Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.h7j32562
Rafał Perz
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also referred to as drones, are increasingly utilized in sectors such as surveillance, transportation, and entertainment. The global UAV market, projected to escalate to USD 70.7 billion by 2026, demonstrates a significant growth trajectory. However, alongside their functional utility, UAVs present substantial risk factors, notably in the domain of collisions with humans and other entities. These collision events are categorizable by operational context (military versus civilian) and flight phase (e.g., takeoff, landing). Contributory factors to these occurrences include operator errors, equipment malfunctions, and prevailing environmental conditions. Incidents involving human-UAV collisions are of particular concern. The severity of impact is contingent upon UAV specifications and the conditions of operation. Predominantly accidental, these incidents accentuate escalating safety concerns in the burgeoning UAV sector. This manuscript endeavors to examine the risks inherent in UAV operations, with an emphasis on human-UAV collision scenarios. A review of extant literature is conducted to formulate safety measures and amplify awareness regarding UAV-associated hazards. The manuscript is methodically structured to encompass scenarios of hazard within UAV operations, historical accounts of collisions, and an analysis of their causative factors and subsequent ramifications. Additionally, it scrutinizes the legislative framework governing UAV operations on a global scale, with a specific focus on Europe and Poland. The discourse extends to the examination of physical impacts resultant from UAV-human collisions, exploring diverse scenarios and resultant injuries. The conclusion delineates the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of UAV-associated risks and advocates for strategies to mitigate collision risks. With UAVs becoming increasingly integrated into everyday functionalities, addressing potential threats assumes critical importance. Achieving equilibrium between technological advancement and public safety is paramount. Effective regulation of UAVs necessitates a multifaceted approach, incorporating legal and procedural constraints to curtail accident rates. The manuscript underscores the imperative for established weight and height thresholds for UAVs, implementation of protective measures, and enhancement of public cognizance. Further investigative efforts are imperative to elucidate the long-term repercussions of UAV-induced injuries and the risks posed by emerging UAV models, underscoring the importance of responsible UAV utilization and the ongoing necessity for research in this domain.
{"title":"The Multidimensional Threats of Unmanned Aerial Systems: Exploring Biomechanical, Technical, Operational, and Legal Solutions for Ensuring Safety and Security","authors":"Rafał Perz","doi":"10.61089/aot2024.h7j32562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2024.h7j32562","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also referred to as drones, are increasingly utilized in sectors such as surveillance, transportation, and entertainment. The global UAV market, projected to escalate to USD 70.7 billion by 2026, demonstrates a significant growth trajectory. However, alongside their functional utility, UAVs present substantial risk factors, notably in the domain of collisions with humans and other entities. These collision events are categorizable by operational context (military versus civilian) and flight phase (e.g., takeoff, landing). Contributory factors to these occurrences include operator errors, equipment malfunctions, and prevailing environmental conditions. Incidents involving human-UAV collisions are of particular concern. The severity of impact is contingent upon UAV specifications and the conditions of operation. Predominantly accidental, these incidents accentuate escalating safety concerns in the burgeoning UAV sector. This manuscript endeavors to examine the risks inherent in UAV operations, with an emphasis on human-UAV collision scenarios. A review of extant literature is conducted to formulate safety measures and amplify awareness regarding UAV-associated hazards. The manuscript is methodically structured to encompass scenarios of hazard within UAV operations, historical accounts of collisions, and an analysis of their causative factors and subsequent ramifications. Additionally, it scrutinizes the legislative framework governing UAV operations on a global scale, with a specific focus on Europe and Poland. The discourse extends to the examination of physical impacts resultant from UAV-human collisions, exploring diverse scenarios and resultant injuries. The conclusion delineates the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of UAV-associated risks and advocates for strategies to mitigate collision risks. With UAVs becoming increasingly integrated into everyday functionalities, addressing potential threats assumes critical importance. Achieving equilibrium between technological advancement and public safety is paramount. Effective regulation of UAVs necessitates a multifaceted approach, incorporating legal and procedural constraints to curtail accident rates. The manuscript underscores the imperative for established weight and height thresholds for UAVs, implementation of protective measures, and enhancement of public cognizance. Further investigative efforts are imperative to elucidate the long-term repercussions of UAV-induced injuries and the risks posed by emerging UAV models, underscoring the importance of responsible UAV utilization and the ongoing necessity for research in this domain.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"1987 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140246573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.9asah786
Jiandong Qiu, Tang Minan, Yu Fan, Jiajia Ran, Dingqiang Lin
The operating environment of the port AGV is outdoors in the coastal area. There are complex and changeable environmental impacts such as rainfall, wind erosion, and salt erosion, which cause more disturbances to the port AGV. Aiming at the problem of the influence of environmental disturbance on trajectory tracking accuracy during the operation of port AGV, this paper proposes a control method based on fuzzy control theory and sliding mode variable structure control theory. Firstly, a two-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of AGV in port environment is established on the premise of accurately describing the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle and reducing the requirements for hardware and software. Secondly, for the tire model, the tire model formula constructed by the magic formula proposed by Pacejka with high fitting accuracy and simple modeling is used to establish the tire model. Thirdly, aiming at the chattering problem in sliding mode control, sliding mode variable structure control is designed, and fuzzy controller is added to control the change of switching gain coefficient. Finally, for the actual operating environment of the port, the Gaussian disturbance is used to simulate the external disturbance, and the controller model designed in various ways is built and simulated by Matlab / Simulink software. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the control group in response speed, anti-interference ability and reducing chattering. Compared with the traditional control method, the steady-state time of the position tracking method is increased by 73.41 %, and the error generated in the disturbance stage is 1.8 % of the initial error. The speed tracking enters the Gaussian disturbance stage after the steady state, and the error is less than 1 % of the initial error, which achieves the purpose of reducing chattering, realizes the optimization of the traditional sliding mode variable structure control, and verifies the feasibility of the algorithm in the future practical application.
{"title":"Research on port AGV trajectory tracking control based on improved fuzzy sliding mode control","authors":"Jiandong Qiu, Tang Minan, Yu Fan, Jiajia Ran, Dingqiang Lin","doi":"10.61089/aot2024.9asah786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2024.9asah786","url":null,"abstract":"The operating environment of the port AGV is outdoors in the coastal area. There are complex and changeable environmental impacts such as rainfall, wind erosion, and salt erosion, which cause more disturbances to the port AGV. Aiming at the problem of the influence of environmental disturbance on trajectory tracking accuracy during the operation of port AGV, this paper proposes a control method based on fuzzy control theory and sliding mode variable structure control theory. Firstly, a two-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of AGV in port environment is established on the premise of accurately describing the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle and reducing the requirements for hardware and software. Secondly, for the tire model, the tire model formula constructed by the magic formula proposed by Pacejka with high fitting accuracy and simple modeling is used to establish the tire model. Thirdly, aiming at the chattering problem in sliding mode control, sliding mode variable structure control is designed, and fuzzy controller is added to control the change of switching gain coefficient. Finally, for the actual operating environment of the port, the Gaussian disturbance is used to simulate the external disturbance, and the controller model designed in various ways is built and simulated by Matlab / Simulink software. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the control group in response speed, anti-interference ability and reducing chattering. Compared with the traditional control method, the steady-state time of the position tracking method is increased by 73.41 %, and the error generated in the disturbance stage is 1.8 % of the initial error. The speed tracking enters the Gaussian disturbance stage after the steady state, and the error is less than 1 % of the initial error, which achieves the purpose of reducing chattering, realizes the optimization of the traditional sliding mode variable structure control, and verifies the feasibility of the algorithm in the future practical application.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"263 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Selected methods of quantitative analysis of video recordings are presented, which can be used to analyse images from both fixed cameras (highways, intersections, etc.) and vehicle-mounted cameras. The article deals with the use of video recordings in the reconstruction of road traffic accidents. Many drivers use digital video recorders (DVRs), the so-called dashboard cameras, which record the situation in front of or behind the car while driving. There are also many places where cameras are installed, such as highways, intersections, etc. In some situations, such recordings can be important evidence in establishing liability for a road traffic accident. However, in most of these cases, the video recording is only analysed qualitatively, while the article shows that a lot of quantitative information can also be obtained from the video recording, such as speeds, accelerations and directions of movement of the vehicles. Analysing the image of the camera moving with the vehicle is more difficult, but possible thanks to the analysis methods presented in the article. The reconstruction of a road traffic accident event using the presented methods can be carried out on the basis of recordings made with the help of recording devices that capture images of different quality. It is not necessary to know the parameters of the camera recording the image. However, knowing these parameters makes the analysis much easier. In addition, reference was made to the problems of image analysis that experts have to deal with when reconstructing accidents. It was pointed out that video recordings should be analysed using different methods depending on the situation they represent. The influence of the quality of the recording (resolution, distortion, image sharpness, recording speed, etc.) on the usefulness of the recording for obtaining quantitative information is also discussed. Finally, a method for estimating the uncertainty of the results is presented. The article confirms that it is possible to determine selected parameters of vehicle movement based on the analysis of the DVR recorder.
{"title":"Analysis of video recordings in accident reconstruction","authors":"M. Abramowski, Andrzej Reński","doi":"10.61089/xvvscd77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/xvvscd77","url":null,"abstract":"Selected methods of quantitative analysis of video recordings are presented, which can be used to analyse images from both fixed cameras (highways, intersections, etc.) and vehicle-mounted cameras. The article deals with the use of video recordings in the reconstruction of road traffic accidents. Many drivers use digital video recorders (DVRs), the so-called dashboard cameras, which record the situation in front of or behind the car while driving. There are also many places where cameras are installed, such as highways, intersections, etc. In some situations, such recordings can be important evidence in establishing liability for a road traffic accident. However, in most of these cases, the video recording is only analysed qualitatively, while the article shows that a lot of quantitative information can also be obtained from the video recording, such as speeds, accelerations and directions of movement of the vehicles. Analysing the image of the camera moving with the vehicle is more difficult, but possible thanks to the analysis methods presented in the article. The reconstruction of a road traffic accident event using the presented methods can be carried out on the basis of recordings made with the help of recording devices that capture images of different quality. It is not necessary to know the parameters of the camera recording the image. However, knowing these parameters makes the analysis much easier. In addition, reference was made to the problems of image analysis that experts have to deal with when reconstructing accidents. It was pointed out that video recordings should be analysed using different methods depending on the situation they represent. The influence of the quality of the recording (resolution, distortion, image sharpness, recording speed, etc.) on the usefulness of the recording for obtaining quantitative information is also discussed. Finally, a method for estimating the uncertainty of the results is presented. The article confirms that it is possible to determine selected parameters of vehicle movement based on the analysis of the DVR recorder.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"29 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.gpa7v104
J. Ambros, Jan Elgner, V. Valentova, Radoslaw Bak, M. Kiec
Road safety is a worldwide issue, while urban roads account for a high share of serious road injuries, especially involving vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians or cyclists. Specifically, the safety of major roads through built-up areas (through-roads) is insufficient due to mixed traffic conditions including vulnerable road users, varying driving behaviour, and many disruptions, which are combined with excessive speed.. In this context, various traffic calming measures have been implemented to improve road safety, such as gateways or pedestrian refuge islands. However, the specific safety impacts of traffic calming combined with specific characteristics of through-roads are often unknown, since most traditional evaluations have been limited by small sample sizes of crash data, as well as wide variations in physical and road characteristics. To overcome the limitations of crash-based evaluations, we used the GPS-based data from a sample of 21 Czech and 12 Polish through-roads to develop the Speed-Safety Index, which combines speed, speed variance, and traffic volume. Our study has three novelty features: (1) To assess safety, we used speed and speed variance simultaneously. (2) To complete the missing link between specific traffic calming measures and safety, we validated the statistical relationship between the developed Speed-Safety Index and crash history. (3) To prove the usefulness of the developed index, we also showed its practical interpretation by proving the effect of spacing between traffic calming measures on safety. The index proved to be well correlated to crash frequency and it also proved the effect of spacing between traffic calming measures: the longer spacing, the smaller speed-reducing effect. The paper concludes with a discussion on the limitations, which we plan to address in further research, by moving from the current macro-perspective (Speed-Safety Index on the level of through-roads) to the micro-perspective (focusing on individual directions, locations, and traffic calming measures). We also plan to investigate the method’s applicability in different contexts. If the approach proves feasible, with reliable and valid results, it may become an alternative for a proactive network-wide road assessment, as called for by the European Road Infrastructure Safety Management Directive.
{"title":"Proactive safety assessment of urban through-roads based on GPS data","authors":"J. Ambros, Jan Elgner, V. Valentova, Radoslaw Bak, M. Kiec","doi":"10.61089/aot2024.gpa7v104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2024.gpa7v104","url":null,"abstract":"Road safety is a worldwide issue, while urban roads account for a high share of serious road injuries, especially involving vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians or cyclists. Specifically, the safety of major roads through built-up areas (through-roads) is insufficient due to mixed traffic conditions including vulnerable road users, varying driving behaviour, and many disruptions, which are combined with excessive speed.. In this context, various traffic calming measures have been implemented to improve road safety, such as gateways or pedestrian refuge islands. However, the specific safety impacts of traffic calming combined with specific characteristics of through-roads are often unknown, since most traditional evaluations have been limited by small sample sizes of crash data, as well as wide variations in physical and road characteristics. To overcome the limitations of crash-based evaluations, we used the GPS-based data from a sample of 21 Czech and 12 Polish through-roads to develop the Speed-Safety Index, which combines speed, speed variance, and traffic volume. Our study has three novelty features: (1) To assess safety, we used speed and speed variance simultaneously. (2) To complete the missing link between specific traffic calming measures and safety, we validated the statistical relationship between the developed Speed-Safety Index and crash history. (3) To prove the usefulness of the developed index, we also showed its practical interpretation by proving the effect of spacing between traffic calming measures on safety. The index proved to be well correlated to crash frequency and it also proved the effect of spacing between traffic calming measures: the longer spacing, the smaller speed-reducing effect.\u0000The paper concludes with a discussion on the limitations, which we plan to address in further research, by moving from the current macro-perspective (Speed-Safety Index on the level of through-roads) to the micro-perspective (focusing on individual directions, locations, and traffic calming measures). We also plan to investigate the method’s applicability in different contexts. If the approach proves feasible, with reliable and valid results, it may become an alternative for a proactive network-wide road assessment, as called for by the European Road Infrastructure Safety Management Directive.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"67 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140245918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.b2h1zb09
H. Ru, Jian Luan, Qingtao Ding, Jinliang Xu
Vehicles entering from on-ramps can increase the speed dispersion of the mainline and induce frequent changing lanes or acceleration and deceleration behaviors. These complex traffic behaviors interfere with traffic on the mainline and thus result in congestion and safety issues. Reasonable management and control of ramps, especially on-ramps, has been proven to be an effective solution for traffic congestion caused by ramp traffic flow. Understanding the influence of traffic flow of on-ramps on the average speed of the freeway mainline is useful for creating effective ramp management strategies. In this study, field tests were employed to gather traffic flow data on some typical basic freeway interchanges in China. As it is difficult to obtain the required traffic conditions only through field tests, the VISSIM traffic simulation model was also utilized. The same set of field data was used in VISSIM and the driver behavior model parameters CC0 (standstill distance between vehicles) and CC1 (time headway) were calibrated based on the sensitivity analysis to truly reflect the actual traffic conditions. The simulation program was executed with the calibrated parameters and various on-ramp traffic volumes to supplement the traffic data. The gathered traffic data sets from field tests and simulations were classified into four groups based on the various on-ramp traffic flow patterns (free-flow, reasonably free-flow, unstable flow, and congested flow condition). The influence of on-ramp traffic flow on the mainline average speed is discussed for each group. The results showed that the average travel speed of the mainline is significantly affected by the v/C ratio of the on-ramp, as the v/C ratio of the entrance ramp increases, the average travel speed of the mainline significantly decreases. Additionally, the four-parameter logistic model was developed to model the mainline average speed changes with different mainline v/C ratios under various on-ramp traffic flow patterns. The results demonstrate that the model fits the data well. The findings of this study can provide reference information for the implementation of ramp management strategies.
{"title":"Influence of traffic flow of on-ramps on the mainline speed on freeways","authors":"H. Ru, Jian Luan, Qingtao Ding, Jinliang Xu","doi":"10.61089/aot2024.b2h1zb09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2024.b2h1zb09","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicles entering from on-ramps can increase the speed dispersion of the mainline and induce frequent changing lanes or acceleration and deceleration behaviors. These complex traffic behaviors interfere with traffic on the mainline and thus result in congestion and safety issues. Reasonable management and control of ramps, especially on-ramps, has been proven to be an effective solution for traffic congestion caused by ramp traffic flow. Understanding the influence of traffic flow of on-ramps on the average speed of the freeway mainline is useful for creating effective ramp management strategies. In this study, field tests were employed to gather traffic flow data on some typical basic freeway interchanges in China. As it is difficult to obtain the required traffic conditions only through field tests, the VISSIM traffic simulation model was also utilized. The same set of field data was used in VISSIM and the driver behavior model parameters CC0 (standstill distance between vehicles) and CC1 (time headway) were calibrated based on the sensitivity analysis to truly reflect the actual traffic conditions. The simulation program was executed with the calibrated parameters and various on-ramp traffic volumes to supplement the traffic data. The gathered traffic data sets from field tests and simulations were classified into four groups based on the various on-ramp traffic flow patterns (free-flow, reasonably free-flow, unstable flow, and congested flow condition). The influence of on-ramp traffic flow on the mainline average speed is discussed for each group. The results showed that the average travel speed of the mainline is significantly affected by the v/C ratio of the on-ramp, as the v/C ratio of the entrance ramp increases, the average travel speed of the mainline significantly decreases. Additionally, the four-parameter logistic model was developed to model the mainline average speed changes with different mainline v/C ratios under various on-ramp traffic flow patterns. The results demonstrate that the model fits the data well. The findings of this study can provide reference information for the implementation of ramp management strategies.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.2mdq5h75
Zhongning Fu, Jintian Yue, Yunzhu Yan
The logistics network, as a key component of commodity distribution, has a direct impact on carbon emissions and resource utilization. Its main objective is to optimize the distribution process of commodities in order to improve efficiency, reduce costs, ensure timely delivery of commodities, and simultaneously satisfy customers' needs. The problem of multiple factors in the optimal allocation of logistics network objectives leading to decision-making difficulties is addressed. The complex multilevel logistics network optimization problem is decomposed into two stages. The first stage determines the selection of cargo transit points and the distribution of cargo flow between nodes, starting with the establishment of a Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM) taking into account the speed of the vehicle, the amount of cargo loaded, the road surface conditions and the characteristics of the vehicle itself. Secondly, the carbon emission cost generated from the flow of goods, together with the transportation cost, distribution cost and fixed cost at the transit point, constitute the comprehensive cost, and establish a multi-objective optimization model of low-carbon logistics network with the goal of minimizing the comprehensive cost and transportation time. The Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm with Elite Strategies (NSGA-II) is used for the solution. Finally, MATLAB software was used to numerically analyze the two schemes of "Considering Carbon Tax Levy" and "Not Considering Carbon Tax Levy". The results show that the government's imposition of an environmental tax on companies will change the distribution of transit points and flows within the logistics network, reducing CO2 emissions by 226.5 kg and saving 257.65 CNY in comprehensive costs. The second stage determines the order and path of distribution from each transit point to its own customers, establishes a low-carbon logistics network distribution path optimization model with the goal of minimizing the cost of carbon emissions, and solves the problem using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Through the coordinated use of the two-stage optimization model, it provides enterprises with a network distribution solution that takes into account the low-carbon goal and logistics efficiency, and provides the government with a basis for carbon tax levy and a reference for the tax rate.
{"title":"Optimized Design of Multi-Level Low-Carbon Logistics Distribution Scheme Based on Two Stages","authors":"Zhongning Fu, Jintian Yue, Yunzhu Yan","doi":"10.61089/aot2024.2mdq5h75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2024.2mdq5h75","url":null,"abstract":"The logistics network, as a key component of commodity distribution, has a direct impact on carbon emissions and resource utilization. Its main objective is to optimize the distribution process of commodities in order to improve efficiency, reduce costs, ensure timely delivery of commodities, and simultaneously satisfy customers' needs. The problem of multiple factors in the optimal allocation of logistics network objectives leading to decision-making difficulties is addressed. The complex multilevel logistics network optimization problem is decomposed into two stages. The first stage determines the selection of cargo transit points and the distribution of cargo flow between nodes, starting with the establishment of a Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM) taking into account the speed of the vehicle, the amount of cargo loaded, the road surface conditions and the characteristics of the vehicle itself. Secondly, the carbon emission cost generated from the flow of goods, together with the transportation cost, distribution cost and fixed cost at the transit point, constitute the comprehensive cost, and establish a multi-objective optimization model of low-carbon logistics network with the goal of minimizing the comprehensive cost and transportation time. The Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm with Elite Strategies (NSGA-II) is used for the solution. Finally, MATLAB software was used to numerically analyze the two schemes of \"Considering Carbon Tax Levy\" and \"Not Considering Carbon Tax Levy\". The results show that the government's imposition of an environmental tax on companies will change the distribution of transit points and flows within the logistics network, reducing CO2 emissions by 226.5 kg and saving 257.65 CNY in comprehensive costs. The second stage determines the order and path of distribution from each transit point to its own customers, establishes a low-carbon logistics network distribution path optimization model with the goal of minimizing the cost of carbon emissions, and solves the problem using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Through the coordinated use of the two-stage optimization model, it provides enterprises with a network distribution solution that takes into account the low-carbon goal and logistics efficiency, and provides the government with a basis for carbon tax levy and a reference for the tax rate.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"11 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.15w9vq26
Eric M. Laflamme, Amy Villamagna, Hyun Joong Kim
Across the United States, wildlife vehicle crashes (WVCs) are increasing and remain consistently deadly to drivers, despite a downward trend in fatal automobile accidents overall. That said, the factors related to severe WVCs are unclear. With this in mind, we pursued a statistical model to reveal factors associated with WVCs that result in severe injury or death to drivers. We hypothesize that there are statistically significant interactions and non-linear relationships between these factors and severity occurrence. We developed a generalized additive model (GAM) with linear terms, additive terms, and a binary response for severity. We surmise that our fitted model results will quantify the relationship between significant variables and severity occurrence, and ultimately help to develop countermeasures to mitigate serious injury. The model was fitted to WVC records occurring between 2002 and 2019 in the state of New Hampshire. Fitted linear terms revealed: 1) in inclement weather, there is about a 22% increase in the odds of severity for slick surface conditions compared to dry surface conditions; 2) for the warmer months (spring/summer), there is a 42% decrease in the odds of severity for straight roads compared to those with curvature/incline; 3) for highways, the odds of severity decreases by 48% for accidents occurring on NH’s two major intestates highways, and 4) for spring/summer (as compared to the fall/winter), there is more than a 3-fold increase in the odds of severity for two-way traffic. Fitted additive terms revealed: 1) the odds of severity increased in the early hours, between midnight and 6AM, and after 5PM; 2) speeds between 45 and 60 mph are associated with an increase in the odds of a severe accident, while both lower and higher speeds (those below 45 and above 60 mph) are associated with a decrease in the odds of a severe accident; and 3) low, mid-range, and high human population densities are associated with decreases, increases, and decreases in odds of severity, respectively. Cross validation and resulting ROC curves gave evidence that our model is well specified and an effective predictor. Results could be used to inform drivers of potentially dangerous roadways/conditions/times.
{"title":"Predicting severe wildlife vehicle crashes (WVCs) on New Hampshire roads using a hybrid generalized additive model","authors":"Eric M. Laflamme, Amy Villamagna, Hyun Joong Kim","doi":"10.61089/aot2024.15w9vq26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2024.15w9vq26","url":null,"abstract":"Across the United States, wildlife vehicle crashes (WVCs) are increasing and remain consistently deadly to drivers, despite a downward trend in fatal automobile accidents overall. That said, the factors related to severe WVCs are unclear. With this in mind, we pursued a statistical model to reveal factors associated with WVCs that result in severe injury or death to drivers. We hypothesize that there are statistically significant interactions and non-linear relationships between these factors and severity occurrence. We developed a generalized additive model (GAM) with linear terms, additive terms, and a binary response for severity. We surmise that our fitted model results will quantify the relationship between significant variables and severity occurrence, and ultimately help to develop countermeasures to mitigate serious injury. The model was fitted to WVC records occurring between 2002 and 2019 in the state of New Hampshire. Fitted linear terms revealed: 1) in inclement weather, there is about a 22% increase in the odds of severity for slick surface conditions compared to dry surface conditions; 2) for the warmer months (spring/summer), there is a 42% decrease in the odds of severity for straight roads compared to those with curvature/incline; 3) for highways, the odds of severity decreases by 48% for accidents occurring on NH’s two major intestates highways, and 4) for spring/summer (as compared to the fall/winter), there is more than a 3-fold increase in the odds of severity for two-way traffic. Fitted additive terms revealed: 1) the odds of severity increased in the early hours, between midnight and 6AM, and after 5PM; 2) speeds between 45 and 60 mph are associated with an increase in the odds of a severe accident, while both lower and higher speeds (those below 45 and above 60 mph) are associated with a decrease in the odds of a severe accident; and 3) low, mid-range, and high human population densities are associated with decreases, increases, and decreases in odds of severity, respectively. Cross validation and resulting ROC curves gave evidence that our model is well specified and an effective predictor. Results could be used to inform drivers of potentially dangerous roadways/conditions/times.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"119 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.1mrj1x75
Maciej Mazur, Jacek Dybała, A. Kluczek
With the upcoming implementation of the amendment to Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council, from 2035 there will be a ban on the registration of new vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE) in the Member States of the European Union (EU). Consequently, changes in the transportation sector, resulting from the increasing use of electric vehicles, appear to be inevitable. According to the adopted legal acts, the European Union Member States will be obliged to develop, among others, a charging infrastructure and access to public charging stations for electric vehicles. As a result, there will be a need to ensure a significant increase in the power and the number of charging stations and to determine their appropriate location. The article presents the challenges faced by charging station operators and difficulties related to the further development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in Poland. The still poorly developed public charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, especially in service areas located along the main communication routes, remains the main obstacle to the development of electromobility. In the context of legal, financial, technological, and organizational challenges, the problem of the proper distribution of electric vehicle charging stations along the main communication routes is therefore of particular importance. The aim of the article is to present a new, proprietary method for determining the location of electric vehicle charging stations in Poland within the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), which considers objective location factors: adherence to AFIR requirements, the specificity of the Polish power system and existing parking infrastructure. As a result of using the developed method, a list of 188 recommended locations for the construction of electric vehicle charging stations in Poland along the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) was created. It has been shown in this way that the use of the presented method enables the suitable determination of the location of electric vehicle charging stations along transport routes, considering legal, financial, and technological requirements, which will significantly facilitate the operation of zero-emission transport.
{"title":"Suitable law-based location selection of high-power electric vehicles charging stations on the TEN-T core network for sustainability: a case of Poland","authors":"Maciej Mazur, Jacek Dybała, A. Kluczek","doi":"10.61089/aot2024.1mrj1x75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2024.1mrj1x75","url":null,"abstract":"With the upcoming implementation of the amendment to Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council, from 2035 there will be a ban on the registration of new vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE) in the Member States of the European Union (EU). Consequently, changes in the transportation sector, resulting from the increasing use of electric vehicles, appear to be inevitable. According to the adopted legal acts, the European Union Member States will be obliged to develop, among others, a charging infrastructure and access to public charging stations for electric vehicles. As a result, there will be a need to ensure a significant increase in the power and the number of charging stations and to determine their appropriate location. The article presents the challenges faced by charging station operators and difficulties related to the further development of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in Poland. The still poorly developed public charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, especially in service areas located along the main communication routes, remains the main obstacle to the development of electromobility. In the context of legal, financial, technological, and organizational challenges, the problem of the proper distribution of electric vehicle charging stations along the main communication routes is therefore of particular importance. The aim of the article is to present a new, proprietary method for determining the location of electric vehicle charging stations in Poland within the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), which considers objective location factors: adherence to AFIR requirements, the specificity of the Polish power system and existing parking infrastructure. As a result of using the developed method, a list of 188 recommended locations for the construction of electric vehicle charging stations in Poland along the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) was created. It has been shown in this way that the use of the presented method enables the suitable determination of the location of electric vehicle charging stations along transport routes, considering legal, financial, and technological requirements, which will significantly facilitate the operation of zero-emission transport.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.61089/aot2024.v0s1gv25
K. Krasuski, A. Ciećko, G. Grunwald, M. Kirschenstein
The paper presents the results of a study showing the accuracy of the determination of aircraft position coordinates based on the SPP (Single Point Positioning) solution in the GLONASS (Globalnaja Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) system. For this purpose, the paper develops and implements an algorithm for the correction of position errors as parameters describing positioning accuracy. The proposed algorithm uses position error values determined for a single GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) receiver, which are joined in a linear combination to determine the positioning accuracy of the aircraft. The algorithm uses linear coefficients as an inverse function of the number of GLONASS satellites being tracked by the GNSS receiver. The developed algorithm was tested for GLONASS satellite data recorded by Topcon HiPer Pro and Javad Alpha geodetic receivers, during a flight test carried out with a Cessna 172 aircraft around the military airport in Dęblin. Navigation calculations were carried out using RTKLIB v.2.4.3 and Scilab v.6.0.0 software. On the basis of the tests carried out, it was found that for single Topcon HiPer Pro and Javad Alpha receivers, position errors were up to ±11.4 m. However, by using the position error correction algorithm for both receivers, GLONASS positioning accuracy is up to ±3.6 m. The developed algorithm reduces position errors by 60-80% for all BLh (B- Latitude, L- Longitude, h- ellipsoidal height) coordinates. The paper shows the possibility of testing and implementing the proposed mathematical algorithm for the SPP solution in a GPS (Global Positioning System) navigation system. In this case the position errors from the GPS SPP solution range from -0.9 m to +0.9 m for all BLh coordinates. The obtained results showed that application the GLONASS and GPS system in air transport is important. The algorithm used in this work can also be applied to other global GNSS navigation systems (e.g. Galileo (European Navigation Satellite system) or BeiDou (Chinese Navigation Satellite System)) in air transport and navigation.
{"title":"Improving positioning accuracy of aircraft using SPP method in GLONASS system","authors":"K. Krasuski, A. Ciećko, G. Grunwald, M. Kirschenstein","doi":"10.61089/aot2024.v0s1gv25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2024.v0s1gv25","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of a study showing the accuracy of the determination of aircraft position coordinates based on the SPP (Single Point Positioning) solution in the GLONASS (Globalnaja Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) system. For this purpose, the paper develops and implements an algorithm for the correction of position errors as parameters describing positioning accuracy. The proposed algorithm uses position error values determined for a single GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) receiver, which are joined in a linear combination to determine the positioning accuracy of the aircraft. The algorithm uses linear coefficients as an inverse function of the number of GLONASS satellites being tracked by the GNSS receiver. The developed algorithm was tested for GLONASS satellite data recorded by Topcon HiPer Pro and Javad Alpha geodetic receivers, during a flight test carried out with a Cessna 172 aircraft around the military airport in Dęblin. Navigation calculations were carried out using RTKLIB v.2.4.3 and Scilab v.6.0.0 software. On the basis of the tests carried out, it was found that for single Topcon HiPer Pro and Javad Alpha receivers, position errors were up to ±11.4 m. However, by using the position error correction algorithm for both receivers, GLONASS positioning accuracy is up to ±3.6 m. The developed algorithm reduces position errors by 60-80% for all BLh (B- Latitude, L- Longitude, h- ellipsoidal height) coordinates. The paper shows the possibility of testing and implementing the proposed mathematical algorithm for the SPP solution in a GPS (Global Positioning System) navigation system. In this case the position errors from the GPS SPP solution range from -0.9 m to +0.9 m for all BLh coordinates. The obtained results showed that application the GLONASS and GPS system in air transport is important. The algorithm used in this work can also be applied to other global GNSS navigation systems (e.g. Galileo (European Navigation Satellite system) or BeiDou (Chinese Navigation Satellite System)) in air transport and navigation.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-24DOI: 10.61089/aot2023.bw74g958
Waldemar Mironiuk, K. Buszman
The increase in the use of sea water is the basis for the development of the existing security systems in given areas. Monitoring the navigational situation in a given water area is one of the most important tasks aimed at ensuring the necessary level of safety in maritime traffic. Marine surveillance systems at sea are used for this purpose. As an interesting approach related to the study of the movement of vessels, this paper proposes a method based on the measurement of physical field disturbances generated by objects moving in the sea water. These disturbances can be referred to the upper (air space) and lower (underwater) hemisphere. In the upper hemisphere the motion of the object generates disturbances of the thermal field while in the lower hemisphere disturbances of the acoustic, hydrodynamic, magnetic, electric and seismic fields are generated. Detection of the floating objects and determination of movement parameters is realized mainly by active systems. There are radiolocation systems in the upper hemisphere (radar systems) and echo ranging systems in the lower hemisphere (sonars and echosounders). Monitoring of the upper hemisphere of sea vessels traffic is conducted in a comprehensive manner. The lower hemisphere is in the most cases omitted. Therefore, it is recommended to develop underwater observation systems as a source of additional information about floating objects and thus complement the existing systems used in navigation. However, at present, despite the technological progress, there is a noticeable lack of the comprehensive solutions in the area of monitoring the vessels movement in the underwater space. Therefore, appropriate action should be taken to recognize this technology gap and increasing the safety of vessel traffic. The aim of the article was to present a fully passive, mobile underwater observation system that uses a number of sensors to monitor the underwater environment parameters, the research methodology and analysis of the obtained results. The method of deploying the measurement system at the selected geographical position and the measurement method are described. Based on obtained results, the analysis of sound pressure disturbances caused by passing ships was performed. A feature extraction method was developed to identify a passing vessel based on low frequency signal parameters.
{"title":"Capabilities to use passive measurement systems to detect objects moving in a water region","authors":"Waldemar Mironiuk, K. Buszman","doi":"10.61089/aot2023.bw74g958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61089/aot2023.bw74g958","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in the use of sea water is the basis for the development of the existing security systems in given areas. Monitoring the navigational situation in a given water area is one of the most important tasks aimed at ensuring the necessary level of safety in maritime traffic. Marine surveillance systems at sea are used for this purpose. As an interesting approach related to the study of the movement of vessels, this paper proposes a method based on the measurement of physical field disturbances generated by objects moving in the sea water. These disturbances can be referred to the upper (air space) and lower (underwater) hemisphere. In the upper hemisphere the motion of the object generates disturbances of the thermal field while in the lower hemisphere disturbances of the acoustic, hydrodynamic, magnetic, electric and seismic fields are generated. Detection of the floating objects and determination of movement parameters is realized mainly by active systems. There are radiolocation systems in the upper hemisphere (radar systems) and echo ranging systems in the lower hemisphere (sonars and echosounders). Monitoring of the upper hemisphere of sea vessels traffic is conducted in a comprehensive manner. The lower hemisphere is in the most cases omitted. Therefore, it is recommended to develop underwater observation systems as a source of additional information about floating objects and thus complement the existing systems used in navigation. However, at present, despite the technological progress, there is a noticeable lack of the comprehensive solutions in the area of monitoring the vessels movement in the underwater space. Therefore, appropriate action should be taken to recognize this technology gap and increasing the safety of vessel traffic. The aim of the article was to present a fully passive, mobile underwater observation system that uses a number of sensors to monitor the underwater environment parameters, the research methodology and analysis of the obtained results. The method of deploying the measurement system at the selected geographical position and the measurement method are described. Based on obtained results, the analysis of sound pressure disturbances caused by passing ships was performed. A feature extraction method was developed to identify a passing vessel based on low frequency signal parameters.","PeriodicalId":53541,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Transport","volume":"92 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139239067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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