M. Bahreini, Amirhossein Jahanshir, Mehran Sotoodehnia, F. Rasooli
{"title":"Early Risk Indicator of Chemical Dependence: A Comparison Between Emergency and Non-emergency Medicine Residents and Specialists","authors":"M. Bahreini, Amirhossein Jahanshir, Mehran Sotoodehnia, F. Rasooli","doi":"10.5812/ijhrba.106838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.106838","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88845012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Heydari, Morteza Mehraeen, P. Keshani, M. Faghih
Background: Various factors, like mental disorders, may affect the desire for medication and adherence in HIV/AIDS patients. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine levels of neurotic disorders and associations of disorders level and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) medication adherence in HIV/AIDS patients. Materials and Methods: Finally, 150 patients of Behavioral Disease Counseling Center of Shiraz were selected by a convenience method and were evaluated by Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25) and Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ). Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U tests were, Spearman's correlation coefficient and logistic regression were used to analyze the data by using SPSS-20 (P < 0.05). Results: Seventy-eight percent of patients had normal mental health status. Also, 83% had very good medication adherence. Female gender, single or divorced, and working in temporary and low-income jobs were associated with decreased mental health status. Higher age and education were associated with increased adherence. Anxiety was the most common and effective disorder. Decreased mental health' status was shown to reduce drug adherence. Conclusions: Treatment of mental disorders, particularly anxiety, can be one of the most effective ways to increase drug compliance in HIV/AIDS patients.
{"title":"The Association Between Mental Health of HIV Patients and Antiretroviral Medication Adherence","authors":"M. Heydari, Morteza Mehraeen, P. Keshani, M. Faghih","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.102149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.102149","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Various factors, like mental disorders, may affect the desire for medication and adherence in HIV/AIDS patients. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine levels of neurotic disorders and associations of disorders level and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) medication adherence in HIV/AIDS patients. Materials and Methods: Finally, 150 patients of Behavioral Disease Counseling Center of Shiraz were selected by a convenience method and were evaluated by Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25) and Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ). Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U tests were, Spearman's correlation coefficient and logistic regression were used to analyze the data by using SPSS-20 (P < 0.05). Results: Seventy-eight percent of patients had normal mental health status. Also, 83% had very good medication adherence. Female gender, single or divorced, and working in temporary and low-income jobs were associated with decreased mental health status. Higher age and education were associated with increased adherence. Anxiety was the most common and effective disorder. Decreased mental health' status was shown to reduce drug adherence. Conclusions: Treatment of mental disorders, particularly anxiety, can be one of the most effective ways to increase drug compliance in HIV/AIDS patients.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75616314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masoumeh Majdpour, M. Shams, S. Parhizkar, A. Mousavizadeh, Zahra Rahimi, M. Maleki, S. Shariatinia
Background: Sexuality education is one of the most important educational needs for adolescents. Parents play a significant role in shaping healthy sexuality in adolescents. There is little evidence in Iran about sexuality education for empowering adolescences. Objectives: This study aimed at developing, implementing, and evaluating a training program for mothers to educate sexuality matters to their adolescent girls in Mahshahr, Iran. Patients and Methods: This field trial was conducted among 140 mothers with 12- to 18-year-old adolescent girls in Mahshahr during the second half of 2014. The multi-stratified sampling method was performed for determining the study participants. Data was collected by using “Parent-Child Relationship: Mother” and “Knowledge and Attitude About Sexuality Education to Adolescents” questionnaires. Based on the baseline results, an educational intervention for mothers was designed and implemented. Data were collected, analyzed, and compared before and three months after the intervention implementation. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. A confidence interval of 95% with significance at P < 0.05 was used. Results: Compared with the pre-intervention phase, mothers’ awareness of sexual issues significantly increased from 30.00 to 36.50 (P < 0.001). While the mean score of attitudes towards sexuality education significantly increased from 46.65 to 48.57 (P < 0.001), no significant difference was observed between mothers’ communication skills before and after the educational intervention (P = 0.98). Conclusions: The designed educational program was an effective tool to improve the knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality matters in mothers. Thus, continuous and regular programs are required to improve communication skills in mothers.
{"title":"Indirect Sexuality Education to Adolescent Girls Through Empowering Their Mothers","authors":"Masoumeh Majdpour, M. Shams, S. Parhizkar, A. Mousavizadeh, Zahra Rahimi, M. Maleki, S. Shariatinia","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.108767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.108767","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sexuality education is one of the most important educational needs for adolescents. Parents play a significant role in shaping healthy sexuality in adolescents. There is little evidence in Iran about sexuality education for empowering adolescences. Objectives: This study aimed at developing, implementing, and evaluating a training program for mothers to educate sexuality matters to their adolescent girls in Mahshahr, Iran. Patients and Methods: This field trial was conducted among 140 mothers with 12- to 18-year-old adolescent girls in Mahshahr during the second half of 2014. The multi-stratified sampling method was performed for determining the study participants. Data was collected by using “Parent-Child Relationship: Mother” and “Knowledge and Attitude About Sexuality Education to Adolescents” questionnaires. Based on the baseline results, an educational intervention for mothers was designed and implemented. Data were collected, analyzed, and compared before and three months after the intervention implementation. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. A confidence interval of 95% with significance at P < 0.05 was used. Results: Compared with the pre-intervention phase, mothers’ awareness of sexual issues significantly increased from 30.00 to 36.50 (P < 0.001). While the mean score of attitudes towards sexuality education significantly increased from 46.65 to 48.57 (P < 0.001), no significant difference was observed between mothers’ communication skills before and after the educational intervention (P = 0.98). Conclusions: The designed educational program was an effective tool to improve the knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality matters in mothers. Thus, continuous and regular programs are required to improve communication skills in mothers.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84047508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ramezankhani, A. Vedadhir, F. Alhani, F. Mohammadkhah
Background: Family and parents’ supervision and performance affect the proper socialization process of adolescents and their behavioral development. Therefore, this qualitative study was conducted to examine the family factors affecting violence in adolescents. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the conventional qualitative content analysis method in 2017 in Roodsar. Data saturation was obtained with 50 individuals using 4 questions. The data were collected using in-depth interviews with purposive sampling among female primary and secondary school students as the main participants of the study and their teachers and family as contributors. All interviews were recorded and then typed. Data analysis was done continuously and simultaneously by collecting data using Lundman and Graneheimm constant comparative method. Results: Data analysis was conducted using the conventional qualitative analysis method resulted in the extraction of 357 primary codes, 21 sub-sub-categories, 4 sub-categories, and one main category. At the end of this stage, the family factors affecting the violence of adolescents in the whole family provided insecurity to the adolescents, and an insecure family was defined according to the findings as follows: "a broken family with incorrect parenting practices and open borders that provide an insecure environment for the student and lead to violent behavior in adolescent". Conclusions: According to the results of this study family factors are related to adolescent violence. Regarding the independence of adolescents at this age and the role of other socializing formal and informal institutions that affect adolescent behavior, the strong and influential role of the family on adolescent behavior is quite obvious.
{"title":"Family Factors Affecting Adolescent Violence: A Qualitative Content Analysis","authors":"A. Ramezankhani, A. Vedadhir, F. Alhani, F. Mohammadkhah","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.96906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.96906","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Family and parents’ supervision and performance affect the proper socialization process of adolescents and their behavioral development. Therefore, this qualitative study was conducted to examine the family factors affecting violence in adolescents. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using the conventional qualitative content analysis method in 2017 in Roodsar. Data saturation was obtained with 50 individuals using 4 questions. The data were collected using in-depth interviews with purposive sampling among female primary and secondary school students as the main participants of the study and their teachers and family as contributors. All interviews were recorded and then typed. Data analysis was done continuously and simultaneously by collecting data using Lundman and Graneheimm constant comparative method. Results: Data analysis was conducted using the conventional qualitative analysis method resulted in the extraction of 357 primary codes, 21 sub-sub-categories, 4 sub-categories, and one main category. At the end of this stage, the family factors affecting the violence of adolescents in the whole family provided insecurity to the adolescents, and an insecure family was defined according to the findings as follows: \"a broken family with incorrect parenting practices and open borders that provide an insecure environment for the student and lead to violent behavior in adolescent\". Conclusions: According to the results of this study family factors are related to adolescent violence. Regarding the independence of adolescents at this age and the role of other socializing formal and informal institutions that affect adolescent behavior, the strong and influential role of the family on adolescent behavior is quite obvious.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86661558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Consanguineous Marriage and the Risk of Parents Having Children with Cleft Lip and Palate","authors":"Soraya Bakhshani","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.114912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.114912","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81175947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. O. Akinnawo, Deborah F. Onisile, O. A. Alakija, B. Akpunne
Background: Self-medication (SM) is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms. Objectives: The study assessed the patterns and links between SM and illness behavior in Nigerian artisans. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, a multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 186 participants (age range = 15 - 61 years; mean = 31.5) in the Ede community of Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. The artisans (beauticians, autoworkers, and house building construction workers) responded to the self-medication test (SMT) and Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). Frequency counts were employed to analyze the participants' demographic characteristics, while linear regression analysis was used to answer the research question. Results: The findings from this study revealed a 47.8% prevalence of SM, ranging from 14.2% of antibiotics SM to 51.1% of alternative medicine SM. SM was observed to independently and significantly predict disease conviction (R2 = 0.030, P = 0.018), psychological/somatic perception (R2 = 0.034, P = 0.012), general illness reaction (R2 = 0.064, P = 0.000), and general illness behavior (R2 = 0.028, P = 0.023) of the participants. Conclusions: Our findings revealed the need for an increase in public enlightenment, awareness, and sensitization among artisans on ills of SM. Also, we recommend psycho-education among this vulnerable group.
背景:自我药疗(Self-medication, SM)是指个体为治疗自我认知的疾病或症状而选择和使用药物。目的:评估尼日利亚工匠SM与疾病行为之间的模式和联系。方法:采用多阶段抽样方法进行横断面调查，共选取186名参与者(年龄15 ~ 61岁;平均= 31.5)，发生在尼日利亚西南部奥松州埃德社区。技师(美容师、汽车工人和房屋建筑工人)对自我用药测试(SMT)和疾病行为问卷(IBQ)进行了问卷调查。使用频率计数来分析参与者的人口学特征，并使用线性回归分析来回答研究问题。结果:本研究结果显示，SM患病率为47.8%，其中抗生素SM占14.2%，替代药物SM占51.1%。SM对被试的疾病确信(R2 = 0.030, P = 0.018)、心理/躯体知觉(R2 = 0.034, P = 0.012)、一般疾病反应(R2 = 0.064, P = 0.000)和一般疾病行为(R2 = 0.028, P = 0.023)具有独立且显著的预测作用。结论:我们的研究结果表明，需要增加工匠对SM疾病的公众启蒙、意识和敏感性。同时，我们建议对这一弱势群体进行心理教育。
{"title":"Self-Medication with Over-the-Counter and Prescription Drugs and Illness Behavior in Nigerian Artisans","authors":"E. O. Akinnawo, Deborah F. Onisile, O. A. Alakija, B. Akpunne","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.107221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.107221","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Self-medication (SM) is the selection and use of medicines by individuals to treat self-recognized illnesses or symptoms. Objectives: The study assessed the patterns and links between SM and illness behavior in Nigerian artisans. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, a multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 186 participants (age range = 15 - 61 years; mean = 31.5) in the Ede community of Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. The artisans (beauticians, autoworkers, and house building construction workers) responded to the self-medication test (SMT) and Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ). Frequency counts were employed to analyze the participants' demographic characteristics, while linear regression analysis was used to answer the research question. Results: The findings from this study revealed a 47.8% prevalence of SM, ranging from 14.2% of antibiotics SM to 51.1% of alternative medicine SM. SM was observed to independently and significantly predict disease conviction (R2 = 0.030, P = 0.018), psychological/somatic perception (R2 = 0.034, P = 0.012), general illness reaction (R2 = 0.064, P = 0.000), and general illness behavior (R2 = 0.028, P = 0.023) of the participants. Conclusions: Our findings revealed the need for an increase in public enlightenment, awareness, and sensitization among artisans on ills of SM. Also, we recommend psycho-education among this vulnerable group.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89767213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Prevalence of suicide and attempted suicide has increased due to social, economic, and cultural factors. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the suicide and attempted suicide epidemiology in Sirjan, Iran, in 2018. Methods: Following a cross-sectional design, suicide attempts and their related factors were investigated in the city of Sirjan in 2018. Data were collected by a researcher-developed checklist and were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (i.e., chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests) by SPSS. Results: A total of 768 people referred to Sirjan’s hospitals with a diagnosis of suicide attempt were investigated. One-year suicide attempts incidence for males and females was 120.6 (N = 391) and 116.3 (N = 377) per 100,000 people, respectively. The mean age of males and females was 26.0 ± 9.2 and 24.2 ± 8.1, respectively. Most cases were aged 20 - 29 and 10 - 19 years. The male-to-female ratio was higher in the 20 - 29 age group, but more females, most suicide cases were aged 10 - 19, and this difference was significant. Most of them were single, urbanite, educated up to high school diploma, or were school-goers. Self-poisoning (i.e. drug intoxication) was the most common method of suicide attempts. Suicides that led to death were 3.7 per 100000 people, higher rates were observed in men, younger age, single status, urbanite, and those with school diplomas. Hanging was the most common suicide method. Conclusions: Sirjan is one of the areas with high rates of suicide attempts; therefore, the findings of the present study can be regarded as a step forward in future studies to consider interventions intended to improve mental health, as well as to find useful solutions to prevent suicide occurrence.
{"title":"The Study of Suicide and Attempted Suicide Epidemiology in Sirjan in 2018","authors":"Mohadeseh Balvardi, Zahra Imani-Goghary, Kamran Babaee, Zahra Izadabadi","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.108648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.108648","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prevalence of suicide and attempted suicide has increased due to social, economic, and cultural factors. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the suicide and attempted suicide epidemiology in Sirjan, Iran, in 2018. Methods: Following a cross-sectional design, suicide attempts and their related factors were investigated in the city of Sirjan in 2018. Data were collected by a researcher-developed checklist and were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (i.e., chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests) by SPSS. Results: A total of 768 people referred to Sirjan’s hospitals with a diagnosis of suicide attempt were investigated. One-year suicide attempts incidence for males and females was 120.6 (N = 391) and 116.3 (N = 377) per 100,000 people, respectively. The mean age of males and females was 26.0 ± 9.2 and 24.2 ± 8.1, respectively. Most cases were aged 20 - 29 and 10 - 19 years. The male-to-female ratio was higher in the 20 - 29 age group, but more females, most suicide cases were aged 10 - 19, and this difference was significant. Most of them were single, urbanite, educated up to high school diploma, or were school-goers. Self-poisoning (i.e. drug intoxication) was the most common method of suicide attempts. Suicides that led to death were 3.7 per 100000 people, higher rates were observed in men, younger age, single status, urbanite, and those with school diplomas. Hanging was the most common suicide method. Conclusions: Sirjan is one of the areas with high rates of suicide attempts; therefore, the findings of the present study can be regarded as a step forward in future studies to consider interventions intended to improve mental health, as well as to find useful solutions to prevent suicide occurrence.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87591234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Moinaddini, T. Haghpanah, Mohsen Abedini Esfahlani, M. Amirinejad, S. Nematollahi-Mahani
Background: Opiate dependence, a great worldwide obstacle, is regularly treated by detoxification via opioid agonists and antagonist administration. However, different effects and severity of detoxification on the male reproductive system have not been evaluated so far. Objectives: Thus, the present study intended to investigate the impact of morphine dependence and detoxification with methadone and/or buprenorphine on sexual behavior and sex hormones in an animal model of opiate dependence. Materials and Methods: sixty-six adult male mice were randomly allocated into six groups of control (ctl40), morphine-dependent (Mrph40) (which received morphine for 40 days), another control (Ctrl80), morphine-dependent (Mrph80) (which received morphine for 80 days), methadone (Mtdn) detoxified, and buprenorphine (Bprn) detoxified groups (n = 11). Different aspects of sexual activities and Sex hormones were assessed at the end of the treatment period. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test and chi-squared test using SPSS version 16 software for Windows. Results: Testosterone level significantly decreased in all treated groups compared with its level in the Ctl40 group. Detoxification with buprenorphine was reduced following 80 days of treatment, the level of testosterone significantly reduced in all treated groups compared to its level in the Ctrl80 group. The highest and lowest levels of FSH were observed in the Bprn group and in the Mrph40 group, respectively, even lower than that of the Mrph80 and Mtdn groups. Either of the treatments has decreased the level of LH when compared with its level in the controls. Various sexual behaviors were differently disturbed in the treated groups. Duration of sexual activity, Mount frequency, ejaculation latency, and sexual activity duration was higher in the Bprn group than the Mtdn group, but the rate of pregnancy was much higher in the Mtdn group. Conclusions: Either Short or long-term dependence on morphine affects the sex hormones and activities. Following detoxification with methadone and/or buprenorphine, various aspects of sexual behaviors were differently altered, which could alert clinicians in detoxification programs.
背景:阿片类药物依赖是世界范围内的一大障碍，通常通过阿片类药物激动剂和拮抗剂进行解毒治疗。然而，到目前为止，对男性生殖系统的不同影响和严重程度尚未进行评估。因此，本研究旨在探讨吗啡依赖和美沙酮和/或丁丙诺啡解毒对阿片依赖动物模型性行为和性激素的影响。材料与方法:将66只成年雄性小鼠随机分为对照组(ctl40)、吗啡依赖组(Mrph40)(接受吗啡治疗40 d)、另一对照组(Ctrl80)、吗啡依赖组(Mrph80)(接受吗啡治疗80 d)、美沙酮(Mtdn)解毒组和丁丙诺啡(Bprn)解毒组(n = 11)。在治疗期结束时对性活动和性激素的不同方面进行了评估。采用SPSS version 16 for Windows软件对数据进行方差分析和卡方检验。结果:与Ctl40组相比，各治疗组睾酮水平均显著降低。丁丙诺啡的解毒作用在治疗80天后有所减少，与Ctrl80组相比，所有治疗组的睾酮水平均显著降低。Bprn组FSH最高，Mrph40组FSH最低，甚至低于Mrph80和Mtdn组。与对照组相比，任何一种治疗方法都降低了LH水平。治疗组的各种性行为受到不同程度的干扰。Bprn组的性活动持续时间、Mount频率、射精潜伏期和性活动持续时间均高于Mtdn组，但Mtdn组的怀孕率要高得多。结论:吗啡短期或长期依赖均影响性激素和性激素活动。在美沙酮和/或丁丙诺啡解毒后，性行为的各个方面都发生了不同的改变，这可以提醒临床医生进行解毒计划。
{"title":"The Effects of Morphine Dependence and Detoxification with Methadone and Buprenorphine on Sexual Behavior and Sex Hormones","authors":"F. Moinaddini, T. Haghpanah, Mohsen Abedini Esfahlani, M. Amirinejad, S. Nematollahi-Mahani","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.107945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.107945","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Opiate dependence, a great worldwide obstacle, is regularly treated by detoxification via opioid agonists and antagonist administration. However, different effects and severity of detoxification on the male reproductive system have not been evaluated so far. Objectives: Thus, the present study intended to investigate the impact of morphine dependence and detoxification with methadone and/or buprenorphine on sexual behavior and sex hormones in an animal model of opiate dependence. Materials and Methods: sixty-six adult male mice were randomly allocated into six groups of control (ctl40), morphine-dependent (Mrph40) (which received morphine for 40 days), another control (Ctrl80), morphine-dependent (Mrph80) (which received morphine for 80 days), methadone (Mtdn) detoxified, and buprenorphine (Bprn) detoxified groups (n = 11). Different aspects of sexual activities and Sex hormones were assessed at the end of the treatment period. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test and chi-squared test using SPSS version 16 software for Windows. Results: Testosterone level significantly decreased in all treated groups compared with its level in the Ctl40 group. Detoxification with buprenorphine was reduced following 80 days of treatment, the level of testosterone significantly reduced in all treated groups compared to its level in the Ctrl80 group. The highest and lowest levels of FSH were observed in the Bprn group and in the Mrph40 group, respectively, even lower than that of the Mrph80 and Mtdn groups. Either of the treatments has decreased the level of LH when compared with its level in the controls. Various sexual behaviors were differently disturbed in the treated groups. Duration of sexual activity, Mount frequency, ejaculation latency, and sexual activity duration was higher in the Bprn group than the Mtdn group, but the rate of pregnancy was much higher in the Mtdn group. Conclusions: Either Short or long-term dependence on morphine affects the sex hormones and activities. Following detoxification with methadone and/or buprenorphine, various aspects of sexual behaviors were differently altered, which could alert clinicians in detoxification programs.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74090521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The economic pressure on Iranian families has increased in recent years. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of child abuse in three domains of physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect among a sample of elementary school children in Iran and compare the results with previous studies from Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 400 elementary school children were selected through multistage cluster sampling from Shahroud, Iran, and assessed for all child abuse domains, except for sexual abuse, using a validated self-administered Persian questionnaire. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants were collected. Data were statistically analyzed, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 10.83 years (SD = 1.9). Overall, 63.8%, 27%, and 90.3% of children reported emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect, respectively. There were significant associations between the mother’s employment status and neglect (P < 0.001), father’s education and physical child abuse (P = 0.03), and father’s smoking and emotional child abuse (P < 0.001). The results showed that lower levels of family socioeconomic status had significant effects on neglect (P = 0.006) and emotional child abuse (P = 0.003). Conclusions: Among the studied children, 73.8% declared at least one type of child abuse. It seems that the prevalence of neglect increased among school-aged children compared to previous studies from Iran. The low socioeconomic status of the family is significantly related to child abuse. Family physicians and school counselors play important roles in identifying and reporting child abuse and neglect. Therefore, they should be more involved in the prevention of child abuse.
{"title":"Prevalence of Child Abuse and Correlations with Family Factors Among Elementary School-aged Children","authors":"Raheleh Rafaiee, Fahimeh Mohseni, Nafiseh Akbarian","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.108823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.108823","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The economic pressure on Iranian families has increased in recent years. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of child abuse in three domains of physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect among a sample of elementary school children in Iran and compare the results with previous studies from Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 400 elementary school children were selected through multistage cluster sampling from Shahroud, Iran, and assessed for all child abuse domains, except for sexual abuse, using a validated self-administered Persian questionnaire. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the participants were collected. Data were statistically analyzed, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 10.83 years (SD = 1.9). Overall, 63.8%, 27%, and 90.3% of children reported emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect, respectively. There were significant associations between the mother’s employment status and neglect (P < 0.001), father’s education and physical child abuse (P = 0.03), and father’s smoking and emotional child abuse (P < 0.001). The results showed that lower levels of family socioeconomic status had significant effects on neglect (P = 0.006) and emotional child abuse (P = 0.003). Conclusions: Among the studied children, 73.8% declared at least one type of child abuse. It seems that the prevalence of neglect increased among school-aged children compared to previous studies from Iran. The low socioeconomic status of the family is significantly related to child abuse. Family physicians and school counselors play important roles in identifying and reporting child abuse and neglect. Therefore, they should be more involved in the prevention of child abuse.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86961603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hassan Safarzadeh Jahromy, M. Hemayatkhah, Sedigheh Rezaei Dehnavi, V. Rahmanian
Background: HIV/AIDS has remained a public health issue, especially in developing countries. The contributing factors to HIV/AIDS include poor access to medical care, fear, shame because of stigmatization, and lack of social support resulting in the isolation of people who share their status. Objectives: Taking a phenomenological descriptive approach, this qualitative study investigated the experiences of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Jahrom, Southern Iran. Materials and Methods: The data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews (face to face) with 21 (10 males and 11 females) participants who were referred to the Jahrom Counseling Center for Behavioral Diseases. They were selected by the purposive sampling technique according to theoretical saturation. Results: Analysis of the interview data and notes resulted in the four key themes: (I) emotional and psychological disturbances with three sub-themes: fear, depression, and feeling victimized; (II) stigma with three subthemes, including fear of being exposed, false judgment, and discrimination; (III) supportive environment with two sub-themes of family and social support; (IV) patients’ perspective of the future with three sub-themes, including hopelessness for the future, the future importance of children and hope for the future, and find a cure. Conclusions: Developing educational programs for the public can greatly increase public awareness of HIV, change attitudes and beliefs about HIV, and modify the behavior of others in dealing with PLHIV. This change of attitude creates social support and facilitates the acceptance of the infection for PLHIV.
{"title":"Experiences of People Living with HIV (PLHIV) in Jahrom, Southern Iran: A Phenomenological Study","authors":"Hassan Safarzadeh Jahromy, M. Hemayatkhah, Sedigheh Rezaei Dehnavi, V. Rahmanian","doi":"10.5812/IJHRBA.108414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/IJHRBA.108414","url":null,"abstract":"Background: HIV/AIDS has remained a public health issue, especially in developing countries. The contributing factors to HIV/AIDS include poor access to medical care, fear, shame because of stigmatization, and lack of social support resulting in the isolation of people who share their status. Objectives: Taking a phenomenological descriptive approach, this qualitative study investigated the experiences of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Jahrom, Southern Iran. Materials and Methods: The data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews (face to face) with 21 (10 males and 11 females) participants who were referred to the Jahrom Counseling Center for Behavioral Diseases. They were selected by the purposive sampling technique according to theoretical saturation. Results: Analysis of the interview data and notes resulted in the four key themes: (I) emotional and psychological disturbances with three sub-themes: fear, depression, and feeling victimized; (II) stigma with three subthemes, including fear of being exposed, false judgment, and discrimination; (III) supportive environment with two sub-themes of family and social support; (IV) patients’ perspective of the future with three sub-themes, including hopelessness for the future, the future importance of children and hope for the future, and find a cure. Conclusions: Developing educational programs for the public can greatly increase public awareness of HIV, change attitudes and beliefs about HIV, and modify the behavior of others in dealing with PLHIV. This change of attitude creates social support and facilitates the acceptance of the infection for PLHIV.","PeriodicalId":53452,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82393847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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