Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.337
Seyoung Ahn, Haerim Kim
This study examined the existing methodologies and the applicability of process modeling concerning the estimation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment processes. The method of extimating N2O emissions from wastewater occurring during biological nitrification and denitrification processes can be divided into those before and after legal nitrogen effluent quality enhancement for domestic wastewater treatment plant. Initial IPCC guidelines such as IPCC 1996 GL, GPG 2000, and IPCC 2006 GL, provided methods for estimating N2O emissions throughout domestic wastewater, while the revised version, IPCC 2019 RF, proposed methods for estimating each N2O emission by distinguishing wastewater treatment and effluent after the advancement of wastewater treatment plants. The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report (NIR) in Korea adopted the methodology of GPG 2000, and the Emissions Trading System (ETS) applies the estimation method of IPCC 2006 GL in the wastewater treatment plants. This study utilized process modeling to consider the process characteristics and operating conditions of wastewater treatment plants. IPCC, NIR, and ETS estimate N2O emissions based on nitrogen behavior activity data and emissions factors. On the other hand, process modeling estimates N2O emissions in each unit process of the wastewater treatment plant using a 4-step AOB nitrification/4-step denitrification model and a liquid/gas transfer model. The estimation results of N2O emissions from modeling method were compared with the estimation results of IPCC, NIR, and ETS to analyze the suitability of the estimation method. Through this, it was evaluated how appropriate process modeling is for estimating N2O emissions in domestic wastewater treatment plants.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Domestic Wastewater Treatment Processes by Modeling: Existing Estimation Methods vs Modeling","authors":"Seyoung Ahn, Haerim Kim","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.337","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the existing methodologies and the applicability of process modeling concerning the estimation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment processes. The method of extimating N2O emissions from wastewater occurring during biological nitrification and denitrification processes can be divided into those before and after legal nitrogen effluent quality enhancement for domestic wastewater treatment plant. Initial IPCC guidelines such as IPCC 1996 GL, GPG 2000, and IPCC 2006 GL, provided methods for estimating N2O emissions throughout domestic wastewater, while the revised version, IPCC 2019 RF, proposed methods for estimating each N2O emission by distinguishing wastewater treatment and effluent after the advancement of wastewater treatment plants. The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report (NIR) in Korea adopted the methodology of GPG 2000, and the Emissions Trading System (ETS) applies the estimation method of IPCC 2006 GL in the wastewater treatment plants. This study utilized process modeling to consider the process characteristics and operating conditions of wastewater treatment plants. IPCC, NIR, and ETS estimate N2O emissions based on nitrogen behavior activity data and emissions factors. On the other hand, process modeling estimates N2O emissions in each unit process of the wastewater treatment plant using a 4-step AOB nitrification/4-step denitrification model and a liquid/gas transfer model. The estimation results of N2O emissions from modeling method were compared with the estimation results of IPCC, NIR, and ETS to analyze the suitability of the estimation method. Through this, it was evaluated how appropriate process modeling is for estimating N2O emissions in domestic wastewater treatment plants.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42700665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.348
Soon Gil Kwon, Junbeum Kim, S. Jeon
Purpose : At the national level, carbon absorption during the carbon neutrality goal plays an important role, and related forestry projects are continuously increasing. Until now, forest carbon absorption has been measured and managed in various ways at the national level, but specific carbon absorption indicators for each local government have not been approached in various ways. Accordingly, the carbon absorption footprint (CAF) was defined, and the carbon absorption amount and carbon absorption rate were calculated and analyzed to compare and analyze the current situation for each region.Method : As for the research method in this study, standard carbon absorption by tree species was matched on the basis of age level per forest area nationwide as of 2020, and the carbon absorption amount of metropolitan governments, the carbon absorption amount of 250 basic local governments, the carbon absorption amount per national land area, And the carbon absorption footprint per forest area was calculated. Afterward, the carbon absorption rate for the national land area and the carbon absorption rate for the forest area of the basic local governments were calculated.Results and Discussions : As a result of the study, the region with the highest amount of carbon absorption was in the order of Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Jeollanam-do, and the lowest carbon absorption was in the order of Gwangju Metropolitan City, Sejong Special Self-Governing City, and Daejeon Metropolitan City. Hongcheon-gun, Inje-gun, and Pyeongchang-gun in Gangwon-do had the highest absorption among basic local governments, followed by Yeongdeungpo-gu in Seoul, Dong-gu in Incheon, and Jung-gu in Busan in order of lowest. Seongbuk-gu, Gwangju-si, and Dong-gu, Daejeon were the basic local governments with a high absorption rate compared to the national land area, followed by Yeongdeungpo-gu, Dong-gu, Incheon, and Seongdong-gu, Seoul, respectively. Lastly, basic local governments with a high carbon absorption rate compared to forest areas were in the order of Seongbuk-gu in Seoul, Ulju-gun in Ulsan, and Hongcheon-gun in Gangwon-do, and Seongdong-gu, Gangdong-gu, and Dongjak-gu in Seoul were in the order of low rates. Overall, a lot of carbon was absorbed in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, but when approaching the absorption ratio to the national area, on the contrary, Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon showed high absorption rates. The ratio of carbon absorption to forest area was uniform across the country.Results : Based on this study, continuous research is needed to develop a forest creation scenario and achieve more carbon absorption. Since carbon absorption fluctuates greatly depending on forest management, it is considered that it will be an important indicator in terms of strategy presentation in afforestation or sink planning in the future for metropolitan or basic local governments.
{"title":"A Study on Assessment of Carbon Absorption Footprint (CAF) and Forestation in Local Governments","authors":"Soon Gil Kwon, Junbeum Kim, S. Jeon","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.348","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose : At the national level, carbon absorption during the carbon neutrality goal plays an important role, and related forestry projects are continuously increasing. Until now, forest carbon absorption has been measured and managed in various ways at the national level, but specific carbon absorption indicators for each local government have not been approached in various ways. Accordingly, the carbon absorption footprint (CAF) was defined, and the carbon absorption amount and carbon absorption rate were calculated and analyzed to compare and analyze the current situation for each region.Method : As for the research method in this study, standard carbon absorption by tree species was matched on the basis of age level per forest area nationwide as of 2020, and the carbon absorption amount of metropolitan governments, the carbon absorption amount of 250 basic local governments, the carbon absorption amount per national land area, And the carbon absorption footprint per forest area was calculated. Afterward, the carbon absorption rate for the national land area and the carbon absorption rate for the forest area of the basic local governments were calculated.Results and Discussions : As a result of the study, the region with the highest amount of carbon absorption was in the order of Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Jeollanam-do, and the lowest carbon absorption was in the order of Gwangju Metropolitan City, Sejong Special Self-Governing City, and Daejeon Metropolitan City. Hongcheon-gun, Inje-gun, and Pyeongchang-gun in Gangwon-do had the highest absorption among basic local governments, followed by Yeongdeungpo-gu in Seoul, Dong-gu in Incheon, and Jung-gu in Busan in order of lowest. Seongbuk-gu, Gwangju-si, and Dong-gu, Daejeon were the basic local governments with a high absorption rate compared to the national land area, followed by Yeongdeungpo-gu, Dong-gu, Incheon, and Seongdong-gu, Seoul, respectively. Lastly, basic local governments with a high carbon absorption rate compared to forest areas were in the order of Seongbuk-gu in Seoul, Ulju-gun in Ulsan, and Hongcheon-gun in Gangwon-do, and Seongdong-gu, Gangdong-gu, and Dongjak-gu in Seoul were in the order of low rates. Overall, a lot of carbon was absorbed in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, but when approaching the absorption ratio to the national area, on the contrary, Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon showed high absorption rates. The ratio of carbon absorption to forest area was uniform across the country.Results : Based on this study, continuous research is needed to develop a forest creation scenario and achieve more carbon absorption. Since carbon absorption fluctuates greatly depending on forest management, it is considered that it will be an important indicator in terms of strategy presentation in afforestation or sink planning in the future for metropolitan or basic local governments.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42910872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.357
Yiseul Hong, Jooyoung Park
Objectives : This study assessed the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the urban water system from a life cycle perspective in the city of Paju. It serves as a case study to provide a quantitative basis for the net-zero water management.Methods : The scope of the study included the centralized local water supply and inter-basin water import system (water abstraction facilities, water treatment plants, pump stations, and water pipelines), wastewater system (wastewater pipelines, pump stations, and wastewater treatment plants, public industrial wastewater treatment plants, on-site wastewater treatment facilities), and circular water use (rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, and wastewater recycling). This study considered scope 1 emissions, specifically CH4 and N2O emissions generated from wastewater treatment plants, scope 2 emissions from the electricity use during the operation of water infrastructure, and scope 3 emissions associated with the production of water and wastewater pipelines and chemicals. Scope 1 emissions were quantified using both the national guidelines and the 2019 IPCC guideline, and the estimates based on the two methods were compared. Scope 2 and scope 3 emissions were evaluated using life cycle assessment. To quantify GHG emissions for the year 2018, data were collected or estimated from various sources, including public statistics, field interviews, and the literature.Results and Discussion : In 2018, the total GHG emissions from Paju’s water system were 197.4 thousand tons of CO2 eq. Among these emissions, the scope 2 emissions accounted for the largest share, comprising 66.3% of the total. Notably, circular water use, which included wastewater recycling for high-quality industrial uses, accounted for 41.0% of the scope 2 emissions. Scope 1 emissions accounted for 25.5% and scope 3 emissions accounted for 8.2% of the total emissions. However, in the case of scope 1 emissions, the estimates varied significantly by 2.9 to 6.5 times, depending on the calculation methods and emission factors provided by two different guidelines.Conclusion : To achieve carbon neutrality in the water sector of the city of Paju, two approaches are required: enhancing energy efficiency to reduce scope 2 emissions and implementing measures to reduce scope 1 emissions. However, to obtain accurate and reliable estimates of the GHG emissions, it is crucial to develop applicable scope 1 emission factors based on field data. Furthermore, to gain a comprehensive understanding of GHG emissions in the water sector, further studies are necessary to analyze embodied GHG emissions in water infrastructure and GHG emissions associated with the end use of water.
{"title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions of an Urban Water System in Korea: A case study of Paju city","authors":"Yiseul Hong, Jooyoung Park","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.8.357","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : This study assessed the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in the urban water system from a life cycle perspective in the city of Paju. It serves as a case study to provide a quantitative basis for the net-zero water management.Methods : The scope of the study included the centralized local water supply and inter-basin water import system (water abstraction facilities, water treatment plants, pump stations, and water pipelines), wastewater system (wastewater pipelines, pump stations, and wastewater treatment plants, public industrial wastewater treatment plants, on-site wastewater treatment facilities), and circular water use (rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, and wastewater recycling). This study considered scope 1 emissions, specifically CH4 and N2O emissions generated from wastewater treatment plants, scope 2 emissions from the electricity use during the operation of water infrastructure, and scope 3 emissions associated with the production of water and wastewater pipelines and chemicals. Scope 1 emissions were quantified using both the national guidelines and the 2019 IPCC guideline, and the estimates based on the two methods were compared. Scope 2 and scope 3 emissions were evaluated using life cycle assessment. To quantify GHG emissions for the year 2018, data were collected or estimated from various sources, including public statistics, field interviews, and the literature.Results and Discussion : In 2018, the total GHG emissions from Paju’s water system were 197.4 thousand tons of CO2 eq. Among these emissions, the scope 2 emissions accounted for the largest share, comprising 66.3% of the total. Notably, circular water use, which included wastewater recycling for high-quality industrial uses, accounted for 41.0% of the scope 2 emissions. Scope 1 emissions accounted for 25.5% and scope 3 emissions accounted for 8.2% of the total emissions. However, in the case of scope 1 emissions, the estimates varied significantly by 2.9 to 6.5 times, depending on the calculation methods and emission factors provided by two different guidelines.Conclusion : To achieve carbon neutrality in the water sector of the city of Paju, two approaches are required: enhancing energy efficiency to reduce scope 2 emissions and implementing measures to reduce scope 1 emissions. However, to obtain accurate and reliable estimates of the GHG emissions, it is crucial to develop applicable scope 1 emission factors based on field data. Furthermore, to gain a comprehensive understanding of GHG emissions in the water sector, further studies are necessary to analyze embodied GHG emissions in water infrastructure and GHG emissions associated with the end use of water.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42931131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.325
Ji-Hyeon Jung, Jin-Kuk Choi, Hyejin Lee, Ahhyun Park, Sokhee P. Jung
As sales of electric vehicles rapidly increase, the amount of waste batteries is also rapidly increasing. Accordingly, social interest in the recycling and reuse of waste batteries is rapidly increasing. Waste battery recycling refers to the process of reprocessing waste batteries and extracting valuable water for reuse. Reuse of waste batteries refers to the process of using them again for the same purpose after undergoing a slight conversion process. Currently, related technology development is required, and related policies are insufficient. Looking at the global trend, a waste battery collection system is being established through the labeling system and producer responsibility recycling system, battery performance and safety evaluation standards are being established, and efficient and safe transportation systems are being established. Since it is not clear who is responsible for each stage of the problem in the disposal of waste batteries, a history management system is needed. It is important to efficiently extract and recycle waste battery resources, but it is also necessary to develop battery technology free from resource scarcity. In this review, recycling and reuse-related technologies of waste batteries, battery-related policies, and rare metal replacement technologies were explored, and directions for future waste battery policies were presented.
{"title":"Recycling and Reuse of Waste Batteries from Electric Vehicles: A review","authors":"Ji-Hyeon Jung, Jin-Kuk Choi, Hyejin Lee, Ahhyun Park, Sokhee P. Jung","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.325","url":null,"abstract":"As sales of electric vehicles rapidly increase, the amount of waste batteries is also rapidly increasing. Accordingly, social interest in the recycling and reuse of waste batteries is rapidly increasing. Waste battery recycling refers to the process of reprocessing waste batteries and extracting valuable water for reuse. Reuse of waste batteries refers to the process of using them again for the same purpose after undergoing a slight conversion process. Currently, related technology development is required, and related policies are insufficient. Looking at the global trend, a waste battery collection system is being established through the labeling system and producer responsibility recycling system, battery performance and safety evaluation standards are being established, and efficient and safe transportation systems are being established. Since it is not clear who is responsible for each stage of the problem in the disposal of waste batteries, a history management system is needed. It is important to efficiently extract and recycle waste battery resources, but it is also necessary to develop battery technology free from resource scarcity. In this review, recycling and reuse-related technologies of waste batteries, battery-related policies, and rare metal replacement technologies were explored, and directions for future waste battery policies were presented.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48154160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.275
Un-il Baek, Deok-Woo Kim, E. Chung, E. Na, Yongseok Kim
Soil contamination of agricultural watersheds can increase to deteriorate water quality, human health, crop production and aquatic ecology. In particular, it is important to understand the impacts of soil heavy metal contamination from livestock excretion because the excretion has been gradually increasing due to the rapid growth of the livestock industry. In this study, to analyze the characteristics of soil heavy metal contamination in intensive livestock farming watersheds, we selected intensive livestock farming watersheds where livestock heads and amount of livestock excretion by species were spatiotemporally surveyed. We also investigated the characteristics of five soil heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) contamination. The Cheongmi Stream watershed in Anseong, Kyungi-do and Gwangcheon Stream watershed in Hongseong, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea were one of the most intensive livestock rearing regions where there were very large amounts of livestock excretion. It was also found that Cu and Zn among heavy metals exceeded the soil contamination concern standard at two of the sampling points in the Gwangcheon Stream watershed. Compared to the national soil measurement network data, it was showed that the concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the intensive livestock farming areas such as both Cheongmi Stream and Gwangcheon Stream watersheds were higher than in other areas. Thus, we suggested that the soil in intensive farming watersheds was contaminated by heavy metals compared to other areas. Therefore, it is necessary to manage not only livestock excretion, but also animals’ welfare, humans, and the environment to use less heavy metals in their feeds. We also believed that various impacts of livestock excretion on the environment need to be studied soon.
{"title":"Characteristics of Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in the Intensive Livestock Farming Watersheds","authors":"Un-il Baek, Deok-Woo Kim, E. Chung, E. Na, Yongseok Kim","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.275","url":null,"abstract":"Soil contamination of agricultural watersheds can increase to deteriorate water quality, human health, crop production and aquatic ecology. In particular, it is important to understand the impacts of soil heavy metal contamination from livestock excretion because the excretion has been gradually increasing due to the rapid growth of the livestock industry. In this study, to analyze the characteristics of soil heavy metal contamination in intensive livestock farming watersheds, we selected intensive livestock farming watersheds where livestock heads and amount of livestock excretion by species were spatiotemporally surveyed. We also investigated the characteristics of five soil heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) contamination. The Cheongmi Stream watershed in Anseong, Kyungi-do and Gwangcheon Stream watershed in Hongseong, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea were one of the most intensive livestock rearing regions where there were very large amounts of livestock excretion. It was also found that Cu and Zn among heavy metals exceeded the soil contamination concern standard at two of the sampling points in the Gwangcheon Stream watershed. Compared to the national soil measurement network data, it was showed that the concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the intensive livestock farming areas such as both Cheongmi Stream and Gwangcheon Stream watersheds were higher than in other areas. Thus, we suggested that the soil in intensive farming watersheds was contaminated by heavy metals compared to other areas. Therefore, it is necessary to manage not only livestock excretion, but also animals’ welfare, humans, and the environment to use less heavy metals in their feeds. We also believed that various impacts of livestock excretion on the environment need to be studied soon.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46434311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.311
Gi-Chang Lee, Bo-Eun Kim, Byung-Keun Lee, Ji-hoon Kim, Sang-Su Park, Gyeong-Ji Hong, Dong-Hyun Ryu, Jeong-Han Song, Tae-Bun Kim
Objectives:This study aims to contribute to establishing the regional effective management of fine particulate matter by evaluating the chemical characteristics and contribution of fine particulate matter, and the accuracy of predictive model of fine particulate matter through the measurement of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and electrical conductivity for fine particulate matter generated in Pohang.Methods:PM10 and PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected using a low volume air sampler from April to November 2022. For sample analysis, cations of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+, Na+ and anions of Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, and electrical conductivity were measured after pretreatment by ultrasonic extraction. Results and Discussion:The average concentrations of WSIIs for PM10 and PM2.5 in Pohang were 12.1μg/m3 and 8.5μg/m3, respectively, accounting for 35.5% and 50.0% of each fine particulate matter. The sum of NH4+, NO3-, SO42- concentration was found to account for the majority of 71% and 78% of WSIIs in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratios for NH4+, K+, and SO42- were 95%, 89%, and 81%, respectively, mostly present in PM2.5. The average ratio of PM2.5/PM10 for NO3- was 54%, but it rose sharply to 79% in November when the temperature was low, indicating an increase in contribution to the generation of PM2.5 in winter. During the sampling period excluding April and July, the ion balance for cations and anions was relatively good at a 1:1 ratio and showed chemical properties of fine particulate matter close to neutral. A regression model was evaluated for the measured electrical conductivity of WSIIs and the concentration of fine particulate matter. The MAE and RMSE values for PM2.5 were 1.8μg/m3 and 2.4μg/m3, respectively, which were lower than PM10 (MAE 7.5 μg/m3, RMSE 10.3μg/m3), indicating high precision and accuracy. Conclusion:This study confirmed the origin of fine particulate matter generated in Pohang through WSIIs analysis, and suggested that the measured electrical conductivity of WSIIs could be used as a key parameter for measuring the concentration of fine particulate matter.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Chemical Characteristics and Predictive Model of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions for Fine Particulate Matter Generated in Pohang","authors":"Gi-Chang Lee, Bo-Eun Kim, Byung-Keun Lee, Ji-hoon Kim, Sang-Su Park, Gyeong-Ji Hong, Dong-Hyun Ryu, Jeong-Han Song, Tae-Bun Kim","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.311","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives:This study aims to contribute to establishing the regional effective management of fine particulate matter by evaluating the chemical characteristics and contribution of fine particulate matter, and the accuracy of predictive model of fine particulate matter through the measurement of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and electrical conductivity for fine particulate matter generated in Pohang.Methods:PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples were simultaneously collected using a low volume air sampler from April to November 2022. For sample analysis, cations of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup> and anions of Cl<sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, and electrical conductivity were measured after pretreatment by ultrasonic extraction. Results and Discussion:The average concentrations of WSIIs for PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Pohang were 12.1μg/m<sup>3</sup> and 8.5μg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, accounting for 35.5% and 50.0% of each fine particulate matter. The sum of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> concentration was found to account for the majority of 71% and 78% of WSIIs in PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>, respectively. The PM<sub>2.5</sub>/PM<sub>10</sub> ratios for NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> were 95%, 89%, and 81%, respectively, mostly present in PM<sub>2.5</sub>. The average ratio of PM<sub>2.5</sub>/PM<sub>10</sub> for NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> was 54%, but it rose sharply to 79% in November when the temperature was low, indicating an increase in contribution to the generation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in winter. During the sampling period excluding April and July, the ion balance for cations and anions was relatively good at a 1:1 ratio and showed chemical properties of fine particulate matter close to neutral. A regression model was evaluated for the measured electrical conductivity of WSIIs and the concentration of fine particulate matter. The MAE and RMSE values for PM<sub>2.5</sub> were 1.8μg/m<sup>3</sup> and 2.4μg/m<sup>3</sup>, respectively, which were lower than PM<sub>10</sub> (MAE 7.5 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, RMSE 10.3μg/m<sup>3</sup>), indicating high precision and accuracy. Conclusion:This study confirmed the origin of fine particulate matter generated in Pohang through WSIIs analysis, and suggested that the measured electrical conductivity of WSIIs could be used as a key parameter for measuring the concentration of fine particulate matter.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41402629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.288
Heejong Son, Eun-Young Bae, E. Jung, Byungryul An
Objectives:The objective of this study is to investigate characteristics about removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fraction for improving operation efficiency in an advanced water treatment plant. Methods:The monitoring of water quality was conducted at five processes such as raw water, pre-oxidation, after sedimentation, post-ozonation, after biological activated carbon (BAC) from July 2020 to August 2021 in advanced water treatment process (AWTP) supplying 180,000m3/day. The concentration of DOC (dissolved organic carbon) and number of algae were monitored and LC-OCD was used to fractionate DOC to four species, biopolymer (BP), humic substance (HS), building blocks (BB), and low molecular weights (LMWs). Results and Discussion:The characteristics of raw water showed that the concentration of DOC and the number of algae increased with an increase in water temperature. The portion of BP and HS significantly increased at low and high water temperature, respectively, while BB and LMWs maintained the similar portion. The removal efficiency of DOC in the AWTP was achieved at 59% with each species of BP, HS, BB, and LMWs obtaining removal efficiency of 87%, 65%, 26%, and 52%, respectively. Coagulation/sedimentation/filtration showed removal efficiency of 84%, 56%, 20%, and 18% for BP, HS, BB, and LMWs, respectively, corresponding to their molecular weight. The effect of post-ozonation would be negligible except for BP. In BAC, removal efficiency of 49% and 12% were obtained for LMWs and BB (low molecular weight, respectively. As a result, the BP portion significantly decreased due to high removal efficiency, while BB portion was increased in the final treated water compared to raw water. Conclusion:Most of DOM was removed in coagulation/sedimentation/filtration and BAC, whereas oxidation process such as pre-chlorination, pre-ozonation and post-oxidation did not have an effect on DOM removal. In coagulation/sedimentation/filtration, 84% and 54% of the BP and HS were removed, while BAC removed 49% and 12% of LMWs and BB, respectively. It has been recommended to improve the removal efficiency of BB, which obtained the lowest removal efficiency in AWTP, and to enhance the removal efficiency of LMWs in BAC to inhibit microbial regrowth in the distribution system.
{"title":"Dissolved Organic Matter Fractions and Their Removal in Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Process","authors":"Heejong Son, Eun-Young Bae, E. Jung, Byungryul An","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.288","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives:The objective of this study is to investigate characteristics about removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fraction for improving operation efficiency in an advanced water treatment plant. Methods:The monitoring of water quality was conducted at five processes such as raw water, pre-oxidation, after sedimentation, post-ozonation, after biological activated carbon (BAC) from July 2020 to August 2021 in advanced water treatment process (AWTP) supplying 180,000m3/day. The concentration of DOC (dissolved organic carbon) and number of algae were monitored and LC-OCD was used to fractionate DOC to four species, biopolymer (BP), humic substance (HS), building blocks (BB), and low molecular weights (LMWs). Results and Discussion:The characteristics of raw water showed that the concentration of DOC and the number of algae increased with an increase in water temperature. The portion of BP and HS significantly increased at low and high water temperature, respectively, while BB and LMWs maintained the similar portion. The removal efficiency of DOC in the AWTP was achieved at 59% with each species of BP, HS, BB, and LMWs obtaining removal efficiency of 87%, 65%, 26%, and 52%, respectively. Coagulation/sedimentation/filtration showed removal efficiency of 84%, 56%, 20%, and 18% for BP, HS, BB, and LMWs, respectively, corresponding to their molecular weight. The effect of post-ozonation would be negligible except for BP. In BAC, removal efficiency of 49% and 12% were obtained for LMWs and BB (low molecular weight, respectively. As a result, the BP portion significantly decreased due to high removal efficiency, while BB portion was increased in the final treated water compared to raw water. Conclusion:Most of DOM was removed in coagulation/sedimentation/filtration and BAC, whereas oxidation process such as pre-chlorination, pre-ozonation and post-oxidation did not have an effect on DOM removal. In coagulation/sedimentation/filtration, 84% and 54% of the BP and HS were removed, while BAC removed 49% and 12% of LMWs and BB, respectively. It has been recommended to improve the removal efficiency of BB, which obtained the lowest removal efficiency in AWTP, and to enhance the removal efficiency of LMWs in BAC to inhibit microbial regrowth in the distribution system.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47518199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.296
Juahn Oh, Chaeyeon Park, Dagyeong Ahn, Jaeeun Byun, Sokhee P. Jung
Products introduced as vegan are recognized by consumers as ethical consumption that protects animals and the environment, so they are becoming a trend in recent marketing strategies. However, consumers are confused by the claim that veganism consumption is not environmentally friendly, contrary to consumers' perception of animal protection and environmental protection. Vegan leather, which appeared as an alternative to natural leather, emits harmful substances during the manufacturing and disposal process, is less durable than natural leather, and has a shorter lifespan, resulting in a problem of fast fashion. Substitute meat is emerging as a food of the future due to environmental problems caused by raising livestock. However, considerable carbon is generated during the production of substitute meat, and there is a problem in verifying the safety of fiber materials such as various additives used during the production process. In the case of vegan cosmetics, they use only eco-friendly ingredients derived from nature instead of animal ingredients and do not test on animals, so the impact on the environment is minimal. Overall, bigonomics products generate relatively less environmental pollutants and cause less environmental pollution, but there are still limitations to be overcome. It is thought that the limitations of bigonomics can be overcome through social collective practice such as education and investment in parallel with individual practice in daily life. Furthermore, I think that if there is a correct understanding of vegannomics and communication about its value, the vegan industry will be able to take its place as a major industry in society. In this review, the current status of bigonomics in the food, cosmetics, and fashion industries, which are being developed by consumers' ethical consumption, is reviewed and prospects are presented. This review will help set the direction in each industry pursuing vigenomics.
{"title":"Veganomics: Current Status and Challenges","authors":"Juahn Oh, Chaeyeon Park, Dagyeong Ahn, Jaeeun Byun, Sokhee P. Jung","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.7.296","url":null,"abstract":"Products introduced as vegan are recognized by consumers as ethical consumption that protects animals and the environment, so they are becoming a trend in recent marketing strategies. However, consumers are confused by the claim that veganism consumption is not environmentally friendly, contrary to consumers' perception of animal protection and environmental protection. Vegan leather, which appeared as an alternative to natural leather, emits harmful substances during the manufacturing and disposal process, is less durable than natural leather, and has a shorter lifespan, resulting in a problem of fast fashion. Substitute meat is emerging as a food of the future due to environmental problems caused by raising livestock. However, considerable carbon is generated during the production of substitute meat, and there is a problem in verifying the safety of fiber materials such as various additives used during the production process. In the case of vegan cosmetics, they use only eco-friendly ingredients derived from nature instead of animal ingredients and do not test on animals, so the impact on the environment is minimal. Overall, bigonomics products generate relatively less environmental pollutants and cause less environmental pollution, but there are still limitations to be overcome. It is thought that the limitations of bigonomics can be overcome through social collective practice such as education and investment in parallel with individual practice in daily life. Furthermore, I think that if there is a correct understanding of vegannomics and communication about its value, the vegan industry will be able to take its place as a major industry in society. In this review, the current status of bigonomics in the food, cosmetics, and fashion industries, which are being developed by consumers' ethical consumption, is reviewed and prospects are presented. This review will help set the direction in each industry pursuing vigenomics.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48392831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.5.256
Junu Guk, D. Park, Seongjin Kim, Hyoseop Lim, Sokhee P. Jung
Recently, there has been an increasing national interest in air pollutants including fine dust due to worsening air quality. As more people become interested in the environment, policies that consider the environment are being implemented in various fields as regulations also change. It can be seen that regulations are being strengthened as the MARPOL standards for air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, EEDI are being lowered. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 80% of goods trade is transported by ships and the amount of air pollutants emitted by ships cannot be overlooked. Therefore, there is a growing need to transition from traditional fossil fuel-powered mechanical ships to eco-friendly ships. In this review, we analyze one type of eco-friendly ship, the electric ship. We compare the economic viability of electric ships with traditional mechanical ships and investigate the current status and commercialization cases of electric ships. We also provide insights into the future prospects of electric ships.
{"title":"Current Status and Perspectives of Eco-friendly Electric Ships","authors":"Junu Guk, D. Park, Seongjin Kim, Hyoseop Lim, Sokhee P. Jung","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.5.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.5.256","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, there has been an increasing national interest in air pollutants including fine dust due to worsening air quality. As more people become interested in the environment, policies that consider the environment are being implemented in various fields as regulations also change. It can be seen that regulations are being strengthened as the MARPOL standards for air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, EEDI are being lowered. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 80% of goods trade is transported by ships and the amount of air pollutants emitted by ships cannot be overlooked. Therefore, there is a growing need to transition from traditional fossil fuel-powered mechanical ships to eco-friendly ships. In this review, we analyze one type of eco-friendly ship, the electric ship. We compare the economic viability of electric ships with traditional mechanical ships and investigate the current status and commercialization cases of electric ships. We also provide insights into the future prospects of electric ships.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41760137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.4491/ksee.2023.45.5.235
S. Park, Sukmin Yoon, Doo-Yong Choi, N. Park
Objectives : In this study, the concept of the Eulerian path, which has already been proposed as a solution to the problem of head loss and residual chlorine reduction caused by complexity of nodes and pipelines, and the non-Euerian path proposed in this study were compared and their feasibility were examined.Methods : The concepts of ‘removal of odd nodes’, ‘removal of 3-intersection nodes’, and ‘removal of zero demand nodes’ were applied to the virtual water supply networks, and the number of cases were analyzed and evaluated from the viewpoint of configuration complexity and hydraulic efficiency. For Euler graph and non-Euler graph water supply networks, each total pipe length, number of removal pipes, pressure head and flow rate were simulated with EPANET2 program.Results and Discussion : As a result of simplifying and designing new output networks for virtual Euler and non-Euler graph, it was revealed that the concept of ‘removing a 3-intersection nodes’ could be the most efficient by removing more pipes. However, in terms of configuring the output network as an Euler graph, the concept of ‘removing odd nodes’ can be considered more reasonable.Conclusion : It is difficult to configuring watersupply network as a perfect Euler graph. Therefore, the application of the concept of removing odd nodes suggested in this study can promote efficient simplification of the network. In addition, it can be thought that the application of this concept can expect efficiency in terms of hydraulics and water quality.
{"title":"A Feasibility Study on Applying the Concept of Removing Odd Nodes to Design of Water Supply Pipe Network","authors":"S. Park, Sukmin Yoon, Doo-Yong Choi, N. Park","doi":"10.4491/ksee.2023.45.5.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2023.45.5.235","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : In this study, the concept of the Eulerian path, which has already been proposed as a solution to the problem of head loss and residual chlorine reduction caused by complexity of nodes and pipelines, and the non-Euerian path proposed in this study were compared and their feasibility were examined.Methods : The concepts of ‘removal of odd nodes’, ‘removal of 3-intersection nodes’, and ‘removal of zero demand nodes’ were applied to the virtual water supply networks, and the number of cases were analyzed and evaluated from the viewpoint of configuration complexity and hydraulic efficiency. For Euler graph and non-Euler graph water supply networks, each total pipe length, number of removal pipes, pressure head and flow rate were simulated with EPANET2 program.Results and Discussion : As a result of simplifying and designing new output networks for virtual Euler and non-Euler graph, it was revealed that the concept of ‘removing a 3-intersection nodes’ could be the most efficient by removing more pipes. However, in terms of configuring the output network as an Euler graph, the concept of ‘removing odd nodes’ can be considered more reasonable.Conclusion : It is difficult to configuring watersupply network as a perfect Euler graph. Therefore, the application of the concept of removing odd nodes suggested in this study can promote efficient simplification of the network. In addition, it can be thought that the application of this concept can expect efficiency in terms of hydraulics and water quality.","PeriodicalId":52756,"journal":{"name":"daehanhwangyeonggonghaghoeji","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43575467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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