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Willingness to self‐disclose in romantic relationships only marginally predicts COVID stress but there are indirect effects of self‐esteem and relationship commitment 在恋爱关系中,自我披露的意愿只能略微预测COVID压力,但自尊和关系承诺有间接影响
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12888
Lijing Ma, Eddie M. Clark
Abstract Disclosing personal feelings could reduce stress during a difficult time, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. The current study examined the linear and curvilinear relationships between willingness to self‐disclose to a romantic partner and COVID stress. Participants completed questionnaires online regarding willingness to self‐disclose, COVID stress, relationship factors, and self‐esteem. Results showed a marginally significant inverted U‐shaped curvilinear relationship between willingness to self‐disclose and COVID stress, suggesting the trend that individuals who were willing to self‐disclose at a low or high level had lower COVID stress compared to individuals who were willing to self‐disclose at a medium level. This relationship was mediated by commitment and self‐esteem. Future research could examine the impact of self‐disclosure on COVID stress using an experimental or longitudinal design.
在困难时期,如COVID - 19大流行期间,披露个人感受可以减轻压力。目前的研究调查了向恋人自我披露的意愿与COVID压力之间的线性和曲线关系。参与者完成了关于自我披露意愿、COVID压力、关系因素和自尊的在线问卷。结果显示,自我披露意愿与COVID压力之间存在显著的倒U形曲线关系,表明愿意在低水平或高水平上自我披露的个体与愿意在中等水平上自我披露的个体相比,具有更低的COVID压力的趋势。这种关系被承诺和自尊所中介。未来的研究可以通过实验或纵向设计来研究自我披露对COVID压力的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Libertarian independent ideologies predict lower support for and participation in COVID‐19 safety precautions among Americans 自由主义的独立意识形态预测,美国人对COVID - 19安全预防措施的支持和参与程度较低
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-09 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12886
Elise Coberly, Xiaowen Xu
Abstract In the US, higher conservatism has consistently been linked to lower receptiveness toward COVID‐19 safety precautions. The present studies extended these findings by examining how specific dimensions of conservatism contributed to this relationship. Three studies (total N = 1123) found that conservatives with higher Libertarian Independent attitudes reported less support for and participation in COVID‐19 safety precautions. These effects remained robust after controlling for demographics, general political orientation, COVID‐19 threat perception, and personality. These findings offer nuanced insight into how those with different conservative ideologies responded to COVID‐19 safety precautions.
在美国,较高的保守性一直与对COVID - 19安全预防措施的较低接受度有关。目前的研究通过检查保守主义的具体维度如何促成这种关系来扩展这些发现。三项研究(总N = 1123)发现,持较高自由主义独立态度的保守派对COVID - 19安全预防措施的支持和参与程度较低。在控制了人口统计学、一般政治倾向、COVID - 19威胁感知和个性之后,这些影响仍然很强。这些发现为了解具有不同保守意识形态的人如何应对COVID - 19安全预防措施提供了细致入微的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Automatic partner attitudes: Sources, implications, and future directions 自动伙伴态度:来源、含义和未来方向
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12887
Ruddy Faure, James K. McNulty, Johan C. Karremans
Satisfying romantic relationships offer numerous social and health benefits, making it critical to understand the trajectory of relationship satisfaction. In recent years, research has begun to examine the role of automatic processes in relationship contexts. In particular, a growing number of studies have incorporated indirect (implicit) measures developed by socio‐cognitive researchers to capture people's automatic partner attitudes—the spontaneous affective reactions toward their partner that people may at times be unable to access or unwilling to self‐report in more direct (explicit) measures like questionnaires. In this paper, we review work illustrating how automatic partner attitudes can help explain, predict, and promote both the functioning and the well‐being of romantic couples. That is, we integrate theoretical perspectives on interdependence, attachment, and attitudes to discuss empirical evidence relative to why automatic partner attitudes differ from self‐reported judgments of relationship satisfaction, how such attitudes form in the context of real‐world relationship experiences, and under which conditions they affect dyadic interactions in everyday life. Further, we identify important questions that remain unanswered and provide recommendations that may benefit future work on couples and beyond.
令人满意的浪漫关系提供了许多社会和健康方面的好处,因此了解关系满意度的轨迹至关重要。近年来,研究已经开始考察自动过程在人际关系中的作用。特别是,越来越多的研究采用了由社会认知研究者开发的间接(隐性)测量方法来捕捉人们对伴侣的自动态度——人们对伴侣的自发情感反应,这些反应有时可能无法获得或不愿以更直接(明确)的测量方法(如问卷调查)自我报告。在本文中,我们回顾了说明自动伴侣态度如何有助于解释、预测和促进浪漫伴侣的功能和幸福的工作。也就是说,我们整合了关于相互依赖、依恋和态度的理论观点,讨论了有关为什么自动伴侣态度不同于自我报告的关系满意度判断的经验证据,这些态度是如何在现实世界的关系经验中形成的,以及在哪些条件下它们会影响日常生活中的二元互动。此外,我们确定了仍未解决的重要问题,并提供了可能有利于未来夫妻及其他工作的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Three methodological approaches to studying singlehood 研究单身的三种方法
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12884
Yoobin Park, Yuthika U. Girme, Geoff MacDonald
As the number of single (unpartnered) individuals continues to rise, researchers across various disciplines have started to pay more attention to single individuals' lives. Yet, compared to the accumulated knowledge about experiences within romantic relationships, there is far less known about various experiences within singlehood. For singlehood research to grow in both quantity and quality, it is essential that research findings are critically evaluated both in terms of robustness of the evidence and validity of the inferences. In this paper, we review three broad approaches researchers have taken to understand singlehood that centered on (a) between‐group status (i.e., single vs. in a relationship) differences, (b) within‐person status differences, and (c) within‐group variability among singles. With a focus on well‐being as an outcome, we illustrate how each approach provides unique insights into singlehood and what caveats there are in interpreting results derived from each approach. Finally, we identify questions or methods that have not been extensively explored within each approach and offer suggestions for future research directions.
随着单身(无伴侣)人数的持续上升,各个学科的研究人员开始更多地关注单身人士的生活。然而,与积累的关于恋爱经历的知识相比,人们对单身经历的了解要少得多。为了使单身研究在数量和质量上都有所增长,至关重要的是,研究结果在证据的稳健性和推断的有效性方面都得到了严格的评估。在本文中,我们回顾了研究人员用来理解单身的三种广泛的方法,这些方法集中在(a)群体之间的地位差异(即单身与恋爱),(b)个人内部的地位差异,以及(c)单身群体内部的可变性。我们将重点放在幸福感上,说明每种方法如何提供对单身的独特见解,以及在解释每种方法得出的结果时需要注意的事项。最后,我们确定了每种方法中尚未广泛探索的问题或方法,并为未来的研究方向提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
Validating self‐reported compliance with COVID‐19 regulations: Demonstrating group‐level sociodemographic self‐reported compliance that mirrors actual morbidity rates 验证自我报告对COVID - 19法规的遵守情况:展示反映实际发病率的群体层面社会人口自我报告的遵守情况
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12855
Jonathan Slater, Maayan Katzir, E. Halali
Using a novel approach, in this work, we establish an association between self‐reported compliance with COVID‐19 preventive behaviors and fear of the virus with morbidity rates (i.e., actual tests and their outcome). In two nationally representative samples that were collected in Israel during the first (April 2020: N = 507) and second (August 2020: N = 515) waves of the COVID‐19 pandemic, participants responded to items assessing their compliance with the COVID‐19 preventive behaviors and their fear of contracting the virus. Participants' compliance and fear self‐reports served as a proxy for morbidity rates. Specifically, we assessed the association between sociodemographic variables (gender, age, or belonging to a minority group), self‐reports, and morbidity rates (as reported in publicly open databases of the Israeli health ministry). We found that self‐reports of compliance and fear were mirrored and aligned with actual morbidity rates across sociodemographic variables and studies. By establishing a clear connection between specific behavior (i.e., compliance with covid regulations) and emotion (i.e., fear of getting infected by the virus), self‐reports and sociodemographic variables represent a real related phenomena (i.e., covid 19 morbidity rates), our findings overall validate numerous studies that used self‐reports to assess compliance with COVID‐19 preventive behaviors.
在这项工作中,我们采用一种新颖的方法,在自我报告的遵守COVID - 19预防行为和对病毒的恐惧与发病率(即实际测试及其结果)之间建立了关联。在以色列第一波(2020年4月:N = 507)和第二波(2020年8月:N = 515) COVID - 19大流行期间收集的两个具有全国代表性的样本中,参与者对评估他们遵守COVID - 19预防行为的情况和他们对感染病毒的恐惧的项目做出了回应。参与者的依从性和恐惧自我报告作为发病率的代表。具体来说,我们评估了社会人口学变量(性别、年龄或属于少数群体)、自我报告和发病率(在以色列卫生部公开开放的数据库中报告)之间的关联。我们发现依从性和恐惧的自我报告与社会人口变量和研究的实际发病率相一致。通过在特定行为(即遵守covid法规)和情绪(即害怕被病毒感染)之间建立明确的联系,自我报告和社会人口变量代表了一种真实的相关现象(即covid - 19发病率),我们的研究结果总体上验证了许多使用自我报告来评估遵守covid - 19预防行为的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Big five personality and COVID‐19 beliefs, behaviors, and vaccine intentions: The mediating role of political ideology 大五人格与COVID - 19信念、行为和疫苗意图:政治意识形态的中介作用
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12885
Adam R. Panish, Steven G. Ludeke, J. Vitriol
Because personal health decisions can impact the health of the broader community, researchers have increasingly sought to understand the psychological bases for different responses to public health communications and prescriptions. We contribute to this literature in two ways. First, we analyze the relationship between Big Five personality traits and three critical beliefs and behaviors in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic. These are vaccine hesitancy, engagement in risky (vs. self‐protective) pandemic social behaviors, and conspiratorial beliefs surrounding the origins, consequences, and public health response to COVID‐19. Second, we draw on theory from political psychology to model the joint effects of personality and ideology. Our analysis of two American samples (MTurk = 510; Representative = 441) indicated that political liberalism mediated the relationship between Openness and COVID‐related attitudes and behaviors.
由于个人健康决定可以影响更广泛的社区的健康,研究人员越来越多地寻求了解对公共卫生沟通和处方的不同反应的心理基础。我们以两种方式为这一文献做出贡献。首先,我们分析了COVID - 19大流行背景下的五大人格特征与三种关键信念和行为之间的关系。这些因素包括疫苗犹豫、参与高风险(与自我保护)的大流行社会行为,以及围绕COVID - 19的起源、后果和公共卫生应对的阴谋论信念。其次,利用政治心理学的理论对人格和意识形态的共同作用进行建模。我们对两个美国样本的分析(MTurk = 510;代表= 441)表明,政治自由主义介导了开放与COVID相关态度和行为之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
The ‘White Male Effect’ in perceptions of risk of dying from COVID‐19 对COVID - 19死亡风险认知中的“白人男性效应
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-04 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12877
Ekim Luo, Simone Schnall
During the COVID‐19 pandemic people had to gauge their personal health risks in order to decide which protective behaviors to adopt. We explored whether mortality risk perceptions varied by demographic background. Using data from a nationally representative U.S. survey, we analyzed bi‐weekly mortality estimates of 8339 individuals from 1 April 2020 to 21 July 2021. Consistent with a White Male Effect, White men estimated the risk of death to be lower than White women, non‐White men, and non‐White women. Furthermore, when linking those estimates to the actual risk of dying from COVID‐19, as reflected in official fatality rates recorded by the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), White men were indeed less likely to die from the coronavirus than would be expected based on their proportion of the populations. In contrast, deaths in non‐White men and non‐White women were higher than would be expected. Thus, subjective risk perceptions tracked objective mortality risks. Because White men tend to disproportionally hold positions with high decision‐making power, although biased risk estimates may be less likely to have negative consequences for themselves, they may be especially detrimental to those for whom such decisions are made.
在COVID - 19大流行期间,人们必须评估自己的个人健康风险,以决定采取哪些保护行为。我们探讨了死亡率风险认知是否因人口背景而异。利用一项具有全国代表性的美国调查的数据,我们分析了2020年4月1日至2021年7月21日8339人的两周死亡率估计数。与白人男性效应一致,白人男性估计的死亡风险低于白人女性、非白人男性和非白人女性。此外,当将这些估计值与美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)记录的官方死亡率所反映的死于COVID - 19的实际风险联系起来时,白人男性死于冠状病毒的可能性确实低于根据其人口比例预期的死亡率。相反,非白人男性和非白人女性的死亡率高于预期。因此,主观风险感知跟踪客观死亡风险。由于白人男性往往拥有高决策权,尽管有偏见的风险估计可能不太可能对他们自己产生负面影响,但对那些做出此类决策的人来说,它们可能尤其有害。
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引用次数: 0
The dynamic socioecological model of economic inequality and psychological tendencies: A cycle of mutual constitution 经济不平等与心理倾向的动态社会生态模型:相互构成的循环
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12875
Matthias S. Gobel, Héctor Carvacho
Economic inequality is one of the defining challenges of our era. Social science research links higher levels of economic inequality to a range of undesirable outcomes, including more crime, social anomie, and ill health. Social psychological research is at the forefront of investigating how economic inequality shapes the human mind and behavior, but it has mostly focused on explaining how economic inequality at the societal level causes individual level manifestations. In this review, we reconceptualize economic inequality as a dynamic system, and we adopt a socioecological perspective to explain how economic inequality and psychological tendencies mutually constitute each other. First, we show how the psychological experience of economic inequality is afforded by social and physical environments that people interact with. Next, we show that through mechanisms such as norm formation, individuals and institutions can maintain or change economic inequality. Our socioecological perspective highlights the self‐reinforcing cycle of economic inequality and individual behavior, and it discusses to what extent lived experiences and psychological manifestations of economic inequality may differ across economic strata. We end by discussing the implications of our model for the research agenda in the social psychology of economic inequality.
经济不平等是我们这个时代的决定性挑战之一。社会科学研究将经济不平等的加剧与一系列不良后果联系起来,包括更多的犯罪、社会反常和健康状况不佳。社会心理学研究是研究经济不平等如何塑造人类思想和行为的前沿,但它主要集中在解释社会层面的经济不平等如何导致个人层面的表现。在本文中,我们将经济不平等重新定义为一个动态系统,并采用社会生态学的视角来解释经济不平等与心理倾向如何相互构成。首先,我们展示了人们与之互动的社会和物理环境如何提供经济不平等的心理体验。其次,我们表明,通过规范形成等机制,个人和机构可以维持或改变经济不平等。我们的社会生态学观点强调了经济不平等和个人行为的自我强化循环,并讨论了经济不平等的生活经历和心理表现在多大程度上可能在经济阶层之间存在差异。最后,我们讨论了我们的模型对经济不平等的社会心理学研究议程的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Contagious or prosocial? Perceptions of mask‐wearers toward Whites and Asians: A cross‐cultural comparison during the early stage of the COVID‐19 pandemic 传染性的还是亲社会性的?戴口罩者对白人和亚洲人的看法:COVID - 19大流行早期的跨文化比较
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12880
Ahra Ko, Jarrod E. Bock, Junseok Ko, J. Krems
The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to a worldwide increase in the use of face masks to prevent viral transmission. However, as mask‐wearing was a new behavior in many countries, there was a limited understanding of how mask‐wearers are perceived and how such perceptions impact one's own mask‐wearing behavior. Mask‐wearers may be seen as contagious or prosocial, and these perceptions may vary based on the race of the mask‐wearer and the country of the observer, particularly given the rise in pandemic‐related anti‐Asian rhetoric in the U.S. In three experiments (N = 579), we investigated these questions, conducting two studies in the United States (May and July 2020), where mask‐wearing was new and anti‐Asian rhetoric has been prevalent, and one study in South Korea (November 2020), where mask‐wearing was relatively common. Results indicate that masked individuals are perceived as less contagious and more prosocial, regardless of target race or participant nation. These perceptions were more pronounced among American political liberals, Americans who are more sensitive to infection transmission (Study 2), and Koreans who self‐perceived a greater vulnerability to infection (Study 3). Especially in the U.S., perceiving the masked target as more prosocial predicted more self‐reported mask‐wearing, while perceiving the masked target as more contagious and less prosocial predicted less mask‐wearing (Study 2). These findings provide insights into social perceptions of masks and race during the pandemic.
COVID - 19大流行导致全球范围内更多地使用口罩来防止病毒传播。然而,由于戴口罩在许多国家是一种新行为,人们对人们如何看待戴口罩者以及这种看法如何影响自己的戴口罩行为的理解有限。口罩佩戴者可能被视为具有传染性或亲社会,这些看法可能因口罩佩戴者的种族和观察者的国家而异,特别是考虑到与大流行相关的反亚洲言论在美国的上升。在三个实验中(N = 579),我们调查了这些问题,在美国进行了两项研究(2020年5月和7月),在那里戴口罩是新的,反亚洲言论很普遍,在韩国进行了一项研究(2020年11月)。在那里,戴口罩相对普遍。结果表明,无论目标种族或参与者国家如何,戴面具的人都被认为传染性较低,更亲社会。这些观点在美国政治自由主义者、对感染传播更敏感的美国人(研究2)和自我认为更容易受到感染的韩国人(研究3)中更为明显。尤其是在美国,认为戴口罩的目标更亲社会,预示着更多的自我报告的戴口罩行为。同时,人们认为戴口罩的目标更具传染性,亲社会程度较低,这预示着戴口罩的人会更少(研究2)。这些发现为大流行期间对口罩和种族的社会认知提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Tightness shifts in the U.S. and China: Implications of tightening or loosening norms during the coronavirus pandemic 美国和中国的紧缩变化:冠状病毒大流行期间收紧或放松规范的影响
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-08-31 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12883
Quinnehtukqut McLamore, Stylianos Syropoulos, Mengyao Li, Ezra Fabian Mentrup, B. Leidner, K. Young, Wai Lan Victoria Yeung, Tasneem Mohammad, Jennifer Tamkin, Lam Ha Ngyuen, Julia Baracewicz
Emergent research identifies cultural tightness‐looseness as an important factor for understanding cross‐national outcome differences during the coronavirus pandemic. Because perceived tightness‐looseness can be measured as an individual‐level difference rather than a nation‐level difference, and because tightness‐looseness may shift during large‐scale crises, we investigated whether such shifts occurred early in the coronavirus pandemic in both China (a relatively tight nation, n = 3642) and the U.S. (a relatively loose nation, n = 3583) across three cohorts. Tightness increased across cohorts in China and reduced across cohorts in the U.S. These changes transmitted corresponding indirect effects whereby compliance and institutional trust (scientific and government) about the pandemic were increased in China across cohorts, but decreased in the U.S. across cohorts. These patterns extend advice that national governments can increase compliance and trust via “tightening” by cautioning against norm‐setters signaling the reverse (that norms about compliance are loose) given the outcomes observed in the U.S. samples.
新兴研究发现,文化的松紧性是理解冠状病毒大流行期间跨国结果差异的重要因素。由于感知到的松紧度可以作为个体水平的差异而不是国家水平的差异来衡量,并且由于松紧度在大规模危机期间可能会发生变化,因此我们调查了中国(相对宽松的国家,n = 3642)和美国(相对宽松的国家,n = 3583)在冠状病毒大流行早期是否发生了这种变化。这些变化传递了相应的间接影响,即中国各队列中对大流行的依从性和机构信任(科学和政府)增加,而美国各队列中则减少。这些模式延伸了以下建议:鉴于在美国样本中观察到的结果,各国政府可以通过警告规范制定者发出相反的信号(关于合规的规范是宽松的),通过“收紧”来增加合规和信任。
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引用次数: 0
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Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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