Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-05-20DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100306
Jeff Strnad
In this article, we propose a new form of decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) governance that uses a sequential auction mechanism to overcome the entrenched control issues that have emerged for DAOs by creating a regime of temporary contestable control. The mechanism avoids potential public choice problems inherent in voting approaches but at the same time provides a vehicle that can enhance and secure value that inheres to DAO voting and other DAO non-market governance procedures. It is robust to empty voting and is code feasible. The mechanism not only facilitates the ability of DAOs to meet their normative and operational goals in the face of diverse regulatory approaches, but also strengthens the case for creating a less burdensome but at least equally effective regulatory regime for DAOs that employ the mechanism. Designed to shift control to the party with the most promising business plan, at the same time, it deters value destruction by control parties, maximizes social surplus, and distributes that surplus in a way that tends to promote investment by other parties both at start up and on an ongoing basis.
{"title":"Economic DAO governance: A contestable control approach","authors":"Jeff Strnad","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, we propose a new form of decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) governance that uses a sequential auction mechanism to overcome the entrenched control issues that have emerged for DAOs by creating a regime of temporary contestable control. The mechanism avoids potential public choice problems inherent in voting approaches but at the same time provides a vehicle that can enhance and secure value that inheres to DAO voting and other DAO non-market governance procedures. It is robust to empty voting and is code feasible. The mechanism not only facilitates the ability of DAOs to meet their normative and operational goals in the face of diverse regulatory approaches, but also strengthens the case for creating a less burdensome but at least equally effective regulatory regime for DAOs that employ the mechanism. Designed to shift control to the party with the most promising business plan, at the same time, it deters value destruction by control parties, maximizes social surplus, and distributes that surplus in a way that tends to promote investment by other parties both at start up and on an ongoing basis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100306"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As Industry 5.0 emerges, the convergence of advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain is vital in shaping the future of industrial automation. Industry 5.0 emphasizes the collaborative relationship between humans and machines, requiring robust, decentralized systems to ensure security, accountability, and trust in interconnected ecosystems. Currently, IoT data processing is cloud-centric, which introduces challenges like fragmented data silos, limiting the potential for seamless and secure real-time analytics. Blockchain technology offers a solution by providing a decentralized and transparent ledger that can enhance data integrity and security across IoT applications. This study investigates the integration of blockchain with the IoT in the context of Industry 5.0, highlighting the potential for improved data management, security, and human-machine collaboration. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of IoT application designs and blockchain platforms, we evaluate existing literature to uncover the challenges, benefits, and limitations of this integration. Our research contributes by proposing a framework for selecting optimal blockchain platforms for IoT applications in Industry 5.0, providing actionable recommendations for enhanced data trust and resilience. Future research directions are also outlined to address the evolving demands of this technological convergence, ensuring that IoT ecosystems are secure, scalable, and human-centered in the era of Industry 5.0.
{"title":"Evaluating blockchain platforms for IoT applications in Industry 5.0: A comprehensive review","authors":"Najmus Sakib Sizan , Diganta Dey , Md. Abu Layek , Md Ashraf Uddin , Eui-Nam Huh","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As Industry 5.0 emerges, the convergence of advanced technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain is vital in shaping the future of industrial automation. Industry 5.0 emphasizes the collaborative relationship between humans and machines, requiring robust, decentralized systems to ensure security, accountability, and trust in interconnected ecosystems. Currently, IoT data processing is cloud-centric, which introduces challenges like fragmented data silos, limiting the potential for seamless and secure real-time analytics. Blockchain technology offers a solution by providing a decentralized and transparent ledger that can enhance data integrity and security across IoT applications. This study investigates the integration of blockchain with the IoT in the context of Industry 5.0, highlighting the potential for improved data management, security, and human-machine collaboration. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of IoT application designs and blockchain platforms, we evaluate existing literature to uncover the challenges, benefits, and limitations of this integration. Our research contributes by proposing a framework for selecting optimal blockchain platforms for IoT applications in Industry 5.0, providing actionable recommendations for enhanced data trust and resilience. Future research directions are also outlined to address the evolving demands of this technological convergence, ensuring that IoT ecosystems are secure, scalable, and human-centered in the era of Industry 5.0.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100276"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100290
Muhammad Hasnain , Imran Ghani , David Smith , Ali Daud , Seung Ryul Jeong
Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has attracted considerable attention from scholars. The blockchain underlies cryptocurrencies and has rapidly expanded to other areas, including financial transactions and social media networks. However, concerns regarding the information security of social media users still exist regarding blockchain technology. The literature on blockchain online social media (BOSM) networks is growing rapidly because of their critical role in securing users’ information privacy and security. Cybersecurity remains a challenge faced by users on social media networks. Since the publication of BOSM, blockchain has become a widely discussed method for users’ information security. This comprehensive review identifies peer-reviewed articles on BOSM that underpin smart contracts, social media challenges, and research gaps. In this work, Kitchenham’s review guidelines are followed to conduct an in-depth review of the use of blockchain technology in the social media network literature published between January 2016 and March 2024, which reveals a significant increase in publications over the last eight years. A search of major academic databases, including Springer, ScienceDirect, ACM, IEEE Xplore, World Scientific, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley Online, yielded a final pool of 158 articles. The findings of the review indicate key insights concerning the techniques and applications of blockchain technology and challenges for the public via social media networks such as Twitter, Facebook, and Google+. This paper identifies important challenges such as deploying smart contracts, user information privacy, a lack of platform support, users’ reactions to blockchain technology, privacy protection and compensation, security system validation, online disinformation, scalability, and miscellaneous challenges to blockchain technology. Additionally, this review suggests several future research directions to improve the role of blockchain technology in overcoming the challenges of privacy, security, reliability, scalability, and trust in the area of social media networks.
b区块链是一项颠覆性技术，引起了学者们的广泛关注。bbb100是加密货币的基础，并迅速扩展到其他领域，包括金融交易和社交媒体网络。然而，关于区块链技术的社交媒体用户的信息安全问题仍然存在。关于b区块链在线社交媒体（BOSM）网络的文献正在迅速增长，因为它们在保护用户信息隐私和安全方面发挥着关键作用。网络安全仍然是社交媒体网络用户面临的一个挑战。自BOSM发布以来，区块链已成为一种被广泛讨论的用户信息安全方法。这项全面的审查确定了关于BOSM的同行评议文章，这些文章支撑了智能合约、社交媒体挑战和研究空白。在这项工作中，遵循Kitchenham的审查指南，对2016年1月至2024年3月期间发表的社交媒体网络文献中区块链技术的使用进行了深入审查，结果显示，在过去八年中，出版物显著增加。搜索主要学术数据库，包括b施普林格，ScienceDirect， ACM, IEEE explore, World Scientific, Taylor &；弗朗西斯和威利在线最终得出了158篇文章。审查的结果表明了有关区块链技术和应用的关键见解，以及通过Twitter、Facebook和谷歌+等社交媒体网络为公众带来的挑战。本文确定了重要的挑战，如部署智能合约、用户信息隐私、缺乏平台支持、用户对区块链技术的反应、隐私保护和补偿、安全系统验证、在线虚假信息、可扩展性和区块链技术的各种挑战。此外，本文提出了几个未来的研究方向，以提高区块链技术在克服社交媒体网络领域的隐私、安全、可靠性、可扩展性和信任方面的挑战。
{"title":"Cybersecurity challenges in blockchain-based social media networks: A comprehensive review","authors":"Muhammad Hasnain , Imran Ghani , David Smith , Ali Daud , Seung Ryul Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has attracted considerable attention from scholars. The blockchain underlies cryptocurrencies and has rapidly expanded to other areas, including financial transactions and social media networks. However, concerns regarding the information security of social media users still exist regarding blockchain technology. The literature on blockchain online social media (BOSM) networks is growing rapidly because of their critical role in securing users’ information privacy and security. Cybersecurity remains a challenge faced by users on social media networks. Since the publication of BOSM, blockchain has become a widely discussed method for users’ information security. This comprehensive review identifies peer-reviewed articles on BOSM that underpin smart contracts, social media challenges, and research gaps. In this work, Kitchenham’s review guidelines are followed to conduct an in-depth review of the use of blockchain technology in the social media network literature published between January 2016 and March 2024, which reveals a significant increase in publications over the last eight years. A search of major academic databases, including Springer, ScienceDirect, ACM, IEEE Xplore, World Scientific, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley Online, yielded a final pool of 158 articles. The findings of the review indicate key insights concerning the techniques and applications of blockchain technology and challenges for the public via social media networks such as Twitter, Facebook, and Google+. This paper identifies important challenges such as deploying smart contracts, user information privacy, a lack of platform support, users’ reactions to blockchain technology, privacy protection and compensation, security system validation, online disinformation, scalability, and miscellaneous challenges to blockchain technology. Additionally, this review suggests several future research directions to improve the role of blockchain technology in overcoming the challenges of privacy, security, reliability, scalability, and trust in the area of social media networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100290"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144723096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100273
Xiaogang Wang , Chenhao Wang , Jie Yang , Jianhai Chen , Xiang Chen , Gang Li , Butian Huang , Shoujun Peng
In recent years, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely used in the field of rail transit and plays an important role. Due to the numerous and complex elements of BIM file data, they are shared and used by multiple departments. Traditional BIMs that exist in the form of files are stored independently on centralized servers or local machines, lacking systematic management methods. Data update and maintenance are quite cumbersome. Besides, multi-departmental interaction and collaboration are inefficient and untrustworthy. Therefore, we propose a blockchain-based trusted sharing method for rail transit BIM data. First, a blockchain-based distributed BIM data sharing system architecture is proposed. Second, smart contracts are designed to achieve on-chain protection and shared use of digital resources such as rail transit BIM models. Third, the BIM data access control mechanism based on attribute-based encryption is proposed, and we implement a prototype of a trusted shared access system with permission control for multiple departments based on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and the security mechanisms of Software Guard Extensions (SGX). Finally, the feasibility of the method is verified through scheme comparison, security analysis, and prototype system performance testing.
{"title":"A blockchain-based trusted sharing method for railway transportation BIM data","authors":"Xiaogang Wang , Chenhao Wang , Jie Yang , Jianhai Chen , Xiang Chen , Gang Li , Butian Huang , Shoujun Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2024.100273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely used in the field of rail transit and plays an important role. Due to the numerous and complex elements of BIM file data, they are shared and used by multiple departments. Traditional BIMs that exist in the form of files are stored independently on centralized servers or local machines, lacking systematic management methods. Data update and maintenance are quite cumbersome. Besides, multi-departmental interaction and collaboration are inefficient and untrustworthy. Therefore, we propose a blockchain-based trusted sharing method for rail transit BIM data. First, a blockchain-based distributed BIM data sharing system architecture is proposed. Second, smart contracts are designed to achieve on-chain protection and shared use of digital resources such as rail transit BIM models. Third, the BIM data access control mechanism based on attribute-based encryption is proposed, and we implement a prototype of a trusted shared access system with permission control for multiple departments based on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) and the security mechanisms of Software Guard Extensions (SGX). Finally, the feasibility of the method is verified through scheme comparison, security analysis, and prototype system performance testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100273"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100278
Sara Migliorini, Mauro Gambini, Alberto Belussi
The preservation and restoration of cultural heritage has acquired increasing attention in recent years since it has priceless value from both historical and touristic points of view. However, this activity requires considerable funds to be carried out, and frequently, such costs cannot rely entirely on public sources. At the same time, crowdfunding platforms are becoming a widely recognized way to collect funds and finance projects. Indeed, in the literature, some attempts have been made to use crowdfunding platforms to support renovation and restoration projects for cultural heritage items. Even if the benefits of their use in general, particularly for cultural heritage, are widely recognized, skepticism remains regarding transparency, reliability, and trustworthiness. In this regard, the emerging blockchain technology could represent an innovative solution for promoting and guaranteeing such properties through the entire crowdfunding process. However, existing solutions based on the direct use of cryptocurrencies for collecting funds have encountered users' fear and reluctance due to their novelty and the absence of clear and complete regulation by governments. For this reason, in this paper, we propose a solution that is not based on using cryptocurrencies but concentrates on the immutability, traceability, and trustworthiness properties that blockchain offers. To do so, an integrated solution is proposed that combines traditional platforms with a set of smart contracts and a Decentralized Application (dApp), allowing the immutable storage of information inside the blockchain and their subsequent validation by the donors.
{"title":"A blockchain-based platform for ensuring provenance and traceability of donations for cultural heritage","authors":"Sara Migliorini, Mauro Gambini, Alberto Belussi","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The preservation and restoration of cultural heritage has acquired increasing attention in recent years since it has priceless value from both historical and touristic points of view. However, this activity requires considerable funds to be carried out, and frequently, such costs cannot rely entirely on public sources. At the same time, crowdfunding platforms are becoming a widely recognized way to collect funds and finance projects. Indeed, in the literature, some attempts have been made to use crowdfunding platforms to support renovation and restoration projects for cultural heritage items. Even if the benefits of their use in general, particularly for cultural heritage, are widely recognized, skepticism remains regarding transparency, reliability, and trustworthiness. In this regard, the emerging blockchain technology could represent an innovative solution for promoting and guaranteeing such properties through the entire crowdfunding process. However, existing solutions based on the direct use of cryptocurrencies for collecting funds have encountered users' fear and reluctance due to their novelty and the absence of clear and complete regulation by governments. For this reason, in this paper, we propose a solution that is not based on using cryptocurrencies but concentrates on the immutability, traceability, and trustworthiness properties that blockchain offers. To do so, an integrated solution is proposed that combines traditional platforms with a set of smart contracts and a Decentralized Application (dApp), allowing the immutable storage of information inside the blockchain and their subsequent validation by the donors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100278"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cryptocurrency has transformed finance and investment, with platforms like Uniswap facilitating billions of dollars in trades. However, malicious smart contracts and scam tokens have led to significant financial losses for decentralized finance (DeFi) users. Code analysis alone cannot detect rug pulls using social engineering tactics. To address this issue, machine learning algorithms can leverage the vast amount of transactional data stored on the blockchain, particularly time series data, to identify scam tokens. This study aims to determine the optimal timeframe for detecting rug pulls and highlights the importance of token volume and transaction count features. The findings suggest that shorter timeframes are sufficient for detecting rug pull tokens since most incidents occur soon after token creation. This research offers new insights into scam token classification and prevention and contributes to a broader understanding of this field.
{"title":"Rug pull detection on decentralized exchange using transaction data","authors":"Suparat Srifa , Yury Yanovich , Robert Vasilyev , Tharuka Rupasinghe , Vladislav Amelin","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryptocurrency has transformed finance and investment, with platforms like Uniswap facilitating billions of dollars in trades. However, malicious smart contracts and scam tokens have led to significant financial losses for decentralized finance (DeFi) users. Code analysis alone cannot detect rug pulls using social engineering tactics. To address this issue, machine learning algorithms can leverage the vast amount of transactional data stored on the blockchain, particularly time series data, to identify scam tokens. This study aims to determine the optimal timeframe for detecting rug pulls and highlights the importance of token volume and transaction count features. The findings suggest that shorter timeframes are sufficient for detecting rug pull tokens since most incidents occur soon after token creation. This research offers new insights into scam token classification and prevention and contributes to a broader understanding of this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-01-23DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100274
Wittawat Kositwattanarerk
Decentralized exchange (DEX) platforms such as Uniswap and Balancer operate on several pools where each pool contains two or more cryptocurrencies and constitutes direct trading pairs. The drawbacks here are that liquidity provision requires the contribution of tokens in a specific proportion, and trading may require hopping between pools, hence increasing the transaction fee and gas fee. We propose an automated market maker (AMM) protocol where liquidity providers (LPs) can deposit any amount of tokens into the pool. The protocol preserves the proportion of tokens by total value at the time of deposit and can be seen as a personalized self-balancing portfolio manager. In addition, since the invariant function is dynamic, all exchange pairs are executed from a single composite pool. Nevertheless, the scheme is vulnerable to flash loan attacks and must be used in conjunction with preventive measures.
{"title":"Dynamic exponent market maker: personalized portfolio manager and one pool to trade them all","authors":"Wittawat Kositwattanarerk","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decentralized exchange (DEX) platforms such as Uniswap and Balancer operate on several pools where each pool contains two or more cryptocurrencies and constitutes direct trading pairs. The drawbacks here are that liquidity provision requires the contribution of tokens in a specific proportion, and trading may require hopping between pools, hence increasing the transaction fee and gas fee. We propose an automated market maker (AMM) protocol where liquidity providers (LPs) can deposit any amount of tokens into the pool. The protocol preserves the proportion of tokens by total value at the time of deposit and can be seen as a personalized self-balancing portfolio manager. In addition, since the invariant function is dynamic, all exchange pairs are executed from a single composite pool. Nevertheless, the scheme is vulnerable to flash loan attacks and must be used in conjunction with preventive measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100274"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144721014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-04-07DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100286
Wenqing Li , Zhenguang Liu , Jianhai Chen , Zhe Liu , Qinming He
The rapid expansion of decentralized finance (DeFi) applications has catalyzed the emergence of new blockchain systems at an unprecedented pace. However, these systems are largely evolving in isolation, hindering the development of a cohesive ecosystem where value and data can flow seamlessly across networks. Blockchain interoperability technologies are introduced to break down these communication barriers and facilitate effective interactions between different blockchain systems. In recent years, numerous approaches and solutions to blockchain interoperability have been proposed. While some reviews have attempted to categorize cross-chain solutions based on blockchain standards and architectures, a more in-depth analysis is warranted. In this work, we investigate mainstream cross-chain solutions from the perspective of their principles, applications, protocols, and performance. To clarify the concept of blockchain interoperability, we propose a conceptual model that characterizes both asset interoperability and data interoperability. Furthermore, we introduce a hierarchical architecture to categorize and analyze representative cross-chain solutions, covering both academic research and industrial implementations. To maximize the utility of this review for a wide audience, we also highlight open challenges and identify future directions in the field of blockchain interoperability, expecting to provide a comprehensive overview of cross-chain solutions.
{"title":"Towards blockchain interoperability: a comprehensive survey on cross-chain solutions","authors":"Wenqing Li , Zhenguang Liu , Jianhai Chen , Zhe Liu , Qinming He","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid expansion of decentralized finance (DeFi) applications has catalyzed the emergence of new blockchain systems at an unprecedented pace. However, these systems are largely evolving in isolation, hindering the development of a cohesive ecosystem where value and data can flow seamlessly across networks. Blockchain interoperability technologies are introduced to break down these communication barriers and facilitate effective interactions between different blockchain systems. In recent years, numerous approaches and solutions to blockchain interoperability have been proposed. While some reviews have attempted to categorize cross-chain solutions based on blockchain standards and architectures, a more in-depth analysis is warranted. In this work, we investigate mainstream cross-chain solutions from the perspective of their principles, applications, protocols, and performance. To clarify the concept of blockchain interoperability, we propose a conceptual model that characterizes both asset interoperability and data interoperability. Furthermore, we introduce a hierarchical architecture to categorize and analyze representative cross-chain solutions, covering both academic research and industrial implementations. To maximize the utility of this review for a wide audience, we also highlight open challenges and identify future directions in the field of blockchain interoperability, expecting to provide a comprehensive overview of cross-chain solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100286"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-04-10DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100288
Damiano Di Francesco Maesa , Matteo Loporchio , Frank Tietze
This paper considers the application scenario of Intellectual Property (IP) management, a business process yet to fully embrace digitisation and the advantages it brings. We propose to leverage Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to digitise license agreements management by providing automated and trustworthy royalty computation, transaction execution, and payment distribution. This can be achieved by employing smart licenses, i.e., bundles of smart contracts implementing the royalty logic of license agreements. To provide scalability, flexibility, and resilience, we propose to deploy smart licenses on a network of networks model, i.e., a set of heterogeneous networks potentially running different DLT protocols and connected by cross-chain information exchange protocols. A novel advantage of the network of networks approach is that it allows for the use of private values for royalty computation, which is impossible in the traditional model. Of course, supporting private DLT networks requires privacy-preserving cross-chain schemes, a still open problem in the literature. This is why we present two alternative privacy-preserving cross-chain schemes for our considered application scenario of license agreements management, one based on Homomorphic Encryption (HE) and the other on Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proofs. Besides discussing their theoretical advantages and drawbacks, we present an experimental evaluation of a prototype implementation of smart licenses based on both schemes.
{"title":"Privacy-preserving and automated intellectual property license agreements over heterogeneous blockchain networks","authors":"Damiano Di Francesco Maesa , Matteo Loporchio , Frank Tietze","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100288","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100288","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper considers the application scenario of Intellectual Property (IP) management, a business process yet to fully embrace digitisation and the advantages it brings. We propose to leverage Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to digitise license agreements management by providing automated and trustworthy royalty computation, transaction execution, and payment distribution. This can be achieved by employing smart licenses, i.e., bundles of smart contracts implementing the royalty logic of license agreements. To provide scalability, flexibility, and resilience, we propose to deploy smart licenses on a network of networks model, i.e., a set of heterogeneous networks potentially running different DLT protocols and connected by cross-chain information exchange protocols. A novel advantage of the network of networks approach is that it allows for the use of private values for royalty computation, which is impossible in the traditional model. Of course, supporting private DLT networks requires privacy-preserving cross-chain schemes, a still open problem in the literature. This is why we present two alternative privacy-preserving cross-chain schemes for our considered application scenario of license agreements management, one based on Homomorphic Encryption (HE) and the other on Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proofs. Besides discussing their theoretical advantages and drawbacks, we present an experimental evaluation of a prototype implementation of smart licenses based on both schemes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100288"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01Epub Date: 2025-03-28DOI: 10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100285
Christian Gang Liu , Peter Bodorik , Dawn Jutla
In our previous research, we addressed the problem of automated transformation of models, represented using the business process model and notation (BPMN) standard, into the methods of a smart contract. The transformation supports BPMN models that contain complex multi-step activities that are supported using our concept of multi-step nested trade transactions, wherein the transactional properties are enforced by a mechanism generated automatically by the transformation process from a BPMN model to a smart contract. In this paper, we present a methodology for repairing a smart contract that cannot be completed due to events that were not anticipated by the developer and thus prevent the completion of the smart contract. The repair process starts with the original BPMN model fragment causing the issue, providing the modeler with the innermost transaction fragment containing the failed activity. The modeler amends the BPMN pattern on the basis of the successful completion of previous activities. If repairs exceed the inner transaction’s scope, they are addressed using the parent transaction’s BPMN model. The amended BPMN model is then transformed into a new smart contract, ensuring consistent data and logic transitions. We previously developed a tool, called TABS+, as a proof of concept (PoC) to transform BPMN models into smart contracts for nested transactions. This paper describes the tool TABS+R, developed by extending the TABS+ tool, to allow the repair of smart contracts.
{"title":"Automated mechanism to support trade transactions in smart contracts with upgrade and repair","authors":"Christian Gang Liu , Peter Bodorik , Dawn Jutla","doi":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In our previous research, we addressed the problem of automated transformation of models, represented using the business process model and notation (BPMN) standard, into the methods of a smart contract. The transformation supports BPMN models that contain complex multi-step activities that are supported using our concept of multi-step nested trade transactions, wherein the transactional properties are enforced by a mechanism generated automatically by the transformation process from a BPMN model to a smart contract. In this paper, we present a methodology for repairing a smart contract that cannot be completed due to events that were not anticipated by the developer and thus prevent the completion of the smart contract. The repair process starts with the original BPMN model fragment causing the issue, providing the modeler with the innermost transaction fragment containing the failed activity. The modeler amends the BPMN pattern on the basis of the successful completion of previous activities. If repairs exceed the inner transaction’s scope, they are addressed using the parent transaction’s BPMN model. The amended BPMN model is then transformed into a new smart contract, ensuring consistent data and logic transitions. We previously developed a tool, called TABS+, as a proof of concept (PoC) to transform BPMN models into smart contracts for nested transactions. This paper describes the tool TABS+<em>R</em>, developed by extending the TABS+ tool, to allow the repair of smart contracts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":53141,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain-Research and Applications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Article 100285"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144611703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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