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From Syncretism to Hybridity: Transformations in African-derived American Religions: An Introduction 从同一性到混合性:美国非裔宗教的变革》:导言
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-11-24 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-10020025
Hans Gerald Hödl, Bettine E. Schmidt
In this volume, we bring together research on African derived Religions in Latin America and African American Religions in the USA. Theoretically, the concepts of hybridity and syncretism are discussed, in the introduction as well as in the papers included. The papers featured deal with Brazilian Umbanda, Cuban Santería, US African Black Hebrew Israelites, the Five Percenter movement (an offspring of the Nation of Islam), and one single person, Robert T. Browne, an activist in the Black Nationalist movement. In the religions covered – that are an outcome of the historical circumstances of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – elements taken from West and Central African traditions, European Christianity, and Kardecian Spiritism blend to new forms of religious movements. This being the “fundamental” transformation of religion addressed here, some essays in the volume also look at the further transformation of those traditions in a “glocalized” world.
在本卷中,我们汇集了有关拉丁美洲非洲派生宗教和美国非洲裔美国人宗教的研究成果。从理论上讲,在引言和收录的论文中都讨论了混杂性和融合性的概念。收录的论文涉及巴西的安班达(Umbanda)、古巴的桑特里亚(Santería)、美国的非洲黑人希伯来以色列人、Five Percenter 运动(伊斯兰民族的后代)以及黑人民族主义运动的活动家罗伯特-T-布朗(Robert T. Browne)。这些宗教是跨大西洋奴隶贸易历史条件下的产物,在这些宗教中,来自西非和中非传统、欧洲基督教和卡德克神灵论的元素融合成了新形式的宗教运动。这是本卷所探讨的宗教的 "根本 "转变,卷中的一些文章还探讨了这些传统在 "全球化 "世界中的进一步转变。
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引用次数: 0
When Christianity Became a Shūshi 宗旨 当基督教成为Shūshi
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10084
Christoph Kleine
Cultural encounters, entanglements, and comparisons were the driving force behind the formation of a global history of religion. Such encounters require the formation of comparative concepts; for Europeans, the most important of these was ‘religion’ . With European expansion, and especially its forays into Asia starting in the late fifteenth century, ‘religion’ gradually became a general term to describe a distinct subset of human culture, with encounters between European missionaries and the Japanese people playing a decisive role in this regard. Arguably, the ultimately failed attempts of the Christian mission led to the emergence of analogous comparative concepts on the Japanese side, too. As a side effect, the encounter with Christianity brought about an individualisation and confessionalisation of Buddhism. From here, it was only a small step to the ‘religionisation’ of Buddhism in the nineteenth century – and, thus, to its integration into a global religious system.
文化的接触、纠缠和比较是全球宗教史形成背后的驱动力。这种接触需要形成比较概念;对欧洲人来说,其中最重要的是“宗教”。随着欧洲的扩张,特别是从15世纪后期开始进入亚洲,“宗教”逐渐成为描述人类文化一个独特子集的总称,欧洲传教士和日本人之间的相遇在这方面发挥了决定性作用。可以说,基督教传教最终失败的尝试也导致了日本方面类似的比较概念的出现。作为一个副作用,与基督教的相遇带来了佛教的个性化和忏悔。从这里开始,这只是19世纪佛教“宗教化”的一小步,因此,它融入了全球宗教体系。
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引用次数: 0
Listening out for God’s Breath – a Negative Hermeneutical Approach to Mysticism 倾听上帝的呼吸——对神秘主义的消极解释学方法
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10085
Edda Wolff
This essay argues that a negative hermeneutics, i.e., a hermeneutics that takes its starting point from the experience of gaps, failures, and limits, is a suitable lens for the study of mysticism. It uses the concept of travail of the negative, which focuses on dynamics of a continuous ‘unsaying’ and ‘subverting’ of traditional expressions of faith and religious practice, to explore the connection between aspects of practical and theoretical negativity in mystical expressions. It suggests that this approach to mystical theology makes an important contribution to the wider theological discourse and encourages theology to take the fundamental character of negation seriously.
本文认为,消极解释学,即从空白、失败和限制的经验出发的解释学,是研究神秘主义的合适视角。它使用消极痛苦的概念,关注传统信仰和宗教实践表达的持续“沉默”和“颠覆”的动态,探索神秘表达中实践和理论消极方面之间的联系。它表明,这种方法神秘神学作出了重要贡献,更广泛的神学话语,并鼓励神学采取否定的基本特征认真。
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引用次数: 0
Materialization through Global Comparisons: the Findings at Ile-Ife from the Late 19th century to the 1960s 通过全球比较的物质化:19世纪末至20世纪60年代在Ile-Ife的发现
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10086
Judith Bachmann
The debate over repatriation has only recently come to European attention. Arguments against it still prevail and rely on the interpretation of the things involved as universally appreciated pieces of art or craft, which have to be stored accordingly. However, at least from the Nigerian context, many intellectuals see these objects as proof of their history before colonization. Thus, the objects represent the desire to be free of the ongoing negative impacts of colonization. The article argues that these debates cannot be properly understood if the materiality and weight that these objects acquired over time and in global exchanges is not considered. In light of material religion, new materialist and global religious history approaches, the article turns to an example, which has been forgotten in repatriation discussions: the findings at Ile-Ife from the late 19th century to the 1960s. Materialization, in this context, is an intra-active, politically charged, and comparative process.
关于遣返的争论直到最近才引起欧洲的注意。反对它的观点仍然盛行,并依赖于将所涉及的事物解释为普遍欣赏的艺术品或工艺品,因此必须相应地存储。然而,至少从尼日利亚的背景来看,许多知识分子认为这些物品是他们在殖民统治之前历史的证据。因此,这些物品代表了摆脱殖民化持续负面影响的愿望。文章认为,如果不考虑这些物品随着时间和全球交流而获得的重要性和重量,就无法正确理解这些争论。根据物质宗教、新唯物主义和全球宗教史的研究方法,本文转向了一个在遣返讨论中被遗忘的例子:19世纪末至20世纪60年代在伊莱-伊夫岛的发现。在这种背景下,物质化是一种内部活跃的、充满政治色彩的、比较的过程。
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引用次数: 0
The Fruits of Spiritual Experiences during the Pandemic: COVID-19 and the Effects of Non-Ordinary Experiences 大流行期间精神体验的成果:COVID-19和非寻常体验的影响
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10079
B. Schmidt, Kate Stockly
This paper presents new research about spiritual experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim is to discuss the impact of spiritual experiences on people’s lives and relationships. Building upon William James’ four features of the “fruits” of religious experience as a conceptual frame, the paper presents data from two surveys in which participants narrated spiritual experiences and reflected on the impacts of those experiences. We start with a short presentation of James’ ideas about the fruits of religious experience. The next section outlines four themes that have emerged from the narratives of spiritual experiences during the pandemic: impacts on people’s relationships with their religious communities, shifts in one’s subjective sense of spiritual connection and intuition, encounters with spiritual figures and near-death experiences, and interpretations of COVID-19 as a spiritual contagion. The final section broadens the discussion from the impact of specific spiritual experiences to include spiritual responses to the pandemic more generally, leading to a discussion of the experiences within the wider debate in fruits of religious experience.
本文介绍了COVID-19大流行期间关于精神体验的新研究。目的是讨论精神体验对人们生活和人际关系的影响。本文以威廉·詹姆斯的宗教体验“果实”的四个特征为概念框架,提出了两项调查的数据,参与者叙述了精神体验,并反思了这些体验的影响。我们先简单介绍一下詹姆斯关于宗教经验成果的观点。下一节概述了大流行期间精神体验叙述中出现的四个主题:对人们与宗教团体关系的影响,个人主观精神联系和直觉的转变,与精神人物的接触和濒死体验,以及将COVID-19解释为精神传染病。最后一节将讨论范围从具体精神体验的影响扩大到更广泛地包括对流行病的精神反应,从而在更广泛的关于宗教体验成果的辩论中讨论经验。
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引用次数: 0
Religious Comparativism, Esotericism, and the Global Occult: A Methodological Outline 宗教比较主义,神秘主义,和全球神秘:方法论大纲
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10080
J. Strube
This article scrutinizes the history of “esoteric” and “occult” as comparative terms and outlines a concrete methodology for their examination and potential practical application, based on the theoretical framework of Global Religious History. My main argument is that “esoteric” and “occult” are today de facto comparative terms that are employed worldwide within and beyond academia. Similar to the case of “religion,” they are not the result of the unilateral diffusion of “Western” knowledge but of globally entangled exchanges that can serve as concrete objects of research. Their synchronic and diachronic historical contextualization forms the basis of the development of substantiated comparative terms and their (experimental) application in different contexts. Departing from scholarship on “Western esotericism,” “esoteric Buddhism,” and “the global occult,” the article outlines a five-step methodology that illustrates the practical use of Global Religious History for religious comparativism based on concrete historical examples.
本文以《全球宗教史》的理论框架为基础,详细考察了“深奥”和“神秘”这两个比较术语的历史,并概述了一种具体的研究方法和潜在的实际应用。我的主要观点是,“深奥”和“神秘”实际上是当今学术界内外使用的比较术语。与“宗教”的情况类似,它们不是“西方”知识单方面扩散的结果,而是全球相互纠缠的交流的结果,这些交流可以作为具体的研究对象。它们的共时性和历时性历史语境化构成了实证比较术语发展及其在不同语境中的(实验性)应用的基础。从“西方神秘主义”、“深奥佛教”和“全球神秘学”的学术研究出发,本文概述了一个五步方法,以具体的历史例子为基础,说明了全球宗教史在宗教比较主义中的实际应用。
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引用次数: 0
Phallogocentrism, Global Entanglements and Comparison in the Study of Religion 宗教研究中的生殖器中心主义、全球纠葛与比较
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-08-01 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10081
G. Maltese
Along with the critique of generic terms, such as religion or mysticism, regarded as Western-centric, comparison in religious studies has been faulted for reinforcing Western dominance over the rest of the world. Global Religious History claims to constructively address these charges by focusing on global entanglements. On closer inspection, however, if the latter are theorized at all, an astounding exclusion comes to the fore: the omission of gender as category of knowledge. Engaging this phallogocentrism in Global Religious History, this article calls for a conceptualization of global entanglements that takes this omission seriously. As a case study, I use a tract published serially in a Singapore-based Islamic missionary journal (1938–1941), to argue that a revised conceptualization of global entanglements can help to uncover the contributions of non-hegemonic subjects to contemporary discourses on religion, mysticism, Islam, and Sufism, as well as to the comparative study of religion.
随着对通用术语(如宗教或神秘主义)的批判,被视为以西方为中心,宗教研究中的比较被指责为加强了西方对世界其他地区的主导地位。《全球宗教史》声称通过关注全球的纠葛,建设性地解决了这些指控。然而,如果对后者进行更仔细的考察,就会发现一个令人震惊的排除:性别作为知识范畴的遗漏。这篇文章在全球宗教史中探讨了这种生殖器中心主义,呼吁对全球纠缠进行概念化,认真对待这种遗漏。作为一个案例研究,我使用了一份新加坡伊斯兰教传教士杂志(1938-1941)连续发表的小册子,来论证全球纠缠的修订概念化可以帮助揭示非霸权主体对当代宗教、神秘主义、伊斯兰教和苏菲主义话语的贡献,以及对宗教比较研究的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
With the Eyes of an Artificial Angel: Benjamin and Adorno Reading Kafka 用人造天使的眼睛:本雅明和阿多诺解读卡夫卡
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10077
Stephanie Graf
Adorno and Benjamin’s common intellectual project has been labeled, by Adorno, an Inverse Theology. This re-translation of theology into it’s metaphysical truth contents can be only fully comprehended by taking into account their position towards the work of art. In this article, I locate the place where the categorical framework of “inverse theology” is displayed in a most complete manner in the discussion of Kafka’s prose and extrapolate the outline of an Inverse theology from Adorno and Benjamin’s readings of some of his most famous texts.
阿多诺和本雅明的共同思想项目被阿多诺贴上了“逆神学”的标签。只有考虑到神学对艺术作品的立场,才能充分理解神学对其形而上学真理内容的重新翻译。在这篇文章中,我找到了“逆向神学”的绝对框架在卡夫卡散文的讨论中以最完整的方式展示的地方,并从阿多诺和本雅明对他的一些最著名的文本的阅读中推断出逆向神学的轮廓。
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引用次数: 0
Plum Village: From Settlement on a Modest Local Scale to Global Communication Network 梅村:从适度的地方性定居到全球交流网络
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10078
Benjamin Dorbaire
Founded in the countryside an hour from Bordeaux, France, by Thích Nhất Hạnh, known for his engaged and modern Buddhism, Plum Village is famous throughout the world for its mindfulness meditation retreats. Although many studies have been carried out on Thích Nhất Hạnh’s history and spirituality, none has addressed the question of the territorial implantation of Plum Village on a local scale, nor the processes of the worldwide diffusion of its network. After presenting the context of the penetration of Thích Nhất Hạnh’s teaching in the West, I explore the establishment of an exogenous religious community in the French countryside in terms of otherness and analyse the communication at play in the process of integration into the local scale in its municipalities in New Aquitaine, and then look at the strategy and means of communication put in place to to federate and expand its network on a global scale.
梅村是由Thích Nhất Hạnh在距离法国波尔多一小时车程的乡村建立的,他以虔诚和现代佛教而闻名,以正念冥想静修而闻名于世。虽然对Thích Nhất Hạnh的历史和精神进行了许多研究,但没有一个研究解决了梅村在当地尺度上的领土植入问题,也没有解决其网络在全球范围内扩散的过程。在介绍Thích Nhất Hạnh在西方的教学渗透的背景之后,我从他者的角度探讨了在法国农村建立外源性宗教社区的情况,并分析了在融入新阿基坦市当地规模的过程中所起的沟通作用,然后研究了在全球范围内联合和扩展其网络的沟通策略和手段。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring Asian Religions in Europe: An Introduction 在欧洲探索亚洲宗教:导论
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-07-21 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-10020024
Ugo Dessì, Lukas K. Pokorny
In the last fifty years there has been an increasing interest in alternative “spiritualities” in the European context, which have crystallised to a significant extent around “Eastern” religious forms. Whereas an important impulse has certainly been given in this respect by Orientalist views, the role played by missionaries in the transmission of Asian religious forms to Europe has been equally important. Still another major factor behind the transmission of “Eastern” religions to Europe is migration, which is becoming more and more relevant with the increasing number of immigrants from Asian countries. Against this general framework, the articles collected in this special issue attempt to shed more light on selected aspects of Asian religions in the European context, with particular attention to institutional, semi-institutional, and more informal practices, still relatively understudied areas (e.g., parts of Eastern Europe), and broad historical developments.
在过去的五十年里,人们对欧洲背景下的另类“灵性”越来越感兴趣,这些“灵性”在很大程度上围绕着“东方”宗教形式具体化。虽然东方学的观点在这方面确实起到了重要的推动作用,但传教士在将亚洲宗教形式传播到欧洲的过程中所起的作用也同样重要。“东方”宗教向欧洲传播的另一个主要因素是移民,这与来自亚洲国家的移民数量越来越多有关。在这个总体框架下,本期特刊收集的文章试图更多地揭示欧洲背景下亚洲宗教的某些方面,特别关注制度化、半制度化和更非正式的实践,这些领域(例如东欧部分地区)仍然相对缺乏研究,以及广泛的历史发展。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society
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