and influence individual animals, plants, and microorganisms living in diverse ecosystems. Research literature is reviewed microplastics in terms of ecological risk published between 2010s and June 2022.Results and Discussion : Diverse human activities (e.g., industrial and agricultural activity) accelerate the production of microplastics and result in a release of microplastics to surrounding ecosystems. The microplastics can circulate among the terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic environments. The exposure of microplastics can induce oxidative stress, damage of intestinal cells, and reduce the body size in animals. In plants, length of root, biomass, and chlorophyll content are decreased upon exposure to microplastics. In addition, microplastics inhibit the growth of microalgae by reducing algal chlorophyll contents and cause oxidative stress.Conclusion : This paper includes basic information regarding the occurrence and accumulation of microplastics and their ecological effects on organisms. The contents will help to understand behavior of microplastics in diverse environments and to further evaluate ecological impacts of microplastics.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44439589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.397
Hye-youn Lee, Yujin Lee, Eun Young Bae, K. Jang, Hoon-Sik Yoom, Heejong Son
Objectives : This study evaluated the effect of dosing yellow clay powder as a sedimentation aid when Microcystis sp. bloomed.Methods : Pre-oxidation (chlorination and ozonation) treatment and coagulation/precipitation experiments of Microcystis sp. - laden source water were performed with a jar-tester. Treatment efficiency was evaluated by analyzing the turbidity and particulate matter of the supernatant after sedimentation according to the presence or not of pre-oxidation, the concentrations of yellow clay powder, and polyamine dosing.Results and Discussion : As a result of evaluating the turbidity and particulate matter of the supernatant after coagulation/sedimentation according to the dosing concentrations of yellow clay powder, the turbidity of the supernatant decreased as the dosing concentrations of yellow clay powder increased regardless of the presence or not of pre-oxidation. In particular, when pre-oxidation was not performed, both turbidity and particulate matter of the supernatant after sedimentation were significantly reduced. In addition, without pre-oxidation, when yellow clay powder (50 mg/L) and polyamine (1.0 mg/L) were dosed together, turbidity was reduced by 25% and the amount of particulate matter by 41% compared to utilizing pre-oxidation. Regarding the concentrating efficiency of sedimentation sludge, when yellow clay powder was added, concentrating efficiency increased by more than 31~38% regardless of pre-oxidation treatment compared to when yellow clay powder was not added. However, with pre-oxidation, the concentrating efficiency decreased by about 27~34% under the same yellow clay powder and polyamine dosing conditions compared to without pre-oxidation.Conclusion : When yellow clay powder was added to Microcystis sp. - laden source water, turbidity and particulate matter were effectively reduced after coagulation/sedimentation regardless of the presence or not of pre-oxidation. In particular, when pre-oxidation was not performed, the turbidity and particulate matter after coagulation/sedimentation were significantly reduced as compared with utilizing pre-oxidation, and using yellow clay powder together with a polyamine reduced turbidity and particulate matter the most. In addition, the sludge concentration of Microcystis sp. - containing sludge with low concentrating efficiency was increased by dosing yellow clay powder.
{"title":"Application of Yellow Clay Powder for Efficient Treatment of Cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. - Laden Source Water in Drinking Water Treatment Facility","authors":"Hye-youn Lee, Yujin Lee, Eun Young Bae, K. Jang, Hoon-Sik Yoom, Heejong Son","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.397","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : This study evaluated the effect of dosing yellow clay powder as a sedimentation aid when Microcystis sp. bloomed.Methods : Pre-oxidation (chlorination and ozonation) treatment and coagulation/precipitation experiments of Microcystis sp. - laden source water were performed with a jar-tester. Treatment efficiency was evaluated by analyzing the turbidity and particulate matter of the supernatant after sedimentation according to the presence or not of pre-oxidation, the concentrations of yellow clay powder, and polyamine dosing.Results and Discussion : As a result of evaluating the turbidity and particulate matter of the supernatant after coagulation/sedimentation according to the dosing concentrations of yellow clay powder, the turbidity of the supernatant decreased as the dosing concentrations of yellow clay powder increased regardless of the presence or not of pre-oxidation. In particular, when pre-oxidation was not performed, both turbidity and particulate matter of the supernatant after sedimentation were significantly reduced. In addition, without pre-oxidation, when yellow clay powder (50 mg/L) and polyamine (1.0 mg/L) were dosed together, turbidity was reduced by 25% and the amount of particulate matter by 41% compared to utilizing pre-oxidation. Regarding the concentrating efficiency of sedimentation sludge, when yellow clay powder was added, concentrating efficiency increased by more than 31~38% regardless of pre-oxidation treatment compared to when yellow clay powder was not added. However, with pre-oxidation, the concentrating efficiency decreased by about 27~34% under the same yellow clay powder and polyamine dosing conditions compared to without pre-oxidation.Conclusion : When yellow clay powder was added to Microcystis sp. - laden source water, turbidity and particulate matter were effectively reduced after coagulation/sedimentation regardless of the presence or not of pre-oxidation. In particular, when pre-oxidation was not performed, the turbidity and particulate matter after coagulation/sedimentation were significantly reduced as compared with utilizing pre-oxidation, and using yellow clay powder together with a polyamine reduced turbidity and particulate matter the most. In addition, the sludge concentration of Microcystis sp. - containing sludge with low concentrating efficiency was increased by dosing yellow clay powder.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42198490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.444
Gunyeob Kim, Ye-Jin Lee, Eun-Ji Cho, Jae-In Lee, Eun-Chae Im, Hancheol Hwang, Sang-Yoon Kim, Sung-Chang Hong, Jin-Ho Kim, Seong-Jik Park
Objectives : Major factors affecting ammonia emission from the soil and strategies to reduce ammonia emission were investigated through literature surveys.Methods : An academic search was conducted using keywords such as agriculture, ammonia, and fine dust, and the effects of soil characteristics on ammonia emission were summarized for each factor.Results and Discussion : Emissions of ammonia into the atmosphere can reduce economic returns for a farmer and negatively impact the atmospheric environment by acting as a precursor to PM2.5 formations. It is reported that agriculture accounts for 78% of the total ammonia emission sources in Korea. Ammonia emission from the soil is affected by the type of ammonia fertilizer, soil moisture, pH, temperature, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and soil texture. An increase in soil moisture increases ammonia emissions. As soil pH increases, ammonia emissions increase, noticeably above 7.5. An increase in soil temperature increases the rate of hydrolysis of urea and the rate of conversion to ammonia gas, resulting in increased ammonia emissions. Soils with high cation exchange capacity adsorb ammonium to reduce ammonia emissions. Soils with a high clay content and soil organic matter content are more buffered to changes in soil pH, reducing ammonia emissions.Conclusion : Based on understanding the mechanisms and causes of ammonia emission from the soil, it is possible to establish soil and environmental management to reduce ammonia emissions into the atmosphere.
{"title":"Investigation of Factors Influencing on Ammonia Emission from Soils in Agricultural Land","authors":"Gunyeob Kim, Ye-Jin Lee, Eun-Ji Cho, Jae-In Lee, Eun-Chae Im, Hancheol Hwang, Sang-Yoon Kim, Sung-Chang Hong, Jin-Ho Kim, Seong-Jik Park","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.444","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : Major factors affecting ammonia emission from the soil and strategies to reduce ammonia emission were investigated through literature surveys.Methods : An academic search was conducted using keywords such as agriculture, ammonia, and fine dust, and the effects of soil characteristics on ammonia emission were summarized for each factor.Results and Discussion : Emissions of ammonia into the atmosphere can reduce economic returns for a farmer and negatively impact the atmospheric environment by acting as a precursor to PM2.5 formations. It is reported that agriculture accounts for 78% of the total ammonia emission sources in Korea. Ammonia emission from the soil is affected by the type of ammonia fertilizer, soil moisture, pH, temperature, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and soil texture. An increase in soil moisture increases ammonia emissions. As soil pH increases, ammonia emissions increase, noticeably above 7.5. An increase in soil temperature increases the rate of hydrolysis of urea and the rate of conversion to ammonia gas, resulting in increased ammonia emissions. Soils with high cation exchange capacity adsorb ammonium to reduce ammonia emissions. Soils with a high clay content and soil organic matter content are more buffered to changes in soil pH, reducing ammonia emissions.Conclusion : Based on understanding the mechanisms and causes of ammonia emission from the soil, it is possible to establish soil and environmental management to reduce ammonia emissions into the atmosphere.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46600993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.493
Jaeryang Park, Hojin Jang, Sinhyeok Choi, Ryeong Jung, Sokhee P. Jung
As the COVID-19 pandemic and interest in the virtual world rapidly increase, the data usage in the current society is rapidly increasing to an unprecedented level, and the need for expansion of data centers to handle it is also rapidly increasing. Data centers operate continuously and consume a lot of power in operation. As electricity consumption increases, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions adversely affects the environment, so the increase in data centers inevitably affects the climate environment. Typical technologies that can reduce power consumption in data centers are waste heat energy utilization and outdoor air conditioning. By analyzing the cases of major countries for the two technologies, the technological direction beneficial to Korea was reviewed. As Korea's outdoor air conditioning standards are relaxed, the number of outdoor air conditioning facilities in Korea is increasing. However, the Korean government's practical support for waste heat energy utilization is extremely limited. By analyzing policy cases for waste heat energy utilization in data centers in other countries, policies for revitalizing waste heat energy utilization in Korean data centers were proposed. Furthermore, several ways to reduce the amount of power in the data center were explored and proposed.
{"title":"Current and Prospects of Waste Heat Utilization and Cooling Technology in Data Centers","authors":"Jaeryang Park, Hojin Jang, Sinhyeok Choi, Ryeong Jung, Sokhee P. Jung","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.493","url":null,"abstract":"As the COVID-19 pandemic and interest in the virtual world rapidly increase, the data usage in the current society is rapidly increasing to an unprecedented level, and the need for expansion of data centers to handle it is also rapidly increasing. Data centers operate continuously and consume a lot of power in operation. As electricity consumption increases, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions adversely affects the environment, so the increase in data centers inevitably affects the climate environment. Typical technologies that can reduce power consumption in data centers are waste heat energy utilization and outdoor air conditioning. By analyzing the cases of major countries for the two technologies, the technological direction beneficial to Korea was reviewed. As Korea's outdoor air conditioning standards are relaxed, the number of outdoor air conditioning facilities in Korea is increasing. However, the Korean government's practical support for waste heat energy utilization is extremely limited. By analyzing policy cases for waste heat energy utilization in data centers in other countries, policies for revitalizing waste heat energy utilization in Korean data centers were proposed. Furthermore, several ways to reduce the amount of power in the data center were explored and proposed.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41835504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-30DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.418
Youngae Baek, Kwang W. Lee, Yunsun Yang
Recently, midge larvae, which are indicators of aquatic environmental pollution, have been detected in tap water in some areas, resulting in controversy. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the behavioural features of midge larvae in sand, GAC (granular activated carbon) and GAC/sand processes, which are mainly operated in domestic water purification plants, and suggest effective operating methods for larval control. In this study, a pilot-scale square column (W300×L300×H3500~5000 mm) was used for the filtration experiment and was used with a filter height of 2.5 m as well as in the field. The water to be treated was the sand filtered from the water purification plant G, and midge larvae from the Han River were injected periodically and operated for an estimated 40 to 50 days. As a result, no larvae were detected during the first five operational days in the sand filter and GAC and 14 days in the case of GAC/sand. However, after backwashing, larvae were detected from the 9th day of operation for sand and GAC, and from the 15th day for GAC/sand. In the case of sand laying under the GAC, larvae detection was delayed by approximately 6 days compared to the operation of the GAC alone. Following examination of larval distribution in relation to the height of the activated carbon layer after approximately 50 days of operation, it was found that the larvae were distributed on 17% in the upper layer, 7% in the middle layer, 19% in the lower layer and 0.2% in the lower water collection device. Therefore, it is necessary to shorten the backwashing cycle from the initial stage of larval introduction and to increase the rate of expansion of GAC during the backwashing to quickly flush out the larvae. The results of this study also confirmed that when the backwash speed was 0.57 m/min or more, the rate of expansion of GAC was 30% or more, and larval rejection increased approximately twice when compared with a washing rate of 0.45 m/min. Consequently, as a method of effective functioning of the filtration process for larval control, in the case of sand filtration, when it is difficult to expand the filter media, it is necessary to increase the rinsing time, and in the case of GAC, it is necessary to quickly discard the larvae by increasing the backwashing rate and shortening the backwashing cycle.
{"title":"A Study on the Behavior Evaluation and Control of Midge Larvae in the Filtration Process","authors":"Youngae Baek, Kwang W. Lee, Yunsun Yang","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.11.418","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, midge larvae, which are indicators of aquatic environmental pollution, have been detected in tap water in some areas, resulting in controversy. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the behavioural features of midge larvae in sand, GAC (granular activated carbon) and GAC/sand processes, which are mainly operated in domestic water purification plants, and suggest effective operating methods for larval control. In this study, a pilot-scale square column (W300×L300×H3500~5000 mm) was used for the filtration experiment and was used with a filter height of 2.5 m as well as in the field. The water to be treated was the sand filtered from the water purification plant G, and midge larvae from the Han River were injected periodically and operated for an estimated 40 to 50 days. As a result, no larvae were detected during the first five operational days in the sand filter and GAC and 14 days in the case of GAC/sand. However, after backwashing, larvae were detected from the 9th day of operation for sand and GAC, and from the 15th day for GAC/sand. In the case of sand laying under the GAC, larvae detection was delayed by approximately 6 days compared to the operation of the GAC alone. Following examination of larval distribution in relation to the height of the activated carbon layer after approximately 50 days of operation, it was found that the larvae were distributed on 17% in the upper layer, 7% in the middle layer, 19% in the lower layer and 0.2% in the lower water collection device. Therefore, it is necessary to shorten the backwashing cycle from the initial stage of larval introduction and to increase the rate of expansion of GAC during the backwashing to quickly flush out the larvae. The results of this study also confirmed that when the backwash speed was 0.57 m/min or more, the rate of expansion of GAC was 30% or more, and larval rejection increased approximately twice when compared with a washing rate of 0.45 m/min. Consequently, as a method of effective functioning of the filtration process for larval control, in the case of sand filtration, when it is difficult to expand the filter media, it is necessary to increase the rinsing time, and in the case of GAC, it is necessary to quickly discard the larvae by increasing the backwashing rate and shortening the backwashing cycle.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43678978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.10.375
Mehedee Hasan, E. H. Jho
Objectives : The human beings of our globe are heavily reliant on the use of plastic products on a daily basis. Microplastics (MPs) are tiny particles that are formed as a result of plastic degradation. MPs can be found in terrestrial environment, but previous studies focused on the effects of MPs on marine environment and there are less studies on the effects of MPs on terrestrial environment. In particular, there is still a relatively limited number of studies on the effects of MPs on terrestrial plants. Therefore, this review paper aims to examine previous studies on the effect of MPs on the germination and growth of terrestrial plants.Methods : This review summarized the previous findings on the effect of MPs on the germination and growth of terrestrial plants in order to identify the research gaps and trends on the effects of MPs on terrestrial plants.Results and Discussion : Previous studies on the effect of MPs on the germination and growth of terrestrial plants were reviewed and the observations were summarized to find the gaps in this field of research. Previous studies showed that MPs can change soil properties and these changes can be different depending on the shape and size of MPs. MPs can also release chemicals such as phthalates and heavy metals that might have toxic effects on terrestrial plants. Different forms, types, and sizes of MPs were used in previous studies to study the effects on seed germination and growth of different plants. Most studies reported that MPs have negative effects on seed germination and plant growth (e.g., biomass, chlorophyll contents). Smaller MPs tend to have more significant effects than larger MPs. The changes in the soil properties due to MPs can change microbial community structures and this, in turn, may affect the soil-plant interaction.Conclusion : This study summarizes what have been reported in the previous studies on the effect of MPs on seed germination and growth of terrestrial plants. MPs are likely to affect seed germination and plant growth negatively, and this will eventually lead to reduction in food production and food quality. Owing to the various types, forms, and sizes of MPs that could be present in the terrestrial environment as well as the chemicals that could be released from MPs, there is much to explore to better understand the effect of MPs on terrestrial plants and the underlying mechanisms of such effects.
{"title":"Effect of Microplastics on the Germination and Growth of Terrestrial Plants","authors":"Mehedee Hasan, E. H. Jho","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.10.375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.10.375","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : The human beings of our globe are heavily reliant on the use of plastic products on a daily basis. Microplastics (MPs) are tiny particles that are formed as a result of plastic degradation. MPs can be found in terrestrial environment, but previous studies focused on the effects of MPs on marine environment and there are less studies on the effects of MPs on terrestrial environment. In particular, there is still a relatively limited number of studies on the effects of MPs on terrestrial plants. Therefore, this review paper aims to examine previous studies on the effect of MPs on the germination and growth of terrestrial plants.Methods : This review summarized the previous findings on the effect of MPs on the germination and growth of terrestrial plants in order to identify the research gaps and trends on the effects of MPs on terrestrial plants.Results and Discussion : Previous studies on the effect of MPs on the germination and growth of terrestrial plants were reviewed and the observations were summarized to find the gaps in this field of research. Previous studies showed that MPs can change soil properties and these changes can be different depending on the shape and size of MPs. MPs can also release chemicals such as phthalates and heavy metals that might have toxic effects on terrestrial plants. Different forms, types, and sizes of MPs were used in previous studies to study the effects on seed germination and growth of different plants. Most studies reported that MPs have negative effects on seed germination and plant growth (e.g., biomass, chlorophyll contents). Smaller MPs tend to have more significant effects than larger MPs. The changes in the soil properties due to MPs can change microbial community structures and this, in turn, may affect the soil-plant interaction.Conclusion : This study summarizes what have been reported in the previous studies on the effect of MPs on seed germination and growth of terrestrial plants. MPs are likely to affect seed germination and plant growth negatively, and this will eventually lead to reduction in food production and food quality. Owing to the various types, forms, and sizes of MPs that could be present in the terrestrial environment as well as the chemicals that could be released from MPs, there is much to explore to better understand the effect of MPs on terrestrial plants and the underlying mechanisms of such effects.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42904182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2022.44.10.354
Dongho Kim, Jiwon Lee, H. Jeong, Yongsung Kwon, B.Y. Lee, Sangchul Lee
Objectives : This study aims to assess the applicability of the SWAT-C water quality model recently developed to predict in-stream Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in a watershed within South Korea.Methods : The SWAT-C model was tested in the Hwangryong River Watershed. SWAT-C is an advanced version of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate carbon cycling at the watershed scale. The model was simulated for 11 years (2010-2020) consisting of 2-year warm-up (2010-2011), 6-year calibration (2012-2017), and 3-year validation (2018-2020) periods. SWAT-C was calibrated and validated against monthly streamflow and TOC loads. The model performance was evaluated using NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency), KGE (Kling-Gupta efficiency), and PBIAS (percent bias) Simulated Dissolve Organic Carbon (DOC) and Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) loads were also presented to see the major caron type loaded to the downstream.Results and Discussion : The calibration results showed that SWAT-C could depict streamflow and TOC loads with acceptance model performances (NSE > 0.5, KGE > 0.5 and PBIAS =< 25%). Especially, the seasonal variations of TOC loads were well simulated by SWAT-C. The TOC load was predicted to increase in the summer season with high precipitation and slightly lower in the other seasons. This seasonal pattern is likely caused by frequent heavy rainfall events in summer.Conclusion : This study demonstrated that SWAT-C model is applicable in South Korea with sufficient prediction accuracy. Thus, SWAT-C would serve as an efficient tool to monitor TOC loads in South Korea.
{"title":"Application and evaluation of SWAT-C model to predict TOC loading in the Hwangryong River Watershed","authors":"Dongho Kim, Jiwon Lee, H. Jeong, Yongsung Kwon, B.Y. Lee, Sangchul Lee","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2022.44.10.354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2022.44.10.354","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : This study aims to assess the applicability of the SWAT-C water quality model recently developed to predict in-stream Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in a watershed within South Korea.Methods : The SWAT-C model was tested in the Hwangryong River Watershed. SWAT-C is an advanced version of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate carbon cycling at the watershed scale. The model was simulated for 11 years (2010-2020) consisting of 2-year warm-up (2010-2011), 6-year calibration (2012-2017), and 3-year validation (2018-2020) periods. SWAT-C was calibrated and validated against monthly streamflow and TOC loads. The model performance was evaluated using NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency), KGE (Kling-Gupta efficiency), and PBIAS (percent bias) Simulated Dissolve Organic Carbon (DOC) and Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) loads were also presented to see the major caron type loaded to the downstream.Results and Discussion : The calibration results showed that SWAT-C could depict streamflow and TOC loads with acceptance model performances (NSE > 0.5, KGE > 0.5 and PBIAS =< 25%). Especially, the seasonal variations of TOC loads were well simulated by SWAT-C. The TOC load was predicted to increase in the summer season with high precipitation and slightly lower in the other seasons. This seasonal pattern is likely caused by frequent heavy rainfall events in summer.Conclusion : This study demonstrated that SWAT-C model is applicable in South Korea with sufficient prediction accuracy. Thus, SWAT-C would serve as an efficient tool to monitor TOC loads in South Korea.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46730154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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