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Almost for Nothing: Questioning Sacrifice in Dialogue with Jan Patočka 几乎毫无意义:与Jan pato<e:1> ka对话中的质疑牺牲
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10058
M. Kočí
This paper focuses on the idea of the so-called sacrifice for nothing in Jan Patočka. Firstly, I clarify the concept and explain its place in the context of Patočka’s thought and its surrounding historical conditions. Secondly, I critically apply Patočka’s concept to some particular examples, such as a free-willing sacrifice of a mother for her child and a forced-violent sacrifice of political oppression. Thirdly and finally, I argue that despite the language of nothingness, it is possible to draw a positive program from these reflections, and thus to turn the negativity of sacrifice into a being transforming experience.
本文着重分析了《扬·帕托卡》中所谓“无为”的牺牲思想。首先,我澄清了这一概念,并说明了它在帕托卡思想及其周围历史条件中的地位。其次,我批判性地将pato ka的概念应用于一些特定的例子,例如母亲为孩子自愿牺牲,以及政治压迫的强迫暴力牺牲。第三,也是最后,我认为,尽管语言是虚无的,但从这些反思中得出一个积极的方案是可能的,从而将牺牲的消极性转化为一种改变存在的体验。
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引用次数: 0
From Women’s Sacrifice to Feminist Sacrifice: Medicalized Birth and “Natural” Birth versus Woman-Centered Birth 从女性的牺牲到女权主义的牺牲:医疗化生育与“自然”生育与以女性为中心的生育
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10060
Sara Cohen Shabot
The concept of sacrifice poses an interesting challenge to feminist theory. On the one hand, it seems that women must reject self-sacrificing practices. On the other hand, certain recent feminist analyses have recognized sacrifice as a potential empowering tool for women, so long as it is freely chosen and experienced as positively transformative.In this paper I argue that it is possible to relate to childbirth either as an event calling for women to sacrifice themselves in the patriarchal sense or, alternatively, as one that allows for a “feminist sacrifice” – a deeply embodied and painful but also creative and redeeming self-sacrifice, chosen by a woman herself.I show that while the patriarchal sacrifice of women’s birthing bodies in the labor room through shame, blame, objectification, and abuse must be clearly rejected from a feminist perspective, there is nevertheless room for “feminist sacrifice” in childbirth.
牺牲的概念对女权主义理论提出了一个有趣的挑战。一方面,女性似乎必须拒绝自我牺牲的行为。另一方面,最近的一些女权主义分析已经认识到,牺牲是一种潜在的赋予女性权力的工具,只要它是自由选择的,并被体验为积极的变革。在这篇论文中,我认为可以把生育看作是一个要求女性在父权意义上牺牲自己的事件,或者,作为一个允许“女权主义牺牲”的事件——一个深刻体现和痛苦的,但也是创造性的和救赎性的自我牺牲,由女性自己选择。我认为,虽然从女权主义的角度来看,必须明确反对男权通过羞辱、指责、物化和虐待来牺牲女性在产房中的分娩身体,但在分娩过程中仍有“女权主义牺牲”的余地。
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引用次数: 0
It Is (Not) All Theosophy: “Hybridity” and “Hybridization” in Robert T. Browne’s The Mystery of Space 这是(不是)所有的神智:“杂交”和“杂交”在罗伯特·t·布朗的空间之谜
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10055
Yves Mühlematter
The theoretical framework presented in this article makes it possible to understand religions as constantly changing networks of actors and infrastructures that incorporate, modify, discard, and reformulate numerous “elements” in terms of specific conceptualizations often rooted in concrete contexts of application, and “structures,” i.e., larger conceptual contexts such as evolution, cosmogonies, or anthropological views of humanity, in a necessary ongoing creative process.Such a process, and the usefulness of the tool, will be illustrated in this article through discussion of the work of Robert T. Browne, particularly his book The Mystery of Space. To date, research has assumed that Browne derives all of his theory from Theosophy. By applying the above theoretical framework and situating Browne’s work within a broader network of discourses, the article challenges this conclusion and is able to paint a more complete picture. This illustrates the usefulness of the analytical tool presented.
本文提出的理论框架使我们有可能将宗教理解为不断变化的行动者和基础设施网络,这些网络根据具体的概念化(通常根植于具体的应用背景)和“结构”(即更大的概念背景,如进化论、宇宙起源论或人类人类学观点),在必要的持续创造过程中整合、修改、丢弃和重新制定许多“元素”。这篇文章将通过对罗伯特·t·布朗(Robert T. Browne)作品的讨论,特别是他的《太空之谜》(the Mystery of Space)一书,来说明这个过程和这个工具的有用性。迄今为止,研究一直认为布朗的所有理论都来自神智学。通过运用上述理论框架,并将布朗的工作置于更广泛的话语网络中,本文挑战了这一结论,并能够描绘出更完整的画面。这说明了所提出的分析工具的有用性。
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引用次数: 0
I Often Came Across Rivers that House Gods 我常路过供奉神灵的河流
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-24 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10048
Inga Scharf da Silva
This study examines the question of how religious knowledge of the Umbanda religion is transferred from Brazil to German-speaking Europe in an interreligious network. Since the personalization of the Umbandistic spirits is not familiar in the cultural context in Europe, an emotional archive through the body becomes significant. In understanding the different aspects of religion in Africa, Brazil and Europe in relation to kinship, regionality, personality and nature, which are reflected in the sacred dimension, the focus is laid on the ontological understanding of the spiritual world and its understanding of nature and human beings. The argument of a shift of attention in the Umbanda religion to a stronger focus on nature in Central Europe is based on an observation of a change of the entanglements and borders of the religious field of Umbanda in German-speaking Europe integrating a great part of psychological aspects, especially a newly-founded therapy of nature.
本研究考察了乌班达宗教的宗教知识如何在宗教间网络中从巴西转移到讲德语的欧洲。由于Umbandistic精神的个性化在欧洲的文化背景中并不熟悉,通过身体的情感档案变得重要。在理解非洲、巴西和欧洲宗教在亲属关系、地域性、个性和自然方面的不同方面时,这些都反映在神圣的维度上,重点放在对精神世界的本体论理解及其对自然和人类的理解上。在中欧,乌班达宗教的注意力转移到对自然的更强烈关注的论点是基于对乌班达宗教领域在德语系欧洲的纠缠和边界的变化的观察,其中整合了很大一部分心理学方面,特别是新建立的自然疗法。
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引用次数: 0
‘I WANT TO BREAK FREE!’ “我要挣脱!””
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-10-11 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10046
Devran Gülel
Since the late 2000s, Turkey has experienced de-Europeanisation, de-democratisation, and Islamist and authoritarian transformation that has also reinforced patriarchal understanding of gender relations and regressive gender norms. This study focuses on women’s freedom from religion and their liberty to decide whether to wear an Islamic veil in such a gendered socio-political climate. The online platform Yalnız Yürümeyeceksin [you will not walk alone] was born in 2018, and it anonymously publishes women’s life experiences around veiling. By examining 592 letters published between 2018 and 2020, this original study ascertains that women’s rights under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) have been disregarded against the backdrop of oppressed women’s lived histories. In doing so, the study reveals how various parties’ decisions around veiling shape women’s lives and how women’s rights and freedoms are violated vis-à-vis these decisions.
自2000年代末以来,土耳其经历了去欧洲化、去民主化、伊斯兰主义和威权主义转型,这也强化了对性别关系的父权制理解和倒退的性别规范。本研究的重点是妇女的宗教自由,以及她们在这种性别化的社会政治气候下决定是否戴伊斯兰面纱的自由。在线平台Yalnız y rmeyeeceksin(你不会一个人走)诞生于2018年,它匿名发布女性围绕面纱的生活经历。通过对2018年至2020年期间发表的592封信件的研究,这项原始研究确定,在受压迫妇女的生活历史背景下,《欧洲人权公约》(ECHR)规定的妇女权利被忽视。在此过程中,该研究揭示了各方围绕面纱的决定如何影响妇女的生活,以及妇女的权利和自由如何受到-à-vis这些决定的侵犯。
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引用次数: 0
Santería in Catemaco, Mexico
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-08 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10044
Maria Papenfuss
The Mexican city of Catemaco is famous for its diversity of African-American religious traditions. Although Santería was originally shaped in Cuba, the local Mexican versions show not only a variety of references regarding their origins and influences, ranging from West Africa and Cuba to local indigenous traditions, but also (re)interpretations of historically and geographically diverse contents. Based on interview data gathered during field research in 2017, this article outlines the different hybrid (re)configurations of African-Mexican Santería in Catemaco by tracing the changes made by the practitioners in order to adapt existing traditions. The corresponding adaptation processes include beliefs, practices, lore and material assets. Under a critical perspective, concepts of transnationalism, syncretism and glocalization are discussed, focussing on the dynamics between local and global aspects of Santería in Catemaco and shedding light on the processes of inclusion, exclusion and the shift of boundaries.
墨西哥城市卡特马科以其非洲裔美国人宗教传统的多样性而闻名。虽然Santería最初是在古巴形成的,但墨西哥当地版本不仅对其起源和影响有各种参考,从西非和古巴到当地土著传统,而且对历史和地理上的不同内容也有(重新)解释。基于2017年实地调查收集的访谈数据,本文通过追踪从业者为适应现有传统而做出的改变,概述了Catemaco非洲裔墨西哥人Santería的不同混合(重新)配置。相应的适应过程包括信仰、习俗、爱和物质资产。在批判的视角下,讨论了跨国主义、融合主义和全球本土化的概念,重点讨论了Catemaco Santería的地方和全球方面之间的动态关系,并揭示了包容、排斥和边界转移的过程。
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引用次数: 1
Selbstverständlich – ohne Zweifel? 肯定?
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-07 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10030
Volker Kronenberg
The non-scientific questioning of scientific research during the COVID-19 pandemic, the unwillingness of a president of the United States of America to accept the result of a democratically held election: just in recent times, there have been quite a few striking examples of long-held certainties appearing as nothing more than just illusions. This essay reflects on the severe consequences of the loss of such certainties in the spheres of democratic politics on the one hand and of science, especially for highly differentiated societies, on the other hand as well as on their interdependencies. Furthermore, the author tries to make the case that this disillusionment could prove to be a salutary shock – reminding us that we need to take a stand for the things we hold as certainties, oftentimes even as calming ones, if we want them to stay how we always thought they were.
COVID-19大流行期间对科学研究的非科学质疑,美利坚合众国总统不愿接受民主选举的结果:就在最近,有不少引人注目的例子表明,长期以来的确定性只不过是幻想。这篇文章反映了一方面在民主政治领域,另一方面在科学领域,特别是对于高度分化的社会,以及它们之间的相互依赖性,这种确定性的丧失所带来的严重后果。此外,作者试图证明,这种幻灭可能被证明是一种有益的冲击——提醒我们,如果我们想让它们保持我们一直认为的样子,我们需要对我们认为确定的事情采取立场,有时甚至是平静的事情。
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引用次数: 0
The Tension between Fact and Fiction in Holocaust Literature 大屠杀文学中事实与虚构之间的张力
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-07 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10035
B. Siertsema
For a long time, factual truth was a prerequisite for Holocaust literature. Thus, autobiographical texts were strongly preferred over fiction. From the 1980s onward, however, the boundaries between ‘fabricated’ and ‘true’ turn out to be blurred, though scandals still arise when something that was thought to be true turns out to be fabricated or non-autobiographical. For theologians who are looking for answers to the theodicy question in Holocaust literature, such as Elie Wiesel’s novella Night, the question of factuality is of less importance. What they must never lose sight of, however, is that ambiguity is an important property of literary texts, and that they do not do justice to such texts by ignoring that ambiguity. In general, theologians and philosophers searching for lessons for humanity should be wary of using the Holocaust and its literature for their own ends.
长期以来,事实真相是大屠杀文学的先决条件。因此,自传体文本比小说更受欢迎。然而,从20世纪80年代开始,“虚构”和“真实”之间的界限变得模糊了,尽管当被认为是真实的东西被证明是虚构的或非自传性的时候,丑闻仍然会出现。对于那些在大屠杀文学(如Elie Wiesel的中篇小说Night)中寻找神正论问题答案的神学家来说,事实的问题就不那么重要了。然而,他们绝不能忽视的是,模糊性是文学文本的一个重要属性,他们忽视这种模糊性并不能公正地对待这些文本。总的来说,为人类寻找教训的神学家和哲学家应该警惕利用大屠杀及其文学来达到自己的目的。
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引用次数: 0
Lüge und Fake News 谎报新闻
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-07 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10032
Eytan Celik
Fake news and conspiracy theories are current problems that are increasingly influencing political and social processes. In particular, whether and how legal action should be taken against them, for example, on internet platforms and social networks, is a matter of current debate. Philosophers already discussed the legal relevance of truthfulness at the Enlightenment, where the basis of modern legal systems was drafted. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant, for example, argued for an unconditional duty of truthfulness, which is why he has been accused of a rigorous view even today. I will present a less rigorous interpretation, in which lies are always ethically reprehensible but can only be prosecuted if they violate an external legal good. That means, based on Kant’s Philosophy, fake news cannot be forbidden in general. However, fake news that inevitably leads to legal damage must be prosecuted, such as inciting violence or giving bad medical advice.
假新闻和阴谋论是当前日益影响政治和社会进程的问题。特别是,是否以及如何在互联网平台和社交网络上对他们采取法律行动,是当前争论的一个问题。哲学家们在启蒙运动时期就已经讨论过真实性的法律相关性,现代法律体系的基础就是在启蒙运动时期起草的。例如,德国哲学家伊曼努尔·康德(Immanuel Kant)主张无条件的诚实义务,这就是为什么直到今天他仍被指责为观点严谨的原因。我将提出一种不那么严格的解释,即谎言在道德上总是应受谴责的,但只有在它们违反了外部法律利益时才会受到起诉。这意味着,根据康德的哲学,假新闻不能被普遍禁止。但是,不可避免地导致法律损害的假新闻必须受到起诉,例如煽动暴力或提供错误的医疗建议。
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引用次数: 0
The Self-Evidence of Illusion 幻觉的自证性
IF 0.3 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-07 DOI: 10.30965/23642807-bja10038
K. Appel
The question of verity in our day’s discourses within society, culture and religion challenges philosophy in the face of fake news, manipulations and the virtual. This paper addresses, via an exploration of the later philosophy of F.W.J. Schelling and the Gospel of Mark, whether the illusionary of history ought to be recognised as a form of truth. In his “Positive Philosophy”, Schelling claims that history is characterised by a loss of meaning that cannot be compensated for by philosophy, morality and sciences, and which is caused by a thinking-mode of “presentness”, that knows no true past and future. As a contrast, he proposes the “illusion” of eschatological-utopian thinking, as paradigmatically laid down in the biblical idea of kenosis. The Gospel of Mark also refers to the traumatic character of history, and in its final chapter imparts the notion of a possible counter-history.
面对假新闻、操纵和虚拟世界,我们当今社会、文化和宗教话语中的真实性问题对哲学提出了挑战。本文通过对谢林(F.W.J. Schelling)的后期哲学和《马可福音》(Gospel of Mark)的探索,探讨历史的幻觉是否应该被视为真理的一种形式。在他的《实证哲学》中,谢林声称,历史的特点是失去了意义,这是哲学、道德和科学无法弥补的,这是由一种不知道真正的过去和未来的“现在”思维模式造成的。作为对比,他提出了末世论乌托邦思想的“幻觉”,就像圣经中kenosis概念的范例一样。马可福音也提到了历史的创伤性,并在最后一章提出了可能的反历史的概念。
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引用次数: 0
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Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society
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