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Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that often leads to impaired postural control, pain, and reduced physical function. Exercise is considered a first-line treatment, with sensorimotor training being an effective approach for managing OA. However, the optimal method of sensorimotor training for individuals with OA has not yet been established. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of a 24-week Gyrokinesis method (GK) versus Pilates (PL) intervention on balance control, function, pain and kinesiophobia in women with knee OA.

Methods: Twenty women (aged 60 ± 7 years) with grade 2 or 3 knee OA were assigned to either GK (n = 12) or PL (n = 8). Both groups trained twice weekly for 24 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included postural sway parameters (RMS, velocity, frequency), physical function tests (e.g., TUG, Sit-to-Stand), flexibility, pain (Brief Pain Inventory), kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale), and quality of life (SF-36).

Results: GK resulted in significantly greater improvements than PL in postural sway mean velocity AP right (GK -53.85% vs. PL -20.17%), AP left (GK -43.48% vs. PL +13.45%), and ML left (GK -40.18% vs. PL +37.95), pain reduction (GK -82.5% vs. PL -33.3%), and physical function (Sit-to-Stand: GK +75.9% vs. PL +3.7%; TUG: GK -16.4% vs. PL -13.8%; Step Test right: GK +34.2% vs. PL +19.9%; Step Test left: GK +41.4% vs. PL +18.1%) (all, p < 0.05). No significant between-group differences were observed for kinesiophobia or SF-36 scores (both, p > 0.05).

Conclusions: Gyrokinesis method may be more effective than Pilates in enhancing balance, reducing pain, and improving physical function in women with knee OA. These findings support the use of the Gyrokinesis method in rehabilitation programs for individuals with OA.

Background and objectives: The aim of this study is to objectively evaluate the effects of a six-week intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure program on blood pressure, respiratory function, cardiac autonomic nervous activity and C Reactive Protein levels in older adults.

Materials and methods: A double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on twenty-two older adults. Heart rate variability, respiratory function, blood pressure, C Reactive Protein levels and oxygen saturation were measured at two time points: baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment.

Results: The maximal inspiratory pressure variable increased significantly in the EG (+7.50 ± 1.72 cmH2O, p < 0.01, ES = 1.17), while no changes were observed in the CG. The LF/HF variable decreased significantly in the EG (-1.23 ± 0.34 n.u, p < 0.01, ES = 1.11), with no significant changes in the CG. The C Reactive Protein variable decreased significantly in the EG (-7.00 ± 3.07 mg/L, p < 0.01, ES = 1.4), with no significant changes in the CG.

Conclusions: Six weeks of intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure was associated with trends toward improvements in blood pressure, respiratory function, cardiac autonomic nervous activity, and C Reactive Protein levels, compared with a placebo application of the same therapy.

The global rise in nursing home (NH) populations presents substantial challenges, as residents frequently experience physical and cognitive decline, low physical activity, and high fall risk. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the BeSt Age App, a tablet-based, staff-supported mHealth intervention designed to promote physical activity and prevent falls among NH residents. Primary outcomes were fall incidence and fall risk (assessed using Berg Balance Scale [BBS] and Timed Up and Go [TUG]); fear of falling was a secondary outcome. In a cluster-randomized controlled trial across 19 German NHs, 229 residents (mean age = 85.4 ± 7.4 years; 74.7% female) were assigned to an intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). The 12-week intervention comprised twice-weekly, tablet-guided exercise sessions implemented by NH staff. Mixed models and generalized estimating equations were used under an intention-to-treat framework. The IG showed significantly greater improvement in BBS scores than the CG (group × time: F(1, 190.81) = 8.25, p = 0.005, d = 0.22), while group × time changes in TUG performance, fear of falling, and fall incidence were nonsignificant. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a staff-mediated mHealth approach to fall prevention in NH residents, showing significant improvements in BBS scores as one functional indicator of fall risk, while TUG, fall incidence and fear of falling showed no change.

Understanding the long-term effectiveness of warm-up strategies is essential for enhancing neuromuscular performance in youth soccer players. This study examined the long-term effects of integrating squat exercises into the final phase of the warm-up over nine weeks on sprint, jump, change-of-direction (COD), and aerobic performance in youth soccer players. Twenty-four male U17 players were randomly assigned to either a squat-based warm-up (experimental group [EG]) or a rondo-based warm-up (control group [CG]). The EG trained twice weekly using 3-4 sets of 4-12 repetitions at progressively increasing intensities (50-85% of 1-RM). Performance was assessed pre- and post-intervention using 10 and 30 m sprint, squat jump (SJ), countermovement (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), 5-jump (5JT), T-half (COD), and VAMEVAL tests. The EG showed small to large significant gains in sprint (10 m: -2.21%, Cohen's d [d] = 1; 30 m: -1.6%, d = 0.58), jumping (SJ: +9.29%, d = 1.23; CMJ: +12.08%, d = 1.83; SLJ: +7.14%, d = 0.8; 5JT: +2.33%, d = 0.32), and COD (-1.41%, d = 0.32), while aerobic endurance showed no significant change (p > 0.05). The CG showed no significant improvements (p > 0.05). Overall, integrating brief, progressive squat exercises at the end of warm-ups twice weekly led to chronic improvements in explosive neuromuscular performance, with minimal impact on aerobic endurance.

This study examined the longitudinal patterns of concurrent aerobic and resistance training in young elite rowers to address the limited understanding of how training volume, modality, and periodisation interact across a season, and to introduce a novel rowing-specific resistance training classification. A retrospective design was used to analyse group training data over 36 weeks (n = 9; 20.6 ± 0.5 years), and individual case studies over 55 weeks (n = 4; 21.6 ± 0.4 years). Aerobic loads, resistance training tonnage, and ergometer performance (power output) were tracked, with resistance exercises categorised as rowing-specific, upper accessory, lower accessory, or core. Weekly aerobic volume averaged 14.0 ± 5.0 h, and rowing-specific resistance accounted for 48-57% of total tonnage (14.13 × 10³ ± 7.41 × 10³ kg). Exploratory analyses suggested an inverse relationship between aerobic, and resistance loads across training phases and trends toward improved ergometer power in three of four case athletes. High concurrent loads also appeared to coincide with occasional missed or modified sessions in several cases. These findings highlight the importance of managing concurrent loads to support consistent training while offering a practical resistance training classification that may enhance monitoring and decision-making for developing rowers.

Background: Several studies have investigated the importance of physical exercise (PE) in overweight and obese populations; however, to date, no bibliometric study has analyzed research trends in high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in overweight and obese populations across the entire life course. Objective: To analyze the scientific output of HIIT trends in overweight and obese populations. Method: Theoretical study using bibliometrics as a research technique. A total of 282 studies were identified in the Web of Science and PubMed databases for analysis with VOSViewer software 1.6.20. The equation used was ("High-intensity interval training" OR HIIT) AND (overweight OR obesity OR "risk factors" OR "obesity risk"). Results: The year 2022 was the most productive year (n = 46). Most of the documents are research articles (81%), followed by review articles (15%). Most studies do not specify the characteristics of the sample, only mentioning the application of a HIIT program in overweight or obese individuals in (65.6%) of the total articles found. There is low scientific output in research focused on women (23.4%). The most frequently occurring words were "exercise" (n = 145), "obesity" (n = 131), "high-intensity interval training" (n = 81), "overweight" (n = 78), "physical activity" (n = 73), "body composition" (n = 46), "weight loss" (n = 45), "health" (n = 42), and "cardiorespiratory fitness" (n = 40). Conclusions: Scientific research has advanced the understanding of the impact of HIIT in relation to excess weight, with total fat reduction being one of the most frequently reported variables and no differences observed between sexes. HIIT has shown benefits in populations with overweight and obesity when compared with low-intensity training programs.

In modern sports, straight-line sprinting alone is insufficient for assessing overall sprint performance, as athletes must also decelerate and change direction efficiently. Existing methods lack a single metric that integrates all abilities, enabling holistic assessment. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive and novel measurement of multidirectional sprinting ability. Fifty-four university athletes (21.0 ± 1.5 years; 69.6 ± 9.1 kg; 172.6 ± 7.8 cm) performed linear sprints, decelerations, and 45°, 90°, and 135° change of direction (COD) tests in both directions over 30 m. Sprint accelerations and decelerations were recorded using a Stalker ATS II radar gun, while COD times were measured with stationary time gates. Sprint velocities were used to generate a multidirectional sprint area (MDSA), which was divided into forward, backward, left, and right sections. The MDSA method is calculated as the area of the octagonal polygon created by plotting eight velocity vectors from different angles of sprints. Paired t-tests compared area differences across directions, and ANOVA tests were used to compare sporting codes and sex. The resulting model reported differences across sporting codes (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001), the total area value (p < 0.001), and total area percentage (p < 0.001). The results showed a significant difference between forward and backward accelerations (p < 0.001), but no significant difference between left and right movements (p = 0.244). The MDSA method offers a reliable, quantitative intra-session approach for assessing athletes' multidirectional sprint abilities by calculating the octagonal area on the basis of velocity data. This holistic analysis identifies asymmetries and performance weaknesses, providing valuable insights for coaches.

Kabaddi is a contact sport that demands high physical fitness and specific technical skills. Although multiple training programs have been designed to improve performance, no systematic review had previously synthesized their effects on physical, physiological, and performance-related outcomes. This systematic review of randomized controlled trials aimed to evaluate the impact of different training interventions on physical fitness, physiological parameters, and sport performance in kabaddi players. A systematic review was performed in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases up to May 2025. Randomized controlled trials analyzing training interventions in kabaddi players were included. Ten studies with a total of 458 participants were included. Interventions lasted between 6 and 12 weeks and comprised modalities such as strength training, plyometrics, combined training, circuit training, SAQ (speed, agility, and quickness), and Tabata. Nine studies reported significant within-group improvements in variables such as strength, speed, agility, and flexibility. In studies with between-group comparisons, training interventions could be more effective than control conditions. One study also reported improvements in physiological and hematological parameters. Overall, training interventions in kabaddi players may improve physical fitness, sport-specific performance, and certain physiological and hematological parameters. However, the evidence should be interpreted with caution given the predominantly fair methodological quality of the included trials. PROSPERO (CRD420251272758).

Studies have rarely examined the effects of changes in legal anti-doping knowledge (LADK) on doping tendencies in athletes. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured educational intervention focused on LADK and to analyze how LADK changes affect elite athletes' doping tendency. The participants were athletes (n = 310; 156 females; 24.1 ± 4.2 years of age), all actively competing at the senior national or international level in either individual (N = 119) or team sports (N = 191), tested on sociodemographic-, sport-, doping-factors (including doping tendency-DT), and LADK. Participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (E: N = 140) and a control group (C: N = 170). The E group participated in a structured educational program on LADK. A pre- and posttest design was used to evaluate changes in LADK (dependent variable). Logistic regression was calculated to evaluate the association between LADK and binarized DT (negative vs. neutral/positive DT). Factorial ANOVA for repeated measurements revealed significant improvement in LADK in the E group, with significant ANOVA effects for time (F test = 35.8, p < 0.05) and time × group interaction (F test = 12.27, p < 0.05). The logistic regression did not reveal significant correlations between LADK and DT. Further studies exploring younger athletes, as well as long-term, multidimensional interventions, are warranted.

Youth soccer requires an integrated approach combining technical-tactical, physical, and psychological components to enhance performance and long-term engagement. Although Repeated Linear Sprint Training (LRST) and Repeated Change of Direction Speed (RCOD) training are widely used to improve fitness, direct comparisons of their effects on physical performance and perceptual responses in adolescent players remain limited. This study compared the effects of an 8-week LRST versus RCOD training program on physical performance, perceived exertion, and enjoyment in youth soccer players. Twenty-six male players were randomly assigned to an LRST group (n = 13) or an RCOD group (n = 13). Both groups completed two weekly sessions of their assigned training in addition to regular soccer practice. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included acceleration and sprint speed, change-of-direction (COD) performance (T-Half Test [THT], Illinois Agility Test [IAT]), lower-limb power (Five-Jump Test [5JT], Squat Jump [SJ], Countermovement Jump [CMJ]), and endurance-intensive fitness. Enjoyment and session-RPE were recorded after each training session. Both groups improved across all physical measures (main effect of time, p < 0.0001). Significant time × group interactions favored RCOD for THT (~1.6%), IAT (~1.1%), 5JT (~2.3%), CMJ (~5.2%), and SJ (~6.3%), with no overall main effect of group. Enjoyment was consistently higher in the RCOD group (p < 0.0001), while session-RPE did not differ between groups. In youth soccer, both LRST and RCOD effectively enhance physical performance. However, RCOD appears more effective for improving pre-planned COD and explosive performance while eliciting greater enjoyment without increasing perceived exertion. Incorporating structured RCOD training alongside linear sprint work may represent a practical strategy to optimize physical development and sustain player engagement.