Sports最新文献

The aims of this study were: (a) to explore the relationships between adaptive defense mechanisms (ADMs), maladaptive defense mechanisms (MADMs), stress, recovery, resilience, and sport burnout; and (b) to examine resilience, stress, and recovery as mediators of the relationship between defense mechanisms and burnout. One hundred and seventy-five athletes (M = 20.30 years, SD = 3.75) completed self-report questionnaires assessing defense mechanisms, resilience, stress, and recovery. Correlation analysis revealed that MADMs were positively associated with burnout, while ADMs had no significant link with burnout. Concerning mediation analysis, results showed a mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between ADMs and burnout. The findings also demonstrated a mediating effect of resilience and recovery in the relationship between MADMs and burnout. Our study highlighted that certain defenses categorized as adaptive might not be suitable in specific situations, thus underscoring the influence of mediating variables. The findings of mediation analysis demonstrated that resilience appears to serve as a particularly protective factor against burnout. On the contrary, MADMs would have a deleterious influence in the management of stress, which could lead to burnout. Coaches may consider fostering athletes' resilience in conjunction with ADMs and implementing targeted psychological exercises to reduce the use of MADMs.

Background: Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are widely studied for their effects on muscle recovery and performance.

Aims: This study examined the effects of BCAA supplementation on anthropometric data, physical performance, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and fatigue in recreational weightlifters.

Methods: The trial involved 100 participants (50 men and 50 women), randomized into BCAA and placebo groups. Subjects in the BCAA group took five daily capsules of 500 mg L-leucine, 250 mg L-isoleucine, and 250 mg L-valine for six months. A two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the main and interaction effects of sex and treatment.

Results: Notable findings include significant improvements in muscle recovery, as indicated by reduced DOMS, particularly in women who showed a decrement of 18.1 ± 9.4 mm compared to 0.8 ± 1.2 mm in the placebo group of a horizontal 100 mm line. Fatigue perception was also significantly lower in the BCAA group, with women reporting a greater decrease (2.6 ± 1.5 scores) compared to the placebo group (0.6 ± 0.7 scores). Strength gains were prominent, especially in men, with a 10% increase in bench press maximum observed in the BCAA group. The interaction between sex and treatment was significant, suggesting sex-specific responses to BCAA supplementation.

Conclusions: These results underscore the effectiveness of BCAA supplementation in enhancing muscle recovery, reducing fatigue, and improving strength. This study also highlights sex-specific responses, with women benefiting more in terms of DOMS and fatigue reduction, while men experienced greater strength gains, suggesting a need for tailored supplementation strategies.

In surgically treated individuals with surgical stomas, the return to physical activity is an indicator of quality of life that reflects their well-being. With the aim of synthesizing the available evidence regarding the return to physical activity in individuals with surgical stomas, a scoping review was developed following the methodological approach of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews criteria. Searches were conducted in Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cinahl, and Lilacs, as well as the meta-search engines TripDatabase and Epistemonikos, using MeSH terms. Included studies were written in Spanish, English, Portuguese, and German, without any limitation on the year of publication. A total of n = 15 studies was included (n = 2 qualitative; n = 2 case reports; n = 1 case series; n = 1 cohort; n = 8 cross-sectional; and n = 1 randomized clinical trial), which showed variability in the quality of the designs. The qualitative studies explored themes such as motivation, beliefs about physical activity, and other lifestyle factors. The case reports described physiological, psychological, and functional implications of returning to physical activity for specific individuals after ostomy surgery. Quantitative studies evaluated the effects of different types of physical activity on quality of life and tolerance to physical activity in these individuals, employing various measurement instruments. In conclusion, the evidence on returning to sports and physical activity after stoma surgery is limited and varied. While studies highlight the importance of social support and self-confidence, they generally lack rigor and primarily focus on adults and oncology patients. There is a need for more research to establish clear guidelines on physical activity type, frequency, and intensity to ensure safe and beneficial outcomes for individuals with stomas.

Objective: To conduct a longitudinal retrospective analysis, explore the relationship between success at peak performance age and the number of different race distances athletes competed in each year (within-sport distance variety), and compare the dose-time effect of this distance variety throughout the development process between male swimmers and track runners.

Methodology: Male swimmers (n = 6033) and track runners (n = 19,278) still competing at peak performance age were ranked, and the number of different race distances was extracted retrospectively for each year until early junior age (13-14-year-old category) from the databases of the European Aquatics and World Athletics federations. Firstly, correlation analysis determined the relationship between ranking at peak performance age and distance variety. Secondly, Poisson distribution provided the probability and dose-time effect of distance variety for becoming an international-class athlete at peak performance age.

Results: Generally, correlation analysis revealed low coefficients (r ≤ 0.22) but significant effects (p < 0.001) for larger distance variety and success at peak performance age. Poisson distribution revealed the highest probability of becoming an international-class swimmer when competing in 2-4 race distances at junior age, depending on the primary race distance. The dose-time effect indicated a gradual reduction in the number of race distances as athletes approached peak performance age, narrowing down to 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4 distances for sprint, middle-, and long-distance races, respectively. Track runners exhibited a lower distance variety than swimmers, with a consistent optimum of 1-2 race distances across the age groups.

Conclusions: The present findings including data of the most combined race distances for each primary race distance and a comparison between swimming and track running provide new background information to challenge traditional training regimes and help establish new strategies for long-term athlete development.

Background/objectives: This study aims to analyze and compare the somatotypes of professional football players from Slovakia with a non-athletic population.

Methods: Comparative analysis of professional soccer players by their positions, goalkeepers (n = 4; 8%), defenders (n = 16; 32%), strikers (n = 15; 30%), and midfielders (n = 15; 30%), in average age 16.88 ± 1.29 years, based on selected anthropometric parameters, somatotype components, and the resultant somatotype using the Heath-Carter method.

Results: The average somatotype of the soccer players was categorized as an ectomorphic mesomorph (40%). Goalkeepers showed significantly greater body height (BH 187.98 ± 3.166 cm) and weight (BW 82.33 ± 4.922 kg) than midfielders (BH 179.25 ± 6.126 cm; p = 0.03; BW 68 ± 6.304 kg; p = 0.014) and strikers (BH 176.04 ± 4.998 cm; p = 0.026; BW 68.93 ± 6.591 kg; p = 0.026). Defenders had significantly greater BH (182.14 ± 4.853 cm; p = 0.026) than strikers. Goalkeepers also had a significantly higher BMI than midfielders (23.28 ± 0.698 vs. 21.14 ± 1.282 kg/m²; p = 0.02) and greater epicondylar width of the humerus (EWH 7.36 ± 0.14 cm) compared to strikers (EWH 6.79 ± 0.308 cm; p = 0.014). The average somatotype values identified goalkeepers [2.0-4.1-3.1], defenders [1.6-3.9-3.2], and strikers [1.7-4.2-2.9] as ectomorphic mesomorphs, while midfielders were identified as mesomorph-ectomorphs [1.6-3.7-3.6].

Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of somatotype in player position suitability and its impact on physical attributes in football.

This study investigates dietary supplement use among rugby players and their general health, focusing on prevalence and underlying motivations. Involving 92 athletes, it examines the relationship between supplement usage, motivations, and health outcomes using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey and a 24-item ad hoc questionnaire. Findings reveal a high frequency of supplement usage, motivated by desires to enhance performance, appearance, and mood. Significant differences in health-related quality of life are found between users and non-users, particularly in mental health, social functioning, and emotional stability. Motivations like performance enhancement and body shape manipulation were linked to altered health perceptions, indicating the psychosocial impacts of supplementation. This study emphasizes the need to consider the holistic effects of supplements on athlete well-being, advocating for a balanced approach prioritizing both physical and mental health. It calls for increased awareness among athletes, coaches, and sports professionals about the potential risks and benefits of supplement use and the importance of informed decision-making. Additionally, it highlights the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of supplement use and its impact on athlete health, aiming to enhance sports science and promote overall athlete well-being in competitive environments.

This study investigated the association between the risk of low energy availability, disordered eating, and anxiety in collegiate female athletes. Female athletes (n = 115) completed questionnaires that assessed disordered eating (Disordered Eating Screen for Athletes, DESA-6; and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire Short, EDE-QS), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) and the risk of low energy availability (Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire; LEAF-Q). The athletes were 19.9 ± 0.1 years old and presented with no anxiety (14.8%), mild (33.0%), moderate (24.3%), and severe (27.8%) anxiety. The EDE-QS scores revealed that 22.6% of the participants had a high risk of an eating disorder, while the DESA-6 scores revealed that 31.3% of the participants scored positive for a risk of disordered eating. The LEAF-Q total scores revealed that 68.7% of the participants were at risk of low energy availability. Increased GAD-7 scores were associated (p < 0.001) with measures of disordered eating (EDE-QS and DESA-6) and the risk of low energy availability (LEAF-Q total score). Non-parametric partial correlations demonstrated that anxiety (increased GAD-7 scores) correlated with the risk of low energy availability (increased LEAF-Q total scores) while controlling for eating disorder scores (EDE-QS) (r (112) = 0.353, p < 0.001), or while controlling for the risk of disordered eating (DESA-6 scores) (r (112) = 0.349, p < 0.001). In female collegiate athletes, both disordered eating and the risk of low energy availability were positively associated with increased anxiety.

Strength assessment is one of the main fields in sports performance, physical rehabilitation, physical activity, and health. We aimed to compare maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) and paired voluntary isometric contractions (VICs) of knee extensors between an isokinetic dynamometer (BIODEX) and a portable and lightweight device (DINABANG). From 19 volunteers (age: 28.7 ± 7 years; body mass: 72 ± 10 kg; and height: 173 ± 7 cm) we obtained 114 paired MVIC measures and, from the force-time curves of these repetitions, 22,507 paired VIC measures of knee extensors. We observed "excellent" repeatability for MVICs (ICC:1.00; p < 0.001) between BIODEX (247 ± 79.5 Nm) and DINABANG (247 ± 74.8 Nm), with "trivial" effect (mean difference: 0.12 Nm (0.02%); 95%CI: -0.13 to 0.23 Nm; p = 0.606; d = 0.048). Bland-Altman plots revealed high accuracy for MVIC (bias: 0.12 Nm) and consistent distribution (precision) inside the limits of agreement (-4.81 to 5.06 Nm) and respective 95%CI. "Excellent" repeatability was also observed for VICs (ICC:1.00; p < 0.001) between BIODEX (219 ± 84.1 Nm) and DINABANG (218 ± 84.0 Nm), with "trivial" effect (0.24 Nm (0.11%); 0.08 to 0.11 Nm; p < 0.001; d = 0.100). Bland-Altman plots revealed high accuracy for VICs (bias: 0.24 Nm) and consistent distribution (precision) inside the limits of agreement (-4.5 to 4.9 Nm) and respective 95%CI. DINABANG is accurate, precise, and reliable in torque measurement.

Burnout, characterized by emotional and physical exhaustion, poses a significant challenge to adolescent athletes, particularly in high-intensity sports like basketball. Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the ability to manage emotions, which is negatively associated with burnout. Emotional labor, including strategies of surface acting (SA), deep acting (DA), and genuine expression (GE), plays a potentially key role in emotion management between EI and burnout for athletes. This study aims to investigate the relationship between EI and burnout, as well as the mediating role of emotional labor strategies among adolescent basketball players. Our cross-sectional study, conducted in youth sports schools in four different places in China, involved 260 basketball players. Results indicate a negative association between EI and burnout, with SA and GE emerging as significant mediators. SA was positively linked to burnout, while GE showed a negative association. These findings suggest that enhancing EI and managing emotional labor strategies are crucial for mitigating burnout and improving the well-being and performance of young athletes.

Mediterranean diet (MD) is regarded as one of the healthier dietary patterns which is recommended for athletes. This study aims to investigate the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (AMD) and associated beliefs in a large, diverse sample of competitive adolescent athletes from various sports, including both lean and non-lean sports. Additionally, the study examines factors important regarding intention to AMD within the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). In the study took part 711 adolescents (357 male, aged = 14.93 ± 1.38, and 354 female, aged = 14.85 ± 1.35) athletes. The level of AMD was not a significant different between lean (mean = 4.98, SD = ±3.90) and non-lean (mean = 4.77, SD = ±3.68) sport. According to the sport type the 35% of lean sport athletes demonstrated low AMD, 34.1% moderate adherence and 30.9% a high degree. The non lean athletes demonstrated low AMD in 36.3%, moderate adherence 33% and high degree in 30.7%. The results of the mediation analysis indicated a significant mediation effect of intention in the relationship between TPB variables and MD. Based on the results of the study the type of sport does not play a role in the AMD, which, as in the general population, is low. Also validate the TPB and underscore the significance of targeting individuals' intentions to promote positive dietary behaviors.