Root endophytes are considered to be one of the potent environment-friendly substitutes for chemical fertilizers, as they possess an ability to induce crosstalk inside the hosts for growth promotion, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and iron sequestration. This study aimed to explore and evaluate the key root endophytic bacterial consortia of two widely cultivated varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.), cv. ‘Saraswati’ (OS01) and cv. ‘Kunti’ (OS04). Detailed comparative metagenome data were generated for endophytes of OS01 and OS04 and the species richness was calculated. OS01 showed higher endophyte species richness than OS04, with alpha diversity values of 3.10 and 2.40, respectively. Bacillus, Magnetospirillum, Methanocystis, Desulfomicrobium and Pantoea were identified as common endophyte members for both cultivars. Solibacillus, Paenibacillus, Candidatus, and Melospira were unique members of OS01, and Herbaspirillum, Pandoraea, Anabaenopsis for OS04. Considerable occurrence of nitrogen fixing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria in the cultivars confirmed biological nitrogen fixation, which can contribute to plant development. Core homeotic pathways of amino acid biosynthesis and carbon metabolism were also reflected in endophytes from both cultivars, indicating a supportive environment for microorganisms. Sulfur metabolism pathways were likewise predicted to be active in the niche under study, which may be attributed as a response to arsenic stress. Furthermore, the most abundant genera identified may potentially serve as crucial consortium candidates for host plant development and contribute to better yield in a sustainable manner.
{"title":"Insights into the core bacterial consortia of root endophytes in two cultivated varieties of rice in West Bengal","authors":"S. Sengupta, P. Singh, S. Ganguli","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.19","url":null,"abstract":"Root endophytes are considered to be one of the potent environment-friendly substitutes for chemical fertilizers, as they possess an ability to induce crosstalk inside the hosts for growth promotion, nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and iron sequestration. This study aimed to explore and evaluate the key root endophytic bacterial consortia of two widely cultivated varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.), cv. ‘Saraswati’ (OS01) and cv. ‘Kunti’ (OS04). Detailed comparative metagenome data were generated for endophytes of OS01 and OS04 and the species richness was calculated. OS01 showed higher endophyte species richness than OS04, with alpha diversity values of 3.10 and 2.40, respectively. Bacillus, Magnetospirillum, Methanocystis, Desulfomicrobium and Pantoea were identified as common endophyte members for both cultivars. Solibacillus, Paenibacillus, Candidatus, and Melospira were unique members of OS01, and Herbaspirillum, Pandoraea, Anabaenopsis for OS04. Considerable occurrence of nitrogen fixing bacteria and methanogenic bacteria in the cultivars confirmed biological nitrogen fixation, which can contribute to plant development. Core homeotic pathways of amino acid biosynthesis and carbon metabolism were also reflected in endophytes from both cultivars, indicating a supportive environment for microorganisms. Sulfur metabolism pathways were likewise predicted to be active in the niche under study, which may be attributed as a response to arsenic stress. Furthermore, the most abundant genera identified may potentially serve as crucial consortium candidates for host plant development and contribute to better yield in a sustainable manner.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47424132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the study was to compare histomorphological disorders of the thyroid gland in rats of different ages with alimentary-induced obesity. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats, aged six and 21 months. Alimentary obesity in animals was modelled by keeping them on a high-calorie diet (580 kcal 100 g‑1) for 12 weeks, with an excess content of fats and carbohydrates. Control animals were given a standard diet (330 kcal 100 g‑1). Histological preparations were made from thyroid tissue. Histomorphometry was carried out using the computer program “ImageJ”. It was revealed that a 3‑month high-calorie diet led to the appearance of pronounced histomorphological signs of thyroid hypofunction in rats. Intensive colloid resorption and a decrease in colloid area occurred in the gland. Devastated follicles were common. Thyrocytes acquired a prismatic shape. There was hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, which led to an increase in its size. The intensity of morphological disorders of the thyroid gland depended on the degree of obesity and had a distinct age-dependent character. In young rats, these changes were more pronounced than in older animals.
{"title":"Histomorphological features of the thyroid gland in rats of different ages with alimentary-induced obesity","authors":"R. Yanko, M. Levashov","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.16","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to compare histomorphological disorders of the thyroid gland in rats of different ages with alimentary-induced obesity. The study was carried out on male Wistar rats, aged six and 21 months. Alimentary obesity in animals was modelled by keeping them on a high-calorie diet (580 kcal 100 g‑1) for 12 weeks, with an excess content of fats and carbohydrates. Control animals were given a standard diet (330 kcal 100 g‑1). Histological preparations were made from thyroid tissue. Histomorphometry was carried out using the computer program “ImageJ”. It was revealed that a 3‑month high-calorie diet led to the appearance of pronounced histomorphological signs of thyroid hypofunction in rats. Intensive colloid resorption and a decrease in colloid area occurred in the gland. Devastated follicles were common. Thyrocytes acquired a prismatic shape. There was hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, which led to an increase in its size. The intensity of morphological disorders of the thyroid gland depended on the degree of obesity and had a distinct age-dependent character. In young rats, these changes were more pronounced than in older animals.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49369084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anisochilus carnosus (Lamiaceae) is an annual herb growing at high altitudes, which is used in traditional medicine. The present study was carried out to determine the total phenolic concentration, total flavonoid concentration and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of leaf and stem, and their respective calli. For callus development, healthy leaf and stem explants of A. carnosus were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog medium with auxin-type plant growth regulators 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Callus initiation was started within one week of inoculation and profound callusing was observed in presence of 2 mg L–1 2,4-D, IAA, and IBA. NAA alone did not induce any callus at lower doses, while combination of 2,4-D and 2,4-D + NAA produced callus at all tested concentrations. Maximum total phenolic concentration was found in the leaf callus, while the highest flavonoid concentration was found in the stem callus. The antioxidant activity of both leaf and stem calli extracts were consistent. In terms of antioxidant activity, callus extracts exceeded leaf and stem extracts. It can be concluded that the callus extract is an excellent source of phytotherapeutic antioxidants. Callus-derived secondary metabolites from A. carnosus have potential use in a variety of biological applications.
山核桃是一种生长在高海拔地区的一年生草本植物，在传统医学中有广泛的应用。本研究测定了叶、茎及其愈伤组织乙醇提取物的总酚浓度、总黄酮浓度和抗氧化活性。在Murashige和Skoog培养基中分别接种生长素型植物生长调节剂2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4- d)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、吲哚-3-丁酸(IBA)和萘乙酸(NAA)，以促进牛油果叶片和茎的健康外植体愈伤组织发育。在2 mg l - 1,2,4 - d、IAA和IBA的作用下，愈伤组织在接种1周内开始形成，形成深度愈伤组织。单用NAA在较低剂量下均未诱导出愈伤组织，而2,4- d和2,4- d + NAA在所有浓度下均能诱导出愈伤组织。总酚含量以叶愈伤组织最高，类黄酮含量以茎愈伤组织最高。叶片和茎愈伤组织提取物的抗氧化活性一致。在抗氧化活性方面，愈伤组织提取物优于叶和茎提取物。由此可见，愈伤组织提取物是植物治疗性抗氧化剂的优良来源。牛油果愈伤组织衍生的次生代谢物具有多种潜在的生物学应用价值。
{"title":"In vitro antioxidant activity of Anisochilus carnosus leaf, stem and callus","authors":"A. Ravikumar, J. John","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.15","url":null,"abstract":"Anisochilus carnosus (Lamiaceae) is an annual herb growing at high altitudes, which is used in traditional medicine. The present study was carried out to determine the total phenolic concentration, total flavonoid concentration and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of leaf and stem, and their respective calli. For callus development, healthy leaf and stem explants of A. carnosus were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog medium with auxin-type plant growth regulators 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Callus initiation was started within one week of inoculation and profound callusing was observed in presence of 2 mg L–1 2,4-D, IAA, and IBA. NAA alone did not induce any callus at lower doses, while combination of 2,4-D and 2,4-D + NAA produced callus at all tested concentrations. Maximum total phenolic concentration was found in the leaf callus, while the highest flavonoid concentration was found in the stem callus. The antioxidant activity of both leaf and stem calli extracts were consistent. In terms of antioxidant activity, callus extracts exceeded leaf and stem extracts. It can be concluded that the callus extract is an excellent source of phytotherapeutic antioxidants. Callus-derived secondary metabolites from A. carnosus have potential use in a variety of biological applications.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43543819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samir Berkat, A. Meliani, Hibat Errahmèn Mazari, Samia Aliane
The dispersal of various chemical pollutants in our environment requires the development of effective approaches that would lead to the bioremediation of contaminated areas. The biological methods such as the application of microbial biosurfactants represent one of the suitable solutions that has gained large attention due to their structural diversity, molecular sizes, and multifunctional characteristics. Thus, they are likely to be applied in the field of bioremediation, where they can lower the surface and interfacial tensions at different interfaces leading to removal of pollutants or improve their biodegradation and bioavailability. The presented review highlights the recent advances and knowledge on the important aspects of microbial biosurfactant applications in bioremediation.
{"title":"Microbial biosurfactants: prospects of sustainable molecules with promising applications in bioremediation","authors":"Samir Berkat, A. Meliani, Hibat Errahmèn Mazari, Samia Aliane","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.14","url":null,"abstract":"The dispersal of various chemical pollutants in our environment requires the development of effective approaches that would lead to the bioremediation of contaminated areas. The biological methods such as the application of microbial biosurfactants represent one of the suitable solutions that has gained large attention due to their structural diversity, molecular sizes, and multifunctional characteristics. Thus, they are likely to be applied in the field of bioremediation, where they can lower the surface and interfacial tensions at different interfaces leading to removal of pollutants or improve their biodegradation and bioavailability. The presented review highlights the recent advances and knowledge on the important aspects of microbial biosurfactant applications in bioremediation.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42966727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants are frequently confronted with heavy metal stress, which is one of the major environmental concerns in agriculture. Cadmium is a potent toxic and hazardous soil contaminant that is introduced into the atmosphere by industrial pollution. It can impose detrimental effects on plant growth, crop productivity and quality. To evaluate Cd-induced physio-biochemical stress response, a comparative study was conducted with three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (‘Maharaj’, ‘Pratiksha’ and ‘Khitish’) treated with 10 µM CdCl2. Cytotoxicity assessments were performed to determine cell death rates. The study confirmed that cv. ‘Maharaj’ was the most Cd stress tolerant due to high proline, phytochelatin, and antioxidant concentration, resulting in lower cell death rate. Cv. ‘Pratiksha’ was moderately tolerant while cv. ‘Khitish’ was more susceptible to Cd stress, showing drastic reduction in cysteine and sugar concentration, and Hill activity, with noticeable increase of lipid peroxidation, methylglyoxal and starch concentration.
{"title":"Comparative screening of cadmium stress responses among three rice cultivars","authors":"Ankita Biswas, S. Pal","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.17","url":null,"abstract":"Plants are frequently confronted with heavy metal stress, which is one of the major environmental concerns in agriculture. Cadmium is a potent toxic and hazardous soil contaminant that is introduced into the atmosphere by industrial pollution. It can impose detrimental effects on plant growth, crop productivity and quality. To evaluate Cd-induced physio-biochemical stress response, a comparative study was conducted with three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars (‘Maharaj’, ‘Pratiksha’ and ‘Khitish’) treated with 10 µM CdCl2. Cytotoxicity assessments were performed to determine cell death rates. The study confirmed that cv. ‘Maharaj’ was the most Cd stress tolerant due to high proline, phytochelatin, and antioxidant concentration, resulting in lower cell death rate. Cv. ‘Pratiksha’ was moderately tolerant while cv. ‘Khitish’ was more susceptible to Cd stress, showing drastic reduction in cysteine and sugar concentration, and Hill activity, with noticeable increase of lipid peroxidation, methylglyoxal and starch concentration.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45352425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Kumari, N. Mattu, P. Thakur, Dinesh Lakhanpal, V. K. Mattu
Melissopalynological analysis of 34 honey samples (17 summer and 17 autumn samples) collected from feral colonies of Indian hive bee (Apis cerana), European bee (Apis mellifera) and rock bee (Apis dorsata) during 2011 – 2015 from the Shimla Hills of Himachal Pradesh (India) was performed. Pollen from plant taxa belonging to 43 families was found in the honey samples. Of 34 honey samples from the Shimla Hills, 18 were unifloral with 12 pollen types as predominant and the remaining 16 samples were multifloral. The predominant pollen plant taxa of summer were Pyrus sp., Malus domestica, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus sp., Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus sp. and Rhododendron arboreum. In autumn, the predominant pollen plant taxa were Leucaena leucocephala, Salvia officinalis, Eriobotrya japonica, Impatiens balsamina and Prinsepia utilis. Melissopalynological analysis of summer honey collected from Summer Hill and Sarahan tagged these as “mad honey”, since Rhododendron pollen was predominant. The pollen spectrum indicated a diverse bee plant flora, which is promising indicator to augment the beekeeping industry in this region.
{"title":"Wide diversity of pollens in honey samples from Indian Himalayan neighbourhoods: a melissopalynological study","authors":"V. Kumari, N. Mattu, P. Thakur, Dinesh Lakhanpal, V. K. Mattu","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.10","url":null,"abstract":"Melissopalynological analysis of 34 honey samples (17 summer and 17 autumn samples) collected from feral colonies of Indian hive bee (Apis cerana), European bee (Apis mellifera) and rock bee (Apis dorsata) during 2011 – 2015 from the Shimla Hills of Himachal Pradesh (India) was performed. Pollen from plant taxa belonging to 43 families was found in the honey samples. Of 34 honey samples from the Shimla Hills, 18 were unifloral with 12 pollen types as predominant and the remaining 16 samples were multifloral. The predominant pollen plant taxa of summer were Pyrus sp., Malus domestica, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus sp., Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus sp. and Rhododendron arboreum. In autumn, the predominant pollen plant taxa were Leucaena leucocephala, Salvia officinalis, Eriobotrya japonica, Impatiens balsamina and Prinsepia utilis. Melissopalynological analysis of summer honey collected from Summer Hill and Sarahan tagged these as “mad honey”, since Rhododendron pollen was predominant. The pollen spectrum indicated a diverse bee plant flora, which is promising indicator to augment the beekeeping industry in this region.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41885865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abstracts of the 23rd Meeting of the Group of European Charophytologists (16–19 August 2022)","authors":"-","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.13","url":null,"abstract":" ","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41730397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Because of the global warming threat, multidisciplinary studies of arid environment ecology are highly expected. In four populations of Atlas pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) located in Algeria along an aridity gradient, both the taxonomic diversity and the morphological types of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in rhizospheric soil were assessed. AMF taxonomic richness was low in all sampled populations, with a dominance of the Glomeraceae family. The AMF morphological Arum type was identified in fine roots of all sampled individuals, and the Paris type only in those sampled in the two less arid sites. Along the increasing aridity gradient, climatic conditions would be a determining factor in the decrease of the AMF taxonomic richness within Atlas pistachio rhizospheric soils; it could also indirectly influence the expression of both morphological types (Arum and/or Paris) within Atlas pistachio fine roots.
{"title":"Taxonomic diversity and morphological types of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities symbiotic with Atlas pistachio along an aridity gradient in Algeria","authors":"A. Limane, N. Saadoun","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.12","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the global warming threat, multidisciplinary studies of arid environment ecology are highly expected. In four populations of Atlas pistachio (Pistacia atlantica Desf.) located in Algeria along an aridity gradient, both the taxonomic diversity and the morphological types of communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in rhizospheric soil were assessed. AMF taxonomic richness was low in all sampled populations, with a dominance of the Glomeraceae family. The AMF morphological Arum type was identified in fine roots of all sampled individuals, and the Paris type only in those sampled in the two less arid sites. Along the increasing aridity gradient, climatic conditions would be a determining factor in the decrease of the AMF taxonomic richness within Atlas pistachio rhizospheric soils; it could also indirectly influence the expression of both morphological types (Arum and/or Paris) within Atlas pistachio fine roots.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45363282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minsa Mini, Abhirami P. Sreekantan, Arya K. Manikandan, Archana G. Mohanan, Sajeeb Khan, Praveen Kumar
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, motile and clinically relevant bacterium. It is a significant pathogen associated with immunosuppression, cystic fibrosis and malignancy. Infections due to multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa cause greater morbidity, death rate, and increased healthcare expenses. Drug efflux is a prevalent mechanism of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa. The objective of the study was to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility profile of a clinical strain of P. aeruginosa (GC14) and to identify the mechanism of antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance of GC14 was tested against 19 antibiotics using an antibiotic susceptibility test. A polymerase chain reaction-based strategy was employed to detect the presence of mexB, mexD and mexY efflux pump genes. The efflux pump inhibition assay was conducted to analyze the effect of efflux pumps on antibiotic resistance in GC14, using carbonyl cyanide m‑chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) as an efflux pump inhibitor. The antibiotic susceptibility test confirmed that GC14 is multidrug-resistant and showed resistance to tetracycline, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, meropenem, azithromycin, doxycycline, aztreonam, co-trimoxazole and gentamycin. The genes encoding transporter protein viz. mexB, mexD and mexY were amplified successfully from P. aeruginosa, revealing the presence of efflux pump genes. The data obtained from the efflux inhibition assay using CCCP showed that efflux pumps play a significant role in ciprofloxacin and cefixime resistance. The study emphasizes the importance of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance and also confers the necessity of continuous surveillance and regular monitoring of the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa.
{"title":"Efflux-mediated ciprofloxacin and cefixime resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","authors":"Minsa Mini, Abhirami P. Sreekantan, Arya K. Manikandan, Archana G. Mohanan, Sajeeb Khan, Praveen Kumar","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.11","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative, motile and clinically relevant bacterium. It is a significant pathogen associated with immunosuppression, cystic fibrosis and malignancy. Infections due to multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa cause greater morbidity, death rate, and increased healthcare expenses. Drug efflux is a prevalent mechanism of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa. The objective of the study was to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility profile of a clinical strain of P. aeruginosa (GC14) and to identify the mechanism of antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance of GC14 was tested against 19 antibiotics using an antibiotic susceptibility test. A polymerase chain reaction-based strategy was employed to detect the presence of mexB, mexD and mexY efflux pump genes. The efflux pump inhibition assay was conducted to analyze the effect of efflux pumps on antibiotic resistance in GC14, using carbonyl cyanide m‑chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) as an efflux pump inhibitor. The antibiotic susceptibility test confirmed that GC14 is multidrug-resistant and showed resistance to tetracycline, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, meropenem, azithromycin, doxycycline, aztreonam, co-trimoxazole and gentamycin. The genes encoding transporter protein viz. mexB, mexD and mexY were amplified successfully from P. aeruginosa, revealing the presence of efflux pump genes. The data obtained from the efflux inhibition assay using CCCP showed that efflux pumps play a significant role in ciprofloxacin and cefixime resistance. The study emphasizes the importance of efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance and also confers the necessity of continuous surveillance and regular monitoring of the emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49475901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To test for pollination syndrome and to complement records of foraging visitors of an associate mangrove, Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng., aspects of its floral biology were investigated. Phenology and floral rewards (pollen viability, pollen histochemistry and nectar sugar concentration) were focused on owing to their role in plant-pollinator interaction. During the floral opening at 19:00, pollen viability, lipid presence and nectar sugar concentration were highest at 88.05 ± 0.98%, 80.69 ± 10.51%, and 68.98 ± 1.09% mg flower–1, respectively. Starch presence in pollen was rather low (mean 24.95 ± 14.58%), due to hydrolysis of starch occurring during anthesis. These floral characteristics, which reflected the highest reproductive activity, coincided with nocturnal foraging of previously recorded moth visitors. Although bats were rarely observed in previous studies, nocturnal anthesis complemented with the recorded large amount of sugar in nectar (68.98 ± 1.09% mg flower–1 = 1158 J) might be sufficient to provide the average needs of nocturnally foraging bats. Investigation of floral characteristics to complement observation of floral visitors is highly recommended to give a better understanding of the pollination system. Moreover, this study supports the pollination syndrome concept, emphasizing the need for investigation of the role of floral rewards in plant-pollinator relationships.
{"title":"Floral characteristics support nocturnal pollination and pollination syndrome in Barringtonia racemosa","authors":"Meijei T. Bagangao, A. C. Manila-Fajardo","doi":"10.22364/eeb.20.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.20.03","url":null,"abstract":"To test for pollination syndrome and to complement records of foraging visitors of an associate mangrove, Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng., aspects of its floral biology were investigated. Phenology and floral rewards (pollen viability, pollen histochemistry and nectar sugar concentration) were focused on owing to their role in plant-pollinator interaction. During the floral opening at 19:00, pollen viability, lipid presence and nectar sugar concentration were highest at 88.05 ± 0.98%, 80.69 ± 10.51%, and 68.98 ± 1.09% mg flower–1, respectively. Starch presence in pollen was rather low (mean 24.95 ± 14.58%), due to hydrolysis of starch occurring during anthesis. These floral characteristics, which reflected the highest reproductive activity, coincided with nocturnal foraging of previously recorded moth visitors. Although bats were rarely observed in previous studies, nocturnal anthesis complemented with the recorded large amount of sugar in nectar (68.98 ± 1.09% mg flower–1 = 1158 J) might be sufficient to provide the average needs of nocturnally foraging bats. Investigation of floral characteristics to complement observation of floral visitors is highly recommended to give a better understanding of the pollination system. Moreover, this study supports the pollination syndrome concept, emphasizing the need for investigation of the role of floral rewards in plant-pollinator relationships.","PeriodicalId":53270,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43571437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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