IF 2.7 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090232

Theresia Weiermair, Eva Svehlikova, Beate Boulgaropoulos, Christoph Magnes, Anita Eberl

Runner’s high is a euphoric emotional state occurring during and post-physical exercise. Although previous data indicate endocannabinoids’ involvement in animal runner’s high, their role in human runner’s high remains to be established. We investigated runner’s high in healthy humans assessing mood and plasma endocannabinoid concentration changes pre- and post a 60 min outdoor run, considering sex (8 females/8 males), running frequency (4 occasional/12 regular runners) and age (median split 36 years). Mood, AEA, and 2-AG concentrations were significantly increased post-run considering all participants (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.01, respectively), with 2-AG varying more than AEA concentrations. Concentrations of both endocannabinoids increased pre- to post-run in women (p < 0.01) but the AEA concentration increase was higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). Post-run concentration increase appeared to be more pronounced in occasional than in regular runners for 2-AG but not for AEA. However, regular runners experienced stronger mood increases and better post-run mood than occasional runners. Post-run endocannabinoid concentrations were increased regardless of age. AEA concentrations and their post-run changes were less affected by running frequency and age than those of 2-AG. These findings provide insights into the interplay of physical exercise, physiological/psychological factors and demographics, laying a valuable foundation for future research.

跑步兴奋是一种在体育锻炼期间和之后出现的兴奋情绪状态。尽管之前的数据表明内源性大麻素参与了动物的 "跑步兴奋"，但它们在人类 "跑步兴奋 "中的作用仍有待确定。考虑到性别（8 名女性/8 名男性）、跑步频率（4 次/12 经常跑步者）和年龄（中位数为 36 岁），我们对健康人在 60 分钟户外跑步前后的情绪和血浆内源性大麻素浓度变化进行了评估。所有参与者在跑步后的情绪、AEA和2-AG浓度都明显增加（分别为p < 0.0001、p < 0.0001和p < 0.01），其中2-AG的浓度变化比AEA更大。在女性中，两种内源性大麻素的浓度在跑前和跑后都有所增加（p < 0.01），但女性的 AEA 浓度增幅高于男性（p < 0.05）。偶尔跑步者体内 2-AG 的浓度增加似乎比经常跑步者更明显，但 AEA 的浓度增加并不明显。然而，与偶尔跑步的人相比，经常跑步的人在跑后情绪会有更强的上升，心情也会更好。跑后内源性大麻素浓度的增加与年龄无关。与 2-AG 相比，AEA 浓度及其跑后变化受跑步频率和年龄的影响较小。这些发现为体育锻炼、生理/心理因素和人口统计学的相互作用提供了见解，为今后的研究奠定了宝贵的基础。

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引用次数: 0

Developing Accurate Repetition Prediction Equations for Trained Older Adults with Osteopenia 为受过训练的骨质疏松症老年人开发精确的重复预测公式

IF 2.7 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090233

Rose Beia, Alfred Wassermann, Sebastian Raps, Jerry Mayhew, Michael Uder, Wolfgang Kemmler

The aim of this study was to evaluate prediction equations to estimate 1RM in different exercises in older men and women with osteopenia/osteoporosis. Forty well-trained older women and men (73 ± 8 years) with osteopenia/osteoporosis performed 1RM dynamic and isometric maximum strength tests on resistance devices. In addition, each participant performed repetitions-to-fatigue (RTF) in the 5–8RM, 9–12RM, and 13–16RM zones. After evaluating the predictive performance of available 1RM prediction equations from the literature, new prediction equations were developed for all seven exercises. One of the available equations that focus on postmenopausal women already acceptably predicted 1RM from RTF for all but one exercise. Nevertheless, new exercise-specific prediction equations based on a cubic polynomial most accurately predict 1RM from RTF in the 5–8 reps range with mean absolute differences between predicted and actual 1RM of 3.7 ± 3.7% (leg-press) to 6.9 ± 5.5% (leg flexion) that is roughly within the acceptable coefficient of variation. For some exercises, the inclusion of the isometric maximum strength tests slightly increases the prediction performance of the 5–8RM. In conclusion, the present prediction equation accurately estimates 1RM in trained, older women and men with osteopenia/osteoporosis. Further evaluation of this new equation is warranted to determine its applicability to different age groups and populations.

本研究的目的是评估用于估算患有骨质增生/骨质疏松症的老年男性和女性在不同运动中的 1RM 的预测方程。40 名训练有素的老年男性和女性（73 ± 8 岁）骨质增生/骨质疏松症患者在阻力装置上进行了 1RM 动态和等长最大力量测试。此外，每位参与者还在 5-8RM、9-12RM 和 13-16RM 区进行了疲劳重复（RTF）。在对文献中现有的 1RM 预测方程的预测性能进行评估后，我们为所有七种练习开发了新的预测方程。其中一个以绝经后妇女为研究对象的现有方程已经可以根据 RTF 预测除一项运动外的所有运动的 1RM 值。然而，基于三次多项式的新的特定运动预测方程能最准确地预测 5-8 次范围内的 RTF 1RM 值，预测值与实际 1RM 值之间的平均绝对差异为 3.7 ± 3.7% （压腿）至 6.9 ± 5.5%（屈腿），大致在可接受的变异系数范围内。对于某些练习，加入等长最大力量测试会略微提高 5-8RM 的预测性能。总之，本预测方程能准确估计受过训练、患有骨质增生/骨质疏松症的老年女性和男性的 1RM 值。有必要对这一新方程进行进一步评估，以确定其对不同年龄组和人群的适用性。

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引用次数: 0

Validity and Reliability of Wearable Technology Devices during Simulated Pickleball Game Play 可穿戴技术设备在模拟乒乓球比赛中的有效性和可靠性

IF 2.7 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090234

James W. Navalta, Bryson Carrier, Matahn Blank, Setareh Zarei, Dustin W. Davis, Micah Craig, Olivia R. Perez, Jacob Baca, Thea S. Sweder, Tashari Carballo, Jamaal Bovell

Pickleball is a popular sport. Also popular is wearable technology usage. Because the validity and reliability of wearable technology during pickleball is unknown, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of common devices to return heart rate and estimated energy expenditure during pickleball activity. Twenty adult participants were outfitted with a portable metabolic unit and heart rate monitor (criterion measures). Experimental devices were a Garmin Instinct, Polar Vantage M2, Polar OH1, and Polar Verity Sense. Participants played simulated pickleball for 10 min. Validity measures included mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC), whereas reliability measures included coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The heart rate returned lower than 10% MAPE across all devices (Instinct = 5.73–6.32%, Verity Sense = 2.92–2.97%, OH1 = 3.39–3.45%) and greater than 0.85 CCC (Instinct = 0.85–0.88, Verity Sense = 0.96–0.96, OH1 = 0.93–0.94). The CV was below 10% (Instinct = 9.30%, Verity Sense = 2.68%, OH1 = 5.01%), and ICC was above 0.7 (Instinct = 0.77, Verity Sense = 0.98, OH1 = 0.91). The energy expenditure MAPE was greater than 10% (Instinct = 27.67–28.08%, Vantage M2 = 18.87–23.38%) with CCC lower than 0.7 (Instinct = 0.47–0.49, Vantage M2 = 0.62–0.63). Reliability thresholds were met in the Vantage M2 (CV = 6%, ICC = 0.98) but not in the Instinct (CV = 15%, ICC = 0.86). The Instinct was neither valid nor reliable for estimated energy expenditure, while the Polar Vantage M2 was reliable but not valid. All devices returned valid and reliable heart rates during pickleball.

皮克尔球是一项很受欢迎的运动。可穿戴技术的使用也很流行。由于可穿戴技术在皮球运动中的有效性和可靠性尚不清楚，本研究的目的是评估普通设备在皮球运动中返回心率和估计能量消耗的能力。20 名成年参与者配备了便携式新陈代谢装置和心率监测器（标准测量）。实验设备包括 Garmin Instinct、Polar Vantage M2、Polar OH1 和 Polar Verity Sense。参与者进行了 10 分钟的模拟皮球运动。有效性测量包括平均绝对百分误差（MAPE）和林氏一致性相关系数（CCC），可靠性测量包括变异系数（CV）和类内相关系数（ICC）。所有设备的心率 MAPE 均低于 10%（Instinct = 5.73-6.32%，Verity Sense = 2.92-2.97%，OH1 = 3.39-3.45%），CCC 均大于 0.85（Instinct = 0.85-0.88，Verity Sense = 0.96-0.96，OH1 = 0.93-0.94）。CV低于10%（Instinct = 9.30%, Verity Sense = 2.68%, OH1 = 5.01%），ICC高于0.7（Instinct = 0.77, Verity Sense = 0.98, OH1 = 0.91）。能量消耗 MAPE 超过 10%（Instinct = 27.67-28.08%，Vantage M2 = 18.87-23.38%），CCC 低于 0.7（Instinct = 0.47-0.49，Vantage M2 = 0.62-0.63）。Vantage M2（CV = 6%，ICC = 0.98）达到了可靠性阈值，但 Instinct（CV = 15%，ICC = 0.86）未达到可靠性阈值。在估计能量消耗方面，Instinct 既无效也不可靠，而 Polar Vantage M2 则可靠但无效。所有设备在皮球运动中的心率均有效可靠。

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引用次数: 0

Associations of School-Level Factors and School Sport Facility Parameters with Overweight and Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Pakistan: An Empirical Cross-Sectional Study 巴基斯坦学校层面因素和学校体育设施参数与儿童和青少年超重和肥胖的关系：一项经验性横断面研究

IF 2.7 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090235

Moazzam Tanveer, Ejaz Asghar, Georgian Badicu, Umar Tanveer, Nadeem Roy, Asifa Zeba, Sameer Badri Al-Mhanna, Alexios Batrakoulis

Childhood overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent in Pakistan, posing significant public health challenges. This study explores the associations of school-level factors and school sports facility parameters with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study across seven random districts in Punjab province, Pakistan, was conducted using a representative multistage random cluster sample. Underweight (BMI < 5th percentile), overweight (85th ≤ BMI < 95th percentile), and obese (95th percentile ≤ BMI) were defined using the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 criteria. Statistical analyses including the Chi-square test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and linear regression were performed to investigate predictive characteristics. Logistic regression analysis assessed the simultaneous impact of several covariates on dichotomous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) computed and a significance level set at p < 0.05. The study included 4108 Pakistani school children aged 9 to 17 years (mean age = 13.92 years, 59.3% boys) from 62 schools. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 19.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Findings revealed a concerning lack of physical education activities (60% reported 0 sessions per week), morning exercise (60%), and classroom exercises (66%) among school-aged children. Leadership attitudes toward physical education (β = 0.04, p = 0.006) and students’ satisfaction with the playground (β = 0.05, p = 0.015) showed significant associations with body weight status. Conversely, provision of physical education facilities, effective fund utilization for physical education, meeting school sports facility requirements, and weekend opening of school sports grounds did not significantly impact weight status. Satisfaction with the playground was significantly associated with a lower risk of overweight (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69–0.95, p < 0.05), indicating reduced overweight likelihood among students satisfied with school playgrounds. The study underscores significant gaps in promoting physical activity within school environments and highlights the urgent need for interventions to enhance physical education resources and sports facilities, aiming to create healthier school environments and reduce overweight and obesity prevalence among students. Further research and interventions are crucial for promoting lifelong physical activity habits and improving student health and well-being.

儿童超重和肥胖症在巴基斯坦日益普遍，给公共卫生带来了重大挑战。本研究探讨了学校层面的因素和学校体育设施参数与巴基斯坦儿童和青少年超重和肥胖的关系。研究采用具有代表性的多阶段随机聚类样本，在巴基斯坦旁遮普省的七个随机地区进行了横断面研究。体重不足（体重指数小于第 5 百分位数）、超重（第 85 百分位数≤体重指数小于第 95 百分位数）和肥胖（第 95 百分位数≤体重指数）的定义采用美国疾病控制中心（CDC）2000 年的标准。为研究预测特征，进行了包括卡方检验、皮尔逊相关系数和线性回归在内的统计分析。逻辑回归分析评估了几个协变量对二分结果的同时影响，计算了 95% 的置信区间 (CI)，显著性水平设定为 p <0.05。这项研究包括来自 62 所学校的 4108 名 9 至 17 岁的巴基斯坦学龄儿童（平均年龄 = 13.92 岁，59.3% 为男孩）。超重和肥胖率分别为 19.4% 和 10.7%。调查结果显示，学龄儿童缺乏体育活动（60%的学生表示每周没有体育课）、晨练（60%）和课间操（66%）的情况令人担忧。领导对体育教育的态度（β = 0.04，p = 0.006）和学生对操场的满意度（β = 0.05，p = 0.015）与体重状况有显著关联。相反，提供体育设施、有效利用体育教育经费、满足学校体育设施要求以及周末开放学校体育场地对体重状况没有明显影响。对操场的满意度与较低的超重风险显著相关（OR 0.81，95% CI 0.69-0.95，p < 0.05），表明对学校操场满意的学生超重的可能性降低。这项研究强调了在学校环境中促进体育活动方面存在的巨大差距，并强调迫切需要采取干预措施来加强体育教育资源和体育设施，从而创造更健康的学校环境，降低学生超重和肥胖的发生率。进一步的研究和干预措施对于促进学生养成终身体育锻炼的习惯、改善学生的健康和福祉至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Anaerobic Performance Profiling in Elite Amateur Boxers 业余拳击精英的无氧运动表现分析

IF 2.7 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090231

Tomas Venckunas, Vidas Bruzas, Audrius Snieckus, Loreta Stasiule, Audinga Kniubaite, Mantas Mickevicius, Sigitas Kamandulis, Arvydas Stasiulis

While anaerobic fitness is highly important for the performance in Olympic (amateur) boxing, the relationship between anaerobic performance metrics is poorly understood, and profiling boxers according to their anaerobic capacity is still a challenge. With the current study in elite amateur boxers, we aimed to compare the metabolic and cardiovascular responses to different maximal tests and the intercorrelations between performance indices (peak and mean power, duration of the test, punching frequency) of several all-out tests and their correlation to physiological response metrics (blood lactate and heart rate, HR). Twelve male Olympic boxers performed a battery of tests, including 30 s Wingate cycling and arm cranking, boxing bag punching, steep uphill treadmill running to exhaustion, and progressive treadmill running VO2max test. Performance indices of different anaerobic tests were not closely correlated except for the duration of uphill running with body weight scaled (relative) peak and mean power produced during Wingate cycling test and absolute mean power of both Wingate tests. The number of punches landed on a bag per 30 s was associated only with relative power achieved during Wingate cycling test. HRpeak but not peak lactate response correlated strongly across exercise tasks. Finally, no correlation between the highly developed aerobic and anaerobic capacity, suggests a complex picture of the adaptation in elite amateur boxers.

虽然无氧体能对奥林匹克（业余）拳击比赛中的表现非常重要，但人们对无氧表现指标之间的关系知之甚少，根据拳击运动员的无氧能力对其进行分析仍是一项挑战。本研究以业余精英拳击手为对象，旨在比较他们对不同最大测试的新陈代谢和心血管反应，以及几种全力以赴测试的性能指标（峰值和平均功率、测试持续时间、出拳频率）之间的相互关系及其与生理反应指标（血乳酸和心率）的相关性。12 名男性奥运拳击手进行了一系列测试，包括 30 秒温盖特自行车和曲臂、拳击袋出拳、陡峭的上坡跑步至力竭，以及渐进式跑步机跑步 VO2max 测试。除了上坡跑的持续时间与体重比例（相对）永嘉特自行车测试产生的峰值和平均功率以及永嘉特两项测试的绝对平均功率外，不同无氧测试的性能指标没有密切联系。每 30 秒钟击打沙袋的次数只与荣格特自行车测试中的相对功率有关。在不同的运动任务中，心率峰值（HRpeak）与乳酸峰值（Lactate response）之间的相关性很强，但与其他运动任务之间的相关性不大。最后，高度发达的有氧能力和无氧能力之间没有相关性，这表明业余精英拳击手的适应情况非常复杂。

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引用次数: 0

Using the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull to Predict Three-Repetition Maximum Squat Values in Female Athletes 利用等长大腿中部拉力预测女性运动员三次重复最大深蹲值

IF 2.7 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090230

Keely Pasfield, Nick Ball, Dale Wilson Chapman

Prescribing correct training loads in strength- and power-based sports is essential to eliciting performance improvements for athletes. Concurrently, testing strength for the prescription of training loads should be accurate and safe with minimal disruption or fatigue inducement to the athlete. The purpose of this study was to develop a prediction equation in female athletes for the three-repetition maximum (3RM) squat using the isometric mid-thigh pull and basic anthropometric assessments that could be practically applied to support training prescriptions. Female athletes (n = 34) were recruited from netball, volleyball, basketball, and soccer across a spectrum of competitive standards. Each athlete’s weight, standing height, seated height, arm span, and biacromial breadth were recorded, and then, on separate occasions separated by at least 48 h, each athlete completed a 3RM squat test and an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) assessment. IMTP variables of peak force and time-dependent force at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ms, as well as anthropometric measures, were used to develop a prediction equation. Squat strength was low-to-moderately correlated with peak force (r = 0.386); force at 100 ms (r = −0.128), 150 ms (r = −0.040), and 200 ms (r = −0.034); standing height (r = 0.294); and biacromial breadth (r = −0.410). Stepwise multiple regression significantly (p < 0.05) explained 26% of the 3RM squat strength variation using peak force and force at 100 ms, resulting in the following equation: Predicted 3RM squat (kg) = [6.102 + (Peak Force × 0.002) − (Force@100 ms × 0.001)]2. The reported equation’s predictive accuracy was tested using the same testing protocols following 6–8 weeks of training in a sub-cohort of athletes (n = 14). The predicted and actual recorded 3RM values were not significantly (p = 0.313) different, supporting the use of the IMTP as a test that contributes informative values for use in a predictive equation for training prescription and thus reducing the testing and fatigue-inducing impost on female athletes. However, the 95% CI (−4.18–12.09) indicated predicted values could differ in excess of 10 kg. This difference could lead to an excessive load prescription for an athlete’s training program, indicating caution should be taken if using the described method to predict 3RM squat values for programming purposes.

在以力量和力量为基础的运动中，规定正确的训练负荷对提高运动员的成绩至关重要。与此同时，为制定训练负荷而进行的力量测试应准确、安全，并将对运动员造成的干扰或疲劳降至最低。本研究的目的是利用等长大腿中部牵拉和基本人体测量评估，为女运动员的三次重复最大负重（3RM）深蹲制定一个预测方程，以实际应用于支持训练处方。我们招募了来自不同竞技水平的网球、排球、篮球和足球女运动员（n = 34）。记录每位运动员的体重、站立身高、坐位身高、臂展和双侧胸廓宽度，然后，在至少相隔 48 小时的不同场合，每位运动员分别完成 3RM 深蹲测试和等长大腿中部牵拉（IMTP）评估。IMTP变量包括峰值力和50、100、150、200和250毫秒时的随时间变化的力，以及人体测量数据，这些数据被用于建立预测方程。深蹲力量与峰值力量（r = 0.386）、100 毫秒（r = -0.128）、150 毫秒（r = -0.040）和 200 毫秒（r = -0.034）时的力量、站立高度（r = 0.294）和双髋关节宽度（r = -0.410）呈低度到中度相关。使用峰值力和 100 毫秒时的力，逐步多元回归可显著（p < 0.05）解释 26% 的 3RM 深蹲力量变化，得出以下公式：预测 3RM 深蹲（公斤）= [6.102 + (峰值力 × 0.002) - (100毫秒力 × 0.001)]2。报告中的公式的预测准确性是在对一个子队列（n = 14）的运动员进行 6-8 周的训练后，使用相同的测试方案进行测试的。预测值和实际记录的 3RM 值没有明显差异（p = 0.313），支持使用 IMTP 作为一项测试，为训练处方的预测方程提供信息值，从而减少测试和对女性运动员造成的疲劳。然而，95% CI（-4.18-12.09）表明预测值可能相差超过 10 千克。这种差异可能会导致运动员的训练计划负荷过大，因此在使用所述方法预测3RM深蹲值以制定训练计划时应谨慎。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of Weighted Vest at 0%, 5% and 10% of Body Mass on Gasometry Biomarkers and Performance during a Rectangular Test in Trained Trail Runners 体重为 0%、5% 和 10%的负重背心对训练有素的越野跑运动员在矩形测试中的气测生物标志物和成绩的影响

IF 2.7 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.3390/sports12090229

Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera, Pedro E. Alcaraz, Cristian Marín-Pagán

Trail runners (TRs) must carry an extra load of equipment, food (bars and gels) and liquids, to delay the anticipation of fatigue and dehydration during their competitions. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate how an extra load can influence the metabolic level. Thirteen well-trained trail runners performed a randomized crossover study (total n = 39), completing three treadmill running sessions with a weighted vest of 0%, 5% and 10% of their body mass during a combined test (rectangular test + ramp test). In addition, biomarkers of oxygen metabolism, acid–base and electrolyte status pre-, during and post-test, as well as the rectangular from capillary blood of the finger and time to exhaustion, were analyzed. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed no significant difference between conditions for any of the analyzed biomarkers of blood gas. However, one-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in trial duration between conditions (p ≤ 0.001). Tukey’s post hoc analysis observed a significant decrease in time to exhaustion in the weighted vest of 10% compared to 0% (p ≤ 0.001) and 5% (p ≤ 0.01) and 5% compared to 0% (p = 0.030). In addition, repeated-measures ANOVA detected a significant difference in pH in the group x time interaction (p = 0.035). Our results show that increasing the weighted vest (5% and 10%) anticipates fatigue in runners trained in TR. In addition, increasing the load decreased pH by a smaller magnitude at 10% compared to 0% and 5% at the end of the exercise protocol.

越野跑运动员（TRs）必须携带额外的装备、食物（棒状和凝胶状）和液体，以延缓比赛期间疲劳和脱水的预期。因此，我们的目标是评估额外负担如何影响新陈代谢水平。13 名训练有素的越野跑运动员进行了一项随机交叉研究（总人数为 39 人），在综合测试（矩形测试+斜坡测试）中分别穿上占体重 0%、5% 和 10%的负重背心，完成了三次跑步机跑步训练。此外，还分析了测试前、测试中和测试后的氧代谢、酸碱和电解质状态的生物标志物，以及手指毛细血管血液中的矩形和力竭时间。重复测量方差分析显示，不同条件下的血气生物指标均无显著差异。然而，单因素方差分析显示，不同条件下的试验持续时间存在显著差异（p ≤ 0.001）。Tukey 的事后分析表明，与 0%（p ≤ 0.001）、5%（p ≤ 0.01）和 5%（p = 0.030）相比，10%（p ≤ 0.001）、5%（p ≤ 0.01）和 5%（p = 0.030）加权背心的耗竭时间显著缩短。此外，重复测量方差分析发现，在组 x 时间交互作用中，pH 值存在显著差异（p = 0.035）。我们的结果表明，增加负重背心（5% 和 10%）会使接受 TR 训练的跑步者产生疲劳。此外，与运动方案结束时的 0% 和 5% 相比，增加负重 10% 时 pH 值的下降幅度较小。

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引用次数: 0

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Croatian Version of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ). 运动员心理压力问卷（APSQ）克罗地亚语版本的翻译、跨文化适应和验证。

IF 2.2 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080228

Katarina Sore, Frane Franic, Luka Androja, Ivana Batarelo Kokic, Darko Marčinko, Stipe Drmic, Zdravko Valentin Markser, Tomislav Franic

The aim of this study is to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Croatian Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ-Cro) as part of the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) validation. We assessed the reliability and applicability of the APSQ-Cro among Croatian athletes. The international sports community is increasingly focused on mental health issues in athletes, highlighting the need for early detection tools like the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) and SMHAT-1. We included 869 Croatian competing athletes across 54 sports who received a link to access the WEB-based questionnaire. The Croatian Olympic Board helped in distributing the questionnaires, aiming to reach as many and as diverse a group of registered competing athletes in Croatia as possible. Results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.75 for the entire questionnaire, indicating acceptable reliability. An exploratory strategy of factor analysis was used to determine the underlying structure of the APSQ-Cro. For this purpose, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett's test for sphericity were performed to ensure the suitability of the data. The KMO test ensured sampling adequacy, with a measure of 0.77 indicating suitability for factor analysis, while Bartlett's test confirmed significant correlations among variables (χ² = 2779.155, df = 45, p < 0.001), validating the dataset's appropriateness for data reduction techniques. The factor analysis, together with the Cattell scree test and varimax rotation, resulted in a two-factor structure for the APSQ-Cro. Factor 1 included items related to internal psychological struggles, while Factor 2 included items related to external pressures from the athletic environment. These two factors explained 53% of the variability, with Cronbach's alphas of 0.75 and 0.88 for the respective factors. The APSQ-Cro is a valid and reliable tool for assessing distress in Croatian athletes. Croatian athletes' sporting experience will be improved with the broad adoption of the APSQ-Cro, which can help detect early signs of psychological distress and subsequently improve mental health outcomes.

本研究旨在翻译、跨文化调整和验证克罗地亚运动员心理压力问卷（APSQ-Cro），作为运动心理健康评估工具 1（SMHAT-1）验证的一部分。我们评估了 APSQ-Cro 在克罗地亚运动员中的可靠性和适用性。国际体育界越来越关注运动员的心理健康问题，这凸显了对运动员心理压力问卷（APSQ）和 SMHAT-1 等早期检测工具的需求。我们将克罗地亚 54 个运动项目的 869 名参赛运动员纳入调查范围，他们都收到了访问基于 WEB 的问卷的链接。克罗地亚奥林匹克委员会协助分发了问卷，目的是尽可能多地接触到克罗地亚的注册参赛运动员。结果显示，整个问卷的 Cronbach's alpha 值为 0.75，表明问卷的可靠性可以接受。为确定 APSQ-Cro 的基本结构，采用了探索性因素分析策略。为此，进行了 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin （KMO）检验和 Bartlett 球形度检验，以确保数据的适宜性。KMO 检验确保了抽样的充分性，其值为 0.77，表明适合进行因子分析，而 Bartlett 检验则确认了变量之间的显著相关性（χ2 = 2779.155，df = 45，p < 0.001），验证了数据集适合数据缩减技术。通过因子分析以及 Cattell scree 检验和 varimax 旋转，得出了 APSQ-Cro 的双因子结构。因子 1 包括与内部心理斗争有关的项目，而因子 2 则包括与来自运动环境的外部压力有关的项目。这两个因子解释了 53% 的变异性，各因子的 Cronbach 值分别为 0.75 和 0.88。APSQ-Cro 是评估克罗地亚运动员苦恼的有效而可靠的工具。克罗地亚运动员的运动体验将随着 APSQ-Cro 的广泛采用而得到改善，这有助于发现心理困扰的早期征兆，进而改善心理健康结果。

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引用次数: 0

Intensity and Pace Calculation of Ultra Short Race Pace Training (USRPT) in Swimming-Take-Home Messages and Statements for Swimming Coaches. 游泳超短赛程训练（USRPT）的强度和速度计算--给游泳教练的带回家信息和声明。

IF 2.2 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080227

Konstantinos Papadimitriou

A recently referenced method known as ultra short race pace training (USRPT), designed to familiarize swimmers with the pace of a swimming event by using high volumes and submaximal intensities, has emerged as an efficient approach, enhancing performance and predicting swimming outcomes. Despite its recognized benefits, particularly its lower physiological burden compared to other training methods, research on USRPT is still in its early stages. There are misunderstandings related to its intensity and the pace of calculation. This systematic review aims to provide valid statements identifying the pros and cons of USRPT as a training stimulus and providing swimming coaches with key messages and advice about this training method. For the analysis, 90,612 studies from PubMed, EBSCO, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases were screened to research the background, intensity, and pace calculation of the USRPT method, although only four met the inclusion criteria. The final screening of the selected studies was conducted using a PRISMA-P document. USRPT has the potential to become a dominant training stimulus, offering a precise alternative to the often vague training sets that many swimmers use. However, further studies focusing on specific aspects of intensity and pace calculation within USRPT sets are needed for comprehensive understanding. In conclusion, USRPT appears to be a submaximal variation of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with low blood lactate relevance to swimming events. Also, the pace calculation must be implemented considering the different demands of each point of a swimming event.

最近，一种被称为超短距离比赛节奏训练（USRPT）的方法被引用，该方法旨在通过使用大运动量和亚极限强度来让游泳运动员熟悉游泳比赛的节奏。尽管 USRPT 的优点已得到公认，特别是与其他训练方法相比，它的生理负担更低，但有关 USRPT 的研究仍处于早期阶段。人们对其强度和计算速度存在误解。本系统性综述旨在提供有效陈述，明确 USRPT 作为训练刺激的利弊，并为游泳教练提供有关这种训练方法的关键信息和建议。为了进行分析，我们从 PubMed、EBSCO、Science Direct 和 Google Scholar 数据库中筛选了 90,612 项研究，以研究 USRPT 方法的背景、强度和速度计算，但只有四项符合纳入标准。对所选研究的最终筛选采用了 PRISMA-P 文件。USRPT 有可能成为一种主要的训练刺激方法，为许多游泳运动员通常使用的含糊不清的训练集提供了一种精确的替代方法。不过，为了全面了解 USRPT，还需要进一步研究 USRPT 组中强度和速度计算的具体方面。总之，USRPT 似乎是高强度间歇训练（HIIT）的亚极限变体，与游泳项目的低血乳酸相关。此外，在进行速度计算时，必须考虑到游泳比赛中每个点的不同要求。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of Strength and Endurance Training Sequence on Endurance Performance. 力量和耐力训练序列对耐力表现的影响

IF 2.2 Q2 SPORT SCIENCES

Sports

Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080226

Vidar Vikestad, Terje Dalen

This review investigates the effect of two different concurrent training sequences on endurance performance. The sequences investigated are Endurance-Resistance (ER) and Resistance-Endurance (RE). A literature search is conducted of the SPORTDiscus and Medline databases. The included studies are randomized control trials, which compare the effect of ER and RE on at least one endurance performance variable. A PEDro scale is used to assess the methodological quality of the articles in this review. Of a total of 152 articles identified during the initial screening, 15 studies meet the inclusion criteria. These studies include 426 participants (298 males and 128 females), with 212 of the participants training with ER and 214 with RE. The results are presented as the percentage change of the mean from pre- to post-test. All the studies show an improvement in endurance from pre to post for both interventions, except for the RE group in one study. This review finds small and non-conclusive sequence effects between ER and RE, suggesting that the sequence of concurrent training is not of great importance in relation to endurance performance.

本综述研究了两种不同的同步训练序列对耐力表现的影响。所研究的序列是耐力-阻力（ER）和阻力-耐力（RE）。本研究在 SPORTDiscus 和 Medline 数据库中进行了文献检索。纳入的研究均为随机对照试验，比较了 ER 和 RE 对至少一个耐力表现变量的影响。本综述采用 PEDro 量表评估文章的方法质量。在初步筛选出的 152 篇文章中，有 15 项研究符合纳入标准。这些研究包括 426 名参与者（298 名男性和 128 名女性），其中 212 名参与者接受了 ER 训练，214 名参与者接受了 RE 训练。研究结果以测试前与测试后平均值的百分比变化表示。除一项研究中的 RE 组外，所有研究都显示两种干预方法的耐力从测试前到测试后都有所提高。本综述发现，ER 和 RE 的顺序效应较小，且不具结论性，这表明同时进行的训练顺序对耐力表现并不十分重要。

引用次数: 0

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