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A reconsideration of group differences in social psychology: Towards a critical intersectional approach 重新考虑社会心理学中的群体差异:迈向批判性交叉方法
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12928
Natalie J. Sabik, H. Shellae Versey
Social psychology has focused on patterns of inequality (e.g., discrimination, stereotyping, stigma, intergroup relations) that underlie well-documented disparities, often without engaging with the structural and intersectional patterns underlying these experiences. In this paper, we draw on intersectionality theory and research to illustrate how approaches to studying inequity and disparities in social psychology reflect a Western perspective, and structures work to uphold the status quo. It is argued that structures within the research process need to be made visible, both in terms of how research questions are framed, as well as on the representation within institutions responsible for producing and disseminating work addressing disparities. Engaging with intersectionality theory and research, we suggest four strategies that address individual and structural approaches to better position social psychology to contribute meaningfully to the reduction of disparate outcomes affecting minoritized individuals and groups. We suggest (a) examining and addressing the sources of inequality (e.g., addressing racism rather than the effects of racism), (b) carefully attending to language and framing in both the causes and impact of inequality and discrimination to shift the status quo in social psychology research and in society, (c) addressing representation within social psychology research, namely in critically examining representation and assumptions made about research samples, and (d) addressing representation in the “structure” of institutions. We offer these approaches, informed by intersectional theory, as tangible strategies to address some of the structural issues underlying inequality and disparities that can be addressed within social psychology.
社会心理学一直专注于不平等的模式(如歧视、刻板印象、污名化、群体间关系),这些都是有据可查的差异的基础,但往往没有涉及这些经历背后的结构性和交叉性模式。在本文中,我们借鉴交叉性理论和研究,说明社会心理学中研究不公平和差异的方法是如何反映西方视角的,以及维护现状的结构是如何发挥作用的。本文认为,研究过程中的结构需要显性化,这既体现在研究问题的框架上,也体现在负责生产和传播解决差异问题的工作的机构内部的代表性上。结合交叉性理论和研究,我们提出了四项策略,以解决个人和结构性问题,从而使社会心理学更好地为减少影响少数群体和个人的不平等结果做出有意义的贡献。我们建议:(a) 研究并解决不平等的根源(例如,解决种族主义问题,而不是种族主义的影响);(b) 在不平等和歧视的原因和影响方面,仔细关注语言和框架,以改变社会心理学研究和社会的现状;(c) 解决社会心理学研究中的代表性问题,即批判性地检查研究样本的代表性和假设;(d) 解决机构 "结构 "中的代表性问题。我们在交叉理论的指导下提出了这些方法,作为解决社会心理学中可以解决的不平等和差异背后的一些结构性问题的具体策略。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional interactions and racial inequality in policing: How everyday encounters bridge individuals, organizations, and institutions 警务工作中的机构互动与种族不平等:日常接触如何在个人、组织和机构之间架起桥梁
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12930
Nicholas P. Camp
Racial disparities in policing are profound and accompanied by equally persistent gaps in trust. Analyses of these and other racial inequities are often bifurcated between institutional and individual levels of analysis. Here, I describe how everyday contacts between the public and doctors, teachers, or police officers—institutional interactions—can bridge these levels. Organizations direct and coordinate these agents' individual discretion; at the same time, individual agents relate to the public in ways institutions themselves cannot. The dual nature of these encounters links individual and dyadic processes to organizational and institutional ones. Using police stops as a paradigmatic example, I illustrate how institutional interactions contribute to racial gaps in police-community trust, how they can be used as a platform for changing the relationship between law enforcement and the public, and how they can inform research on racial inequality in a range of institutional contexts, including health and education.
警务工作中的种族差异非常严重,信任差距同样长期存在。对这些及其他种族不平等现象的分析往往分化为制度层面和个人层面的分析。在此,我将描述公众与医生、教师或警察之间的日常接触--机构互动--如何弥合这两个层面。机构指导并协调这些代理人的个人自由裁量权;与此同时,个人代理人以机构本身无法做到的方式与公众建立联系。这些接触的双重性质将个人和二人关系的过程与组织和机构的过程联系起来。以警察拦截为例,我说明了制度性互动如何导致警民信任中的种族差距,如何将其作为改变执法部门与公众关系的平台,以及如何为包括卫生和教育在内的一系列制度背景下的种族不平等研究提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptual replication and extension of health behavior theories' predictions in the context of COVID-19: Evidence across countries and over time 在 COVID-19 的背景下对健康行为理论的预测进行概念性复制和扩展:不同国家和不同时期的证据
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12909
Georgios Abakoumkin, Eleftheria Tseliou, Kira O. McCabe, Edward P. Lemay, Wolfgang Stroebe, Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, Maja Kutlaca, Michelle R. VanDellen, Jamilah Hanum Abdul Khaiyom, Vjollca Ahmedi, Handan Akkas, Carlos A. Almenara, Mohsin Atta, Sabahat Cigdem Bagci, Sima Basel, Edona Berisha Kida, Allan B. I. Bernardo, Nicholas R. Buttrick, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Hoon-Seok Choi, Mioara Cristea, Sára Csaba, Kaja Damnjanovic, Ivan Danyliuk, Daniela Di Santo, Karen M. Douglas, Violeta Enea, Daiane Gracieli Faller, Gavan Fitzsimons, Alexandra Gheorghiu, Ángel Gómez, Joanna Grzymala-Moszczynska, Ali Hamaidia, Qing Han, Mai Helmy, Joevarian Hudiyana, Bertus F. Jeronimus, Ding-Yu Jiang, Veljko Jovanović, Željka Kamenov, Anna Kende, Shian-Ling Keng, Tra Thi Thanh Kieu, Yasin Koc, Kamila Kovyazina, Inna Kozytska, Joshua Krause, Arie W. Kruglanski, Anton Kurapov, Nóra Anna Lantos, Cokorda Bagus Jaya Lesmana, Winnifred R. Louis, Adrian Lueders, Najma Iqbal Malik, Anton Martinez, Jasmina Mehulić, Mirra Noor Milla, Idris Mohammed, Erica Molinario, Manuel Moyano, Hayat Muhammad, Silvana Mula, Hamdi Muluk, Solomiia Myroniuk, Reza Najafi, Claudia F. Nisa, Boglárka Nyúl, Paul A. O’Keefe, Jose Javier Olivas Osuna, Evgeny N. Osin, Joonha Park, Gennaro Pica, Antonio Pierro, Jonas Rees, Anne Margit Reitsema, Elena Resta, Marika Rullo, Michelle K. Ryan, Adil Samekin, Pekka Santtila, Edyta Sasin, Birga Mareen Schumpe, Heyla A. Selim, Michael Vicente Stanton, Samiah Sultana, Robbie M. Sutton, Akira Utsugi, Jolien Anne van Breen, Caspar J. Van Lissa, Kees Van Veen, Alexandra Vázquez, Robin Wollast, Victoria Wai-lan Yeung, Somayeh Zand, Iris Lav Žeželj, Bang Zheng, Andreas Zick, Claudia Zúñiga, N. Pontus Leander
Virus mitigation behavior has been and still is a powerful means to fight the COVID-19 pandemic irrespective of the availability of pharmaceutical means (e.g., vaccines). We drew on health behavior theories to predict health-protective (coping-specific) responses and hope (coping non-specific response) from health-related cognitions (vulnerability, severity, self-assessed knowledge, efficacy). In an extension of this model, we proposed orientation to internal (problem-focused coping) and external (country capability) coping resources as antecedents of health protection and hope; health-related cognitions were assumed as mediators of this link. We tested these predictions in a large multi-national multi-wave study with a cross-sectional panel at T1 (Baseline, March-April 2020; N = 57,631 in 113 countries) and a panel subsample at two later time points, T2 (November 2020; N = 3097) and T3 (April 2021; N = 2628). Multilevel models showed that health-related cognitions predicted health-protective responses and hope. Problem-focused coping was mainly linked to health-protective behaviors (T1-T3), whereas country capability was mainly linked to hope (T1-T3). These relationships were partially mediated by health-related cognitions. We conceptually replicated predictions of health behavior theories within a real health threat, further suggesting how different coping resources are associated with qualitatively distinct outcomes. Both patterns were consistent across countries and time.
无论是否有药物手段(如疫苗),减轻病毒感染的行为过去是、现在仍然是抗击 COVID-19 大流行的有力手段。我们借鉴健康行为理论,从与健康相关的认知(脆弱性、严重性、自我评估的知识、功效)出发,预测了健康保护(应对特异性)反应和希望(应对非特异性反应)。在这一模型的延伸中,我们提出了内部(以问题为中心的应对方式)和外部(国家能力)应对资源的取向是健康保护和希望的前因,而与健康相关的认知则被假定为这一联系的中介。我们在一项大型多国多波段研究中对这些预测进行了检验,在 T1(基线,2020 年 3 月至 4 月;样本数=57631,分布于 113 个国家)和 T2(2020 年 11 月;样本数=3097)和 T3(2021 年 4 月;样本数=2628)两个时间点分别进行了横截面小组和小组子样本研究。多层次模型显示,健康相关认知可预测健康保护反应和希望。问题应对主要与健康保护行为相关(T1-T3),而国家能力主要与希望相关(T1-T3)。这些关系在一定程度上受健康相关认知的影响。我们在概念上复制了健康行为理论在真实健康威胁中的预测,进一步说明了不同的应对资源是如何与质量上不同的结果相关联的。这两种模式在不同国家和不同时间都是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the influence of information-related factors on vaccination intentions via confidence: Insights from adult samples in Italy and Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic 通过信任度考察信息相关因素对疫苗接种意愿的影响:从 COVID-19 大流行期间意大利和塞尔维亚成人样本中获得的启示
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12929
Francesca Di Napoli, Silvia Mari, Jasna Milošević Đorđević, Duško Kljajić
The research investigates the antecedents of immunisation intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic, including information-related factors (conspiracy beliefs, immunisation knowledge and health communication perception) and confidence-related factors (trust in healthcare institutions and vaccine risk perception). Data were collected online from two samples of Italian (N = 324) and Serbian (N = 486) participants. Path analyses confirmed a mediation mechanism: trust in health institutions and vaccine risk perception mediate the relationship between information-related factors and vaccination intentions, both towards COVID-19 and other diseases, with a few exceptions and differences between the samples. Findings show a glimpse into the inner psychological mechanisms of vaccination intentions. During times of crisis, such as pandemics, compliance toward vaccination can be fostered through the quality of information and the promotion of citizens' trust towards health institutions and vaccines.
研究调查了 COVID-19 大流行期间免疫接种意愿的前因,包括信息相关因素(阴谋信念、免疫接种知识和健康传播认知)和信心相关因素(对医疗机构的信任和疫苗风险认知)。数据是从意大利(324 人)和塞尔维亚(486 人)的两个参与者样本中在线收集的。路径分析证实了一种中介机制:对医疗机构的信任和疫苗风险认知对信息相关因素和疫苗接种意愿之间的关系起中介作用,包括对 COVID-19 和其他疾病的接种意愿,但也有一些例外情况和样本之间的差异。研究结果显示了疫苗接种意愿的内在心理机制。在大流行病等危机时期,可以通过提高信息质量、增强公民对医疗机构和疫苗的信任来促进疫苗接种的依从性。
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引用次数: 0
Unlocking the secrets of secrets: How can we learn about experiences that cannot be recreated in the laboratory? 揭开秘密中的秘密:我们如何才能了解实验室中无法再现的经验?
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12922
Michael L. Slepian, Elise K. Kalokerinos
People keep secrets for years with significant ramifications if the information were ever revealed. How can we understand the effects of long-held secrets? The current paper presents a new perspective on secrecy and how it can be studied. By examining the multiple experiences people have with their multiple secrets, we can obtain a fuller view of how secrets affect people in daily life. Additionally, by examining a set of common secrets, across people, we can understand how secrets (i.e., exemplars) differ from one another, and we can study how those differences relate to important variables like well-being. That is, rather than study a specific secret or secrecy situation (which will have limited generalizability), we can seek to study the entire universe of secrets, both to make generalizations across that universe and to compare different secrets to one another. Using the question of whether secrecy causes lower well-being, we discuss this Multiple Exemplar Measurement approach alongside other methodologies. We highlight the many benefits of taking an exemplar-level perspective, both for understanding secrecy and other psychological phenomena more broadly.
人们保守秘密多年,一旦信息泄露,后果不堪设想。我们如何才能了解长期保守秘密的影响呢?本文从一个全新的视角探讨了秘密及其研究方法。通过研究人们对其多重秘密的多种体验,我们可以更全面地了解秘密对人们日常生活的影响。此外,通过研究不同人群的一系列共同秘密,我们可以了解秘密(即典范)之间的差异,并研究这些差异与幸福感等重要变量之间的关系。也就是说,与其研究一个具体的秘密或保密情况(这将具有有限的普适性),我们可以寻求研究整个秘密世界,既可以在这个世界中进行概括,也可以将不同的秘密相互比较。通过保密是否会导致幸福感降低这一问题,我们与其他方法一起讨论了这种多重范例测量方法。我们强调了采用范例级视角的诸多益处,这既有利于理解秘密,也有利于更广泛地理解其他心理现象。
{"title":"Unlocking the secrets of secrets: How can we learn about experiences that cannot be recreated in the laboratory?","authors":"Michael L. Slepian, Elise K. Kalokerinos","doi":"10.1111/spc3.12922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12922","url":null,"abstract":"People keep secrets for years with significant ramifications if the information were ever revealed. How can we understand the effects of long-held secrets? The current paper presents a new perspective on secrecy and how it can be studied. By examining the multiple experiences people have with their multiple secrets, we can obtain a fuller view of how secrets affect people in daily life. Additionally, by examining a set of common secrets, across people, we can understand how secrets (i.e., exemplars) differ from one another, and we can study how those differences relate to important variables like well-being. That is, rather than study a specific secret or secrecy situation (which will have limited generalizability), we can seek to study the entire universe of secrets, both to make generalizations across that universe and to compare different secrets to one another. Using the question of whether secrecy causes lower well-being, we discuss this Multiple Exemplar Measurement approach alongside other methodologies. We highlight the many benefits of taking an exemplar-level perspective, both for understanding secrecy and other psychological phenomena more broadly.","PeriodicalId":53583,"journal":{"name":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138580819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
COVID-19 cases correlates with greater acceptance coping in flexible cultures: A cross-cultural study in 26 countries COVID-19 案例与灵活文化中更多的接受应对相关:26 个国家的跨文化研究
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12919
Xiaoyu Zhou, Alexander Scott English, Steve J. Kulich, Lu Zheng
The current study examines whether the prevalence of COVID-19 cases and cultural flexibility correlate to one's use of acceptance coping across 26 cultures. We analyzed data from 7476 participants worldwide at the start of the first outbreak from March 2020 to June 2020. Results showed that cultural flexibility moderated the relationship between COVID-19 cases and individuals' acceptance coping strategies. Specifically, for cultures with high flexibility, COVID-19 cases correlated with more acceptance coping; for cultures with low flexibility, COVID-19 cases correlated with less acceptance coping. This result demonstrates how participants from flexible cultures can coexist with the realistic challenges and suffering faced during this pandemic.
本研究探讨了在 26 种文化中,COVID-19 病例的流行率和文化灵活性是否与一个人使用接受应对方法有关。我们分析了全球 7476 名参与者在 2020 年 3 月至 2020 年 6 月第一次疫情爆发之初的数据。结果显示,文化灵活性调节了 COVID-19 病例与个人接受应对策略之间的关系。具体来说,对于灵活性高的文化,COVID-19病例与更多的接受应对策略相关;而对于灵活性低的文化,COVID-19病例与较少的接受应对策略相关。这一结果表明,来自灵活文化背景的参与者如何能够与这一流行病所面临的现实挑战和痛苦共存。
{"title":"COVID-19 cases correlates with greater acceptance coping in flexible cultures: A cross-cultural study in 26 countries","authors":"Xiaoyu Zhou, Alexander Scott English, Steve J. Kulich, Lu Zheng","doi":"10.1111/spc3.12919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12919","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examines whether the prevalence of COVID-19 cases and cultural flexibility correlate to one's use of acceptance coping across 26 cultures. We analyzed data from 7476 participants worldwide at the start of the first outbreak from March 2020 to June 2020. Results showed that cultural flexibility moderated the relationship between COVID-19 cases and individuals' acceptance coping strategies. Specifically, for cultures with high flexibility, COVID-19 cases correlated with more acceptance coping; for cultures with low flexibility, COVID-19 cases correlated with less acceptance coping. This result demonstrates how participants from flexible cultures can coexist with the realistic challenges and suffering faced during this pandemic.","PeriodicalId":53583,"journal":{"name":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138547345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Punishing or praising gossipers: How people interpret the motives driving negative gossip shapes its consequences 惩罚或赞扬说闲话的人:人们如何解释导致负面八卦的动机会影响其后果
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12924
Martina Testori, Terence D. Dores Cruz, Bianca Beersma
Sharing negative gossip has been found to be pivotal for fostering cooperation in social groups. The positive function gossip serves for groups suggests that gossipers should be rewarded for sharing useful information. In contrast, gossip is commonly perceived negatively, meaning that gossipers incur more social costs than benefits. To solve this puzzle, we argue that whether receivers interpret gossip as stemming from pro-social versus pro-self motives shapes their reactions towards gossipers. We conducted a pre-registered experimental vignette study (n = 1188) in which participants received negative gossip statements, which we manipulated to reflect either pro-self or pro-social motives. Supporting our predictions, receivers were more likely to mistakenly interpret negative pro-social gossip as stemming from pro-self motives than vice versa. Nevertheless, receivers with a higher ability to overcome intuition were better able to correctly interpret negative gossip as driven by pro-self and pro-social motives. Furthermore, results showed that when receivers interpreted negative gossip as pro-socially (vs. pro-selfishly) motivated, they trusted gossipers more and gossip targets less (for behavioral as well as attitudinal measures of trust).
研究发现,分享负面八卦对于促进社会群体中的合作至关重要。八卦对群体的积极作用表明,八卦者应该因为分享有用的信息而得到奖励。相比之下,八卦通常被认为是负面的,这意味着八卦带来的社会成本大于收益。为了解决这个难题,我们认为,接受者是否将八卦解释为源于亲社会动机还是亲自我动机,会影响他们对八卦者的反应。我们进行了一项预先注册的实验研究(n = 1188),参与者收到负面八卦陈述,我们操纵这些陈述来反映亲自我或亲社会的动机。支持我们的预测,接受者更有可能错误地将负面的亲社会八卦理解为源于亲自我动机,而不是相反。然而,具有更高克服直觉能力的接受者更能正确地将负面八卦解释为由亲自我和亲社会动机驱动的。此外,结果表明,当接受者将负面八卦解释为亲社会动机(相对于亲自私动机)时,他们更信任八卦者,而更少信任八卦目标(对于信任的行为和态度衡量)。
{"title":"Punishing or praising gossipers: How people interpret the motives driving negative gossip shapes its consequences","authors":"Martina Testori, Terence D. Dores Cruz, Bianca Beersma","doi":"10.1111/spc3.12924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12924","url":null,"abstract":"Sharing negative gossip has been found to be pivotal for fostering cooperation in social groups. The positive function gossip serves for groups suggests that gossipers should be rewarded for sharing useful information. In contrast, gossip is commonly perceived negatively, meaning that gossipers incur more social costs than benefits. To solve this puzzle, we argue that whether receivers interpret gossip as stemming from pro-social versus pro-self motives shapes their reactions towards gossipers. We conducted a pre-registered experimental vignette study (<i>n</i> = 1188) in which participants received negative gossip statements, which we manipulated to reflect either pro-self or pro-social motives. Supporting our predictions, receivers were more likely to mistakenly interpret negative pro-social gossip as stemming from pro-self motives than vice versa. Nevertheless, receivers with a higher ability to overcome intuition were better able to correctly interpret negative gossip as driven by pro-self and pro-social motives. Furthermore, results showed that when receivers interpreted negative gossip as pro-socially (vs. pro-selfishly) motivated, they trusted gossipers more and gossip targets less (for behavioral as well as attitudinal measures of trust).","PeriodicalId":53583,"journal":{"name":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138513114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How fear of Covid-19 predicts differential attitudes between nonphysician healthcare workers and other essential occupations 对Covid-19的恐惧如何预测非医师卫生保健工作者与其他必要职业之间的态度差异
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12925
Gary Ting Tat Ng, Dawn Yi Lin Chow
We examine two competing hypotheses about how individual differences in fear of Covid-19 influence attitudes toward nurses, hospital janitors and garbage collectors. On one hand, fear of Covid-19 can predict less warmth toward nurses because fear may lead to avoidance and contempt. On the other hand, fear of Covid-19 can predict greater warmth toward nurses because greater fear of Covid-19 could alternatively imply greater cognizance of the contribution that nurses make, and the risk they undertake. Also, we hypothesize that fear of Covid-19 does not predict greater warmth toward hospital janitors or garbage collectors. Findings of two studies (cross-sectional and longitudinal) generally showed that increased fear of Covid-19 (mainly on the psychological dimension) predicted greater warmth toward nurses, but not toward hospital janitors and garbage collectors. In the pandemic context, it appears that healthcare workers directly involved in patient care are not so much stigmatized, as appreciated, for their risk and contribution. However, other essential workers that are not involved in direct patient care appear less valued.
我们研究了两种相互矛盾的假设,即对Covid-19的恐惧的个体差异如何影响对护士、医院清洁工和垃圾收集者的态度。一方面,对Covid-19的恐惧可以预测对护士的热情减少,因为恐惧可能导致回避和蔑视。另一方面,对Covid-19的恐惧可以预测对护士的更大热情,因为对Covid-19的更大恐惧可能意味着对护士做出的贡献和承担的风险的更大认识。此外,我们假设对Covid-19的恐惧并不意味着对医院看门人或垃圾收集者的更大热情。两项研究(横断面和纵向)的结果普遍表明,对Covid-19的恐惧增加(主要是在心理层面)预示着对护士的更大热情,但对医院看门人和垃圾收集者却没有。在大流行的背景下,直接参与病人护理的卫生保健工作者的风险和贡献似乎没有受到太多的污名化,反而受到了赞赏。然而,其他不直接参与病人护理的基本工作者似乎不那么受重视。
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引用次数: 0
Information avoidance and testing for COVID-19 信息回避和COVID-19检测
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12920
Liz Kerner, Aisha Yusuf, Katherine Dettra, Paige Carter, Frances Alonso, James A. Shepperd
To limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus, many employers and institutions developed procedures for people who tested positive. We propose that these procedures may have dissuaded people from testing. In a sample of 1142 participants (452 university students, 690 non-students) we examined the decision to test for COVID-19. More than 30% of our sample opted to forego testing for COVID-19 despite having symptoms. Participants most frequently endorsed practical reasons for their decision (e.g., did not believe they had COVID-19, felt their symptoms were too mild to warrant testing). However, further analysis revealed that the cost of testing strongly predicted their choice. Such costs included losing income, having to move from one's residence, and among students, losing access to a meal plan. The findings suggest efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 can include costs that discourage people from testing.
为了限制COVID-19病毒的传播,许多雇主和机构为检测呈阳性的人制定了程序。我们认为这些程序可能阻止了人们进行测试。在1142名参与者(452名大学生,690名非学生)的样本中,我们检查了检测COVID-19的决定。在我们的样本中,超过30%的人选择放弃对COVID-19的检测,尽管他们有症状。参与者最常支持其决定的实际原因(例如,不相信自己感染了COVID-19,觉得自己的症状太轻微,不值得进行检测)。然而,进一步的分析表明,测试成本强烈地预测了他们的选择。这些成本包括失去收入,不得不搬离住所,在学生中,失去获得膳食计划的机会。研究结果表明,控制COVID-19传播的努力可能包括阻止人们进行检测的成本。
{"title":"Information avoidance and testing for COVID-19","authors":"Liz Kerner, Aisha Yusuf, Katherine Dettra, Paige Carter, Frances Alonso, James A. Shepperd","doi":"10.1111/spc3.12920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12920","url":null,"abstract":"To limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus, many employers and institutions developed procedures for people who tested positive. We propose that these procedures may have dissuaded people from testing. In a sample of 1142 participants (452 university students, 690 non-students) we examined the decision to test for COVID-19. More than 30% of our sample opted to forego testing for COVID-19 despite having symptoms. Participants most frequently endorsed practical reasons for their decision (e.g., did not believe they had COVID-19, felt their symptoms were too mild to warrant testing). However, further analysis revealed that the cost of testing strongly predicted their choice. Such costs included losing income, having to move from one's residence, and among students, losing access to a meal plan. The findings suggest efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 can include costs that discourage people from testing.","PeriodicalId":53583,"journal":{"name":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138513116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Emotional tears as social motivators: When and how tearing up motivates social support 情绪性眼泪作为社会激励因素:何时以及如何流泪激发社会支持
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12921
Janis H. Zickfeld, Monika Wróbel
Emotional tears represent a basic expressive response that is most likely unique to humans. Researchers have debated the specific function of this phenomenon, with recent propositions suggesting that it mainly works as an interpersonal communicative signal motivating observers to provide help and social support to the tearful person. Here, we review evidence when and how emotional tears can act as a social motivator. Based on the emotions as social information (EASI) model, we investigate the importance of emotional expression, observer's inferences, observer's affective reactions, and situational determinants and integrate them to derive a model explaining the interpersonal functions of emotional tears. Overall, most evidence supports the idea that people tearing up, compared to people not tearing up in the exact same situation, are evaluated as less agentic, more communal, and elicit feelings of compassion in observers, which in turn is associated with higher support intentions. These relations are likely moderated by the perceived appropriateness of the expression, which is determined by the characteristics of the expression, the expresser, the observer, and the situation. Our review identifies several gaps, suggesting that the specific relations among the different variables are yet to be determined and methods should focus on more ecologically valid designs and behavioral measures.
情绪化的眼泪代表了一种基本的表达反应,很可能是人类独有的。研究人员一直在争论这一现象的具体功能,最近的观点表明,它主要是一种人际交流信号,激励观察者向哭泣的人提供帮助和社会支持。在这里,我们回顾了情感眼泪何时以及如何作为社会激励因素的证据。基于情绪作为社会信息(EASI)模型,我们研究了情绪表达、观察者的推断、观察者的情感反应和情境决定因素的重要性,并将它们整合起来,得出了一个解释情绪性眼泪人际功能的模型。总的来说,大多数证据都支持这样一种观点,即在完全相同的情况下,与没有流泪的人相比,流泪的人被认为不那么具有主观能动性,更具有群体性,并且会引起旁观者的同情,而这种同情反过来又与更高的支持意愿有关。这些关系很可能受到表达的感知适当性的调节,而表达的感知适当性是由表达、表达者、观察者和情境的特征决定的。我们的研究发现了一些差距,表明不同变量之间的具体关系尚未确定,方法应侧重于更生态有效的设计和行为措施。
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引用次数: 0
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Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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