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Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the intersection of race and gender: An intersectional theory primer 种族与性别交汇处的陈规定型观念、偏见和歧视:交叉理论入门
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12939
Sa-kiera Tiarra Jolynn Hudson, Annalisa Myer, Elyssa Christine Berney
The incorporation of intersectionality within social psychology is becoming an increasingly common practice. From the hypotheses we generate to the methods we employ, as well as the analyses we run and the theories we use, researchers are moving away from studying social identities in isolation. By studying the interactional and emergent properties of multiple identities that go beyond the sum of identities, as well as understanding the complex nature of power and privilege, social psychologists can better understand processes such as stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Yet it can be difficult for researchers to know exactly where to begin. This review serves as a primer for conducting intersectionally-informed research within social psychology, using the intersection of race and gender within the United States as a case study. We first describe the history of intersectional research in psychology, noting its barriers to implementation. Next, we review three classes of intersectionally-informed models — intersectional perception, experience, and treatment — and offer suggestions for future research as well as ways researchers can incorporate the model within their work.
将交叉性纳入社会心理学正成为一种日益普遍的做法。从我们提出的假设到我们采用的方法,以及我们进行的分析和我们使用的理论,研究人员正在摒弃孤立地研究社会身份的做法。社会心理学家通过研究多重身份的互动性和新出现的特性(这些特性超越了身份的总和),以及理解权力和特权的复杂性质,可以更好地理解刻板印象、偏见和歧视等过程。然而,研究人员可能很难知道究竟该从何入手。本综述以美国的种族和性别交叉问题为案例,为在社会心理学领域开展交叉性研究提供了一个入门指南。我们首先介绍了心理学交叉研究的历史,并指出了其实施障碍。接下来,我们回顾了三类以交叉为基础的模型--交叉感知、经验和治疗--并为未来的研究提出了建议,以及研究人员将该模型纳入其工作的方法。
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引用次数: 0
The time has come for psychology to stop treating qualitative data as an embarrassing secret 现在是心理学不再把定性数据当作尴尬秘密的时候了
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12938
Radomír Masaryk, Wendy Stainton Rogers
Despite the sustained flourishing—both in terms of quantity and quality—of qualitative research in psychology, psychology's establishment ‘gatekeepers’ seem to still be wedded to the dogma that only experimental research and quantitative data are sufficiently robust to be taken seriously. In this paper we make the case against this contempt and call for qualitative research and data to be recognized as valid and epistemologically sound in its own right. Given that its ontology is based upon constructionist assumptions about the nature of the social world, its power to provide nuanced insight into the complexity of humankind is not a problem, but its greatest strength. Our paper therefore starts with a brief review of the ontological and epistemological differences between the two approaches to demonstrate that they are complementary rather than competition. We then make our case, based on two key strategies: first by shedding light on the fact that many (perhaps even most) of psychology's classic experimental studies actually collected qualitative data (in the form of debriefing interviews and the like) and used it to understand what was going on; and then by recent studies that have expressly sought feedback about the hypothesis being purportedly tested. We then recognize the extent to which contemporary researchers are expressing their frustration at the way that they are being forced into a methodological straight jacket, by carrying out their research in ways they view as inauthentic. We end with a call to kerb the methodological dogma that has taken hold of psychology, and to move to a more inclusive approach.
尽管心理学界的定性研究在数量和质量上都在持续蓬勃发展,但心理学界的 "守门人 "似乎仍然固守着这样的教条:只有实验研究和定量数据才足够可靠,才会受到重视。在本文中,我们反对这种蔑视,并呼吁承认定性研究和数据本身的有效性和认识论上的合理性。鉴于定性研究的本体论建立在对社会世界本质的建构主义假设之上,因此,定性研究能够对人类的复杂性提供细致入微的洞察力,这不是一个问题,而是其最大的优势。因此,我们的论文首先简要回顾了这两种方法在本体论和认识论上的差异,以证明它们是互补而非竞争关系。然后,我们将基于两个关键策略来说明我们的观点:首先,我们将揭示这样一个事实,即许多(甚至可能是大多数)心理学经典实验研究实际上都收集了定性数据(以汇报访谈等形式),并利用这些数据来了解正在发生的事情;然后,我们将揭示最近的一些研究,这些研究明确寻求了关于所声称测试的假设的反馈。然后,我们认识到,当代研究人员对他们被迫穿上方法论的 "紧身衣",以他们认为不真实的方式开展研究表示不满。最后,我们呼吁打破心理学中的方法论教条,转而采用更具包容性的方法。
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引用次数: 0
The metamotivation approach: Insights into the regulation of motivation and beyond 元激励方法:对动机调节及其他方面的见解
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12937
Kentaro Fujita, Phuong Q. Le, Abigail A. Scholer, David B. Miele
Researchers across theoretical traditions have long recognized the need for people to monitor and modulate certain aspects of their subjective experiences (such as their thoughts and feelings) in response to situational challenges that interfere with the attainment of important goals. Comparatively less attention has been devoted to understanding the beliefs and mechanisms necessary to regulate motivational states—i.e., metamotivation, even though motivational states are often integral to people's subjective experiences of events. As particular types of motivational states are more adaptive in some contexts than in others, flexibly instantiating the right motivational state at the right time may be key to achieving one's goals. The current paper reviews the principles of the metamotivational approach to studying motivation regulation and briefly reviews supporting research. In addition, we highlight metamotivation research conducted in the context of self-affirmation theory to demonstrate the generative potential of this approach for researching phenomena that have traditionally been treated as separate from self-regulation. We conclude by discussing some of the novel questions that the metamotivational approach has prompted, both in and outside of the self-regulatory domain.
不同理论传统的研究者早已认识到,人们需要监控和调节其主观体验的某些方面(如思想和情感),以应对干扰实现重要目标的情境挑战。尽管动机状态通常与人们对事件的主观体验密不可分,但人们对调节动机状态(即元动机)所需的信念和机制的关注却相对较少。由于特定类型的动机状态在某些情境下比在其他情境下更具适应性,因此在适当的时候灵活地将正确的动机状态实例化可能是实现个人目标的关键。本文回顾了研究动机调节的元动机方法的原则,并简要回顾了相关研究。此外,我们还重点介绍了在自我肯定理论背景下开展的元激励研究,以展示这种方法在研究传统上被视为独立于自我调节的现象方面所具有的生成潜力。最后,我们将讨论元激励方法在自我调节领域内外所引发的一些新问题。
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引用次数: 0
Mindfulness research and applications in the context of neoliberalism: A narrative and critical review 新自由主义背景下的正念研究与应用:叙述性和批判性评论
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12936
Philippine Chachignon, Emmanuelle Le Barbenchon, Lionel Dany
This narrative and critical review outlines the implications of scientific production on Mindfulness and the widespread diffusion of the practice under neoliberal capitalism. This scientific, therapeutic and economic high-value object is a fruitful research field in medical and social sciences. Since exiting the confines of mental and somatic health it has also flourished as a self-care and self-improvement technique. Drawing on a psychosocial perspective where Mindfulness is considered both a psychological and a social phenomenon, we explore the reasons why institutions and corporations have regularly considered Mindfulness as the universal panacea to address mental health, social and environmental problems, and how this contributed to transferring the consequences of structural and systemic issues from the State to the realms of individual management and responsibilization, and fostering social inequalities. We expose the role of Buddhist Modernism, psychology and social psychology into the consolidation of Mindfulness as a product of knowledge and a form of governmentality. The effects on Mindfulness users and researchers of a mainstream neoliberal psychological science, including social psychology, are discussed. Avenues for mindful resistance, such as theoretical and methodological perspectives for a critical social psychology of Mindfulness, are developed.
这篇叙述性和批判性评论概述了在新自由主义资本主义下,科学生产对正念的影响以及正念实践的广泛传播。这种科学、治疗和经济上的高价值对象是医学和社会科学中一个富有成果的研究领域。自从走出心理和躯体健康的束缚后,它也作为一种自我保健和自我提升的技术而蓬勃发展。我们从社会心理的角度出发,将正念视为一种心理现象和社会现象,探讨机构和企业为何经常将正念视为解决心理健康、社会和环境问题的万能药,以及正念如何将结构性和系统性问题的后果从国家转移到个人管理和责任领域,并助长社会不平等。我们揭示了佛教现代主义、心理学和社会心理学在正念作为一种知识产品和一种政府性形式得到巩固的过程中所扮演的角色。我们讨论了主流新自由主义心理科学(包括社会心理学)对正念使用者和研究人员的影响。还提出了正念抵抗的途径,如正念批判性社会心理学的理论和方法论视角。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching & Learning Guide for: Institutional interactions and racial inequality in policing: How everyday encounters bridge individuals, organizations, and institutions 教学指南:警务工作中的机构互动与种族不平等:日常接触如何在个人、组织和机构之间架起桥梁
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12934
Nicholas P. Camp

1 AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION

Racial disparities in American policing are profound and accompanied by equally persistent gaps in trust. Similar disparities are found across a wide swath of institutional settings. How can we understand and intervene on these disparities? Answers to this question are often bifurcated between institutional and individual levels of analysis. However, the everyday contacts between the public and doctors, teachers, or police officers—institutional interactions—can bridge these levels. Organizations direct and coordinate these agents' individual discretion; at the same time, individual agents relate to the public in ways institutions themselves cannot. The dual nature of these encounters links individual and dyadic processes to organizational and institutional ones. Using police stops as a paradigmatic example, I illustrate how institutional interactions contribute to racial gaps in police-community trust, how they can be used as a platform for changing the relationship between law enforcement and the public, and how they can inform research on racial inequality in a range of institutional contexts, including health and education. Capturing these points where institutions and individuals meet is essential to understand systemic racism, and critical for counteracting it.

1 作者简介 美国警务工作中的种族差异非常严重,信任差距同样长期存在。类似的差距也存在于广泛的制度环境中。我们该如何理解并干预这些差异?对这一问题的回答通常会在制度和个人层面上进行分析。然而,公众与医生、教师或警察之间的日常接触--机构互动--可以弥合这两个层面。机构指导并协调这些代理人的个人自由裁量权;与此同时,个人代理人与公众的关系也是机构本身无法做到的。这些接触的双重性质将个人和二人关系的过程与组织和机构的过程联系起来。以警察拦截为例,我说明了机构互动如何导致警民信任中的种族差距,如何将其作为改变执法部门与公众关系的平台,以及如何为包括卫生和教育在内的一系列机构背景下的种族不平等研究提供信息。抓住这些机构和个人的交汇点对于理解系统性种族主义至关重要,对于抵制系统性种族主义也至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptualizing psychological well-being as a dynamic process: Implications for research on mobile health interventions 将心理健康概念化为一个动态过程:移动健康干预研究的意义
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12933
Saida Heshmati, Chelsea Muth, Robert W. Roeser, Joshua Smyth, Hamidreza Jamalabadi, Zita Oravecz
We introduce a theoretical framework for conceptualizing Psychological Well-Being (PWB) as a process that unfolds over short and longer time-scales. We argue that this framework can be especially useful for studying the change mechanisms in PWB within the context of mobile Health (mHealth) interventions. Four lines of research are considered within this framework to inform the scientific exploration of PWB in the context of mHealth interventions. First, we explore key dynamic characteristics of change in PWB functioning. Second, we discuss PWB intervention response as a learning process (i.e., meaningful and transformational changes in state), reflected as change in key dynamic characteristics of PWB. Third, we explain mechanisms of change in PWB intervention practices through an underlying process of skill development. Fourth, we discuss intervention response heterogeneity within this framework. The approach we outline is intended to articulate currently unanswered, process-oriented research questions about PWB interventions, how they work, and a methodological path forward for exploring them.
我们引入了一个理论框架,将心理健康(PWB)概念化为一个在短期和长期时间范围内展开的过程。我们认为,这一框架对于研究移动医疗(mHealth)干预背景下的心理健康变化机制特别有用。在这一框架内,我们考虑了四个研究方向,为在移动医疗干预背景下对公共福利预算进行科学探索提供信息。首先,我们探讨了公共福利机构功能变化的关键动态特征。其次,我们将公共福利机构的干预反应作为一个学习过程(即状态的有意义和转变性变化)来讨论,这反映为公共福利机构关键动态特征的变化。第三,我们通过一个潜在的技能发展过程来解释工务机构干预措施的变化机制。第四,我们在这一框架内讨论干预反应的异质性。我们概述的方法旨在阐明目前尚未回答的、以过程为导向的有关公共工程和预算干预措施的研究问题、它们是如何起作用的,以及探索这些问题的方法路径。
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引用次数: 0
Studying personality and social structure 研究个性和社会结构
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12932
Stephen Antonoplis
People's personalities are expressed and develop amidst a range of social structures, such as laws, social networks, cultural practices, and institutions, which produce and maintain hierarchies in society. In turn, the purpose and form of social structures are impacted by people's personalities. Yet, research on how personality and social structure interact is still rare. Here, I introduce theoretical framework that can help guide research on this topic. I first define personality and social structure and then use concepts from theoretical work on person–environment transactions to describe how personality and social structure interact. I highlight selection, manipulation, evocation, and socialization as transactions between personality and social structure through which hierarchies are enhanced or attenuated. Supported by this conceptual work, I describe two examples of dynamics in which personality and social structure reinforce each other in the U.S.: Conscientiousness and voting, and Openness and protest. Finally, to motivate future research, I propose novel questions that psychologists can ask about how personality and social structure interact, and I address possible limitations of the framework.
人们的个性是在一系列社会结构(如法律、社会网络、文化习俗和制度)中表达和发展的,这些社会结构产生并维持着社会的等级制度。反过来,社会结构的目的和形式也受到人们个性的影响。然而,关于个性与社会结构如何相互作用的研究仍然很少。在此,我将介绍有助于指导本课题研究的理论框架。我首先定义了人格和社会结构,然后使用人与环境交易理论中的概念来描述人格和社会结构是如何相互作用的。我强调选择、操纵、唤起和社会化是人格和社会结构之间的交易,通过这些交易,等级制度得以加强或削弱。在这一概念工作的支持下,我描述了美国人格与社会结构相互促进的两个动态例子:认真与投票,开放与抗议。最后,为了激励未来的研究,我提出了心理学家可以就人格与社会结构如何相互作用提出的新问题,并探讨了该框架可能存在的局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Responding to feedback about implicit bias 回应有关隐性偏见的反馈意见
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12926
Jennifer L. Howell, N. Lofaro, Kate A. Ratliff
Providing people with feedback about their intergroup biases is a central part of many diversity training and other bias‐education efforts. Although this practice may increase self‐awareness, people sometimes respond negatively to learning about their own biases. In the present review, we provide a framework for understanding when feedback about intergroup bias should lead to behavior change intentions, and when it can work against that goal. Specifically, we suggest that feedback about performance on measures of bias (e.g., the Implicit Association Test) will cause psychological discomfort to the extent that feedback about intergroup bias is: (1) discrepant from self‐reported attitudes, and (2) more personally or socially unacceptable than self‐reported attitudes. We then suggest two possible routes stemming from that psychological discomfort: If people accept personal responsibility for feedback, they will respond to psychological discomfort with compunction and direct efforts toward behavior and attitude change. By contrast, if people reject personal responsibility for feedback, they will respond defensively, derogating the feedback and trying to prove that the results are inaccurate. We use responses to feedback about implicit bias as a test case to demonstrate our model and discuss the current state of the literature on responding to IAT feedback. We also discuss interventions that can move people from defensiveness to compunction and open our metaphorical “file drawer” to discuss lessons learned.
向人们提供有关其群体间偏见的反馈是许多多样性培训和其他偏见教育工作的核心部分。虽然这种做法可以提高人们的自我意识,但人们有时会对了解自己的偏见做出消极反应。在本综述中,我们提供了一个框架,用于理解有关群体间偏见的反馈何时应该导致行为改变的意图,何时可能与这一目标背道而驰。具体来说,我们认为,如果有关群体间偏见的反馈:(1)与自我报告的态度不一致;(2)比自我报告的态度更不被个人或社会所接受,那么有关偏见测量(如内隐联想测验)表现的反馈就会引起心理不适。然后,我们提出了产生这种心理不适的两种可能途径:如果人们对反馈意见承担个人责任,他们就会对心理不适做出反应,并努力改变行为和态度。相反,如果人们拒绝对反馈承担个人责任,他们就会做出防御性反应,贬低反馈并试图证明反馈结果是不准确的。我们将对隐性偏见反馈的反应作为一个测试案例来展示我们的模型,并讨论了有关对 IAT 反馈做出反应的文献现状。我们还讨论了可以使人们从防卫转为自制的干预措施,并打开我们比喻的 "文件抽屉 "讨论经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
Tracking depressive and anxious symptoms during the first year of COVID-19: The search for moderators 在 COVID-19 的第一年跟踪抑郁症状和焦虑症状:寻找调节因素
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12931
Gerald J. Haeffel
A growing body of research suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic did not cause the severe and extensive mental health crisis predicted by some experts. However, this does not mean that everyone was resilient. The purpose of this study was to try to identify subgroups of people that may have experienced more severe and negative trajectories of symptoms during this time. To this end, we examined a host of individual difference factors (e.g., age, gender, race, country, parental status, medical conditions, lost wages, perceived support, initial symptom levels, and cognitive vulnerability) using a 1-year longitudinal design with 8 time points and participants (n = 233) from over 20 countries. We were unable to identify a single moderator associated with a robust and increasingly negative trajectory of depressive and anxious symptoms throughout the COVID interval. These results underscore the need for better theories of mental illness, stronger research designs that do not rely on simple cross-sectional between-group comparisons, and more caution when predicting mental health crises.
越来越多的研究表明,COVID-19 大流行并没有造成一些专家所预测的严重和广泛的心理健康危机。然而,这并不意味着每个人都具有复原力。本研究的目的是试图找出在此期间可能出现更严重和更消极症状的人群。为此,我们采用为期一年的纵向设计,考察了一系列个体差异因素(如年龄、性别、种族、国家、父母状况、医疗条件、工资损失、感知支持、初始症状水平和认知脆弱性),共设 8 个时间点,参与者(n = 233)来自 20 多个国家。在整个 COVID 间期,我们无法找到一个与抑郁和焦虑症状稳健且日益消极的轨迹相关的单一调节因子。这些结果表明,我们需要更完善的精神疾病理论,更强大的研究设计,而不是依赖于简单的横截面组间比较,并在预测心理健康危机时更加谨慎。
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引用次数: 0
COVID‐19 responsibility and blame: How group identity and political ideology inform perceptions of responsibility, blame, and racial disparities COVID-19 责任与指责:群体认同和政治意识形态如何影响对责任、指责和种族差异的看法
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12927
Lyndsey Wallace, Anna Mikkelborg, Rubi Gonzales, Kyneshawau Hurd, Celina A. Romano, Victoria Plaut
This study explored how racial group, racial identity centrality, and political ideology inform perceptions of responsibility, blame, and racial disparities in COVID‐19 outcomes. The findings revealed that highly identified members of non‐dominant racial groups were less likely to endorse items indicating individual blame, while being more inclined to attribute racial disparities to structural inequalities. Furthermore, conservative ideology was consistently linked to individual blame and responsibility, with those endorsing conservative ideology agreeing less with explanations of racial disparities based on structural inequalities and agreeing more with explanations for racial disparities based on personal blame and responsibility. Understanding perceptions of blame and responsibility for COVID‐19 may influence political discourse and subsequent health inequities, highlighting the importance of exploring how race, identity, and political ideology shape such perceptions.
本研究探讨了种族群体、种族认同中心性和政治意识形态如何影响对 COVID-19 结果中的责任、指责和种族差异的看法。研究结果表明,高度认同的非主流种族群体成员不太可能赞同表示个人责任的项目,而更倾向于将种族差异归因于结构性不平等。此外,保守的意识形态一直与个人的责备和责任有关,那些赞同保守意识形态的人较少赞同基于结构性不平等的种族差异解释,而更赞同基于个人责备和责任的种族差异解释。了解对 COVID-19 的责备和责任的看法可能会影响政治言论和随后的健康不平等,这突出了探讨种族、身份和政治意识形态如何形成这种看法的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
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Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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