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On the experience of goals: Differentiating goal‐generic value from goal‐specific value 关于目标体验:区分目标一般价值与目标特定价值
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.70006
Benjamin A. Converse, Annabelle R. Roberts, Marie Hennecke, Ayelet Fishbach
We distinguish between goal‐specific value, which refers to the intrinsic and extrinsic benefits associated with a particular goal (“value derived from the goal”), and goal‐generic value, which refers to the benefits associated with having, pursuing, or completing a goal in general (“value derived from a goal”). Motivation theory and research have traditionally, if tacitly, sought to explain decision‐making (e.g., What to prioritize? How much to invest?) based on goal‐specific value. But several goal‐related decision regularities are not easily explained by accounting for goal‐specific value alone, such as online workers choosing a lower‐paying assignment (over a higher‐paying assignment) if it allows them to complete the last step in a sequence and college students electing to do more work sooner (rather than less work later) if it provides them closure. Accounting for goal‐generic value—such as the positive experiences of purpose, progress, closure, and accomplishment—offers additional insight into people's decisions. More generally, auditing goals in a way that accounts for both goal‐specific value and goal‐generic value is crucial for understanding goal pursuits.
我们将目标特定价值和目标一般价值区分开来,前者是指与特定目标相关的内在和外在利益("目标衍生价值"),后者是指与拥有、追求或完成一般目标相关的利益("目标衍生价值")。动机理论和研究历来都试图根据特定目标的价值来解释决策(例如,优先考虑什么? 投资多少?但是,有几种与目标相关的决策规律并不能简单地用目标的特定价值来解释,例如,在线工作者会选择报酬较低的任务(而不是报酬较高的任务),如果这样做可以让他们完成序列中的最后一步;大学生会选择尽早完成更多的工作(而不是晚些时候完成较少的工作),如果这样做可以让他们完成任务。考虑到目标的一般价值,如目标、进步、结束和成就感等积极体验,可以让我们更深入地了解人们的决策。一般来说,对目标进行审计时,既要考虑目标的特定价值,也要考虑目标的一般价值,这对理解目标追求至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The role of White identity in anti‐racist allyship 白人身份在反种族主义同盟关系中的作用
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.70005
Caitlyn Yantis
Although White allies attempt to support racial justice movements, their behaviors can be interpreted as performative rather than genuine by racially minoritized individuals. In the current work, I discuss how White individuals' personal connection to their racial identity and the power it confers—White identity form—shapes their allyship behaviors. Specifically, moving beyond conceptualizations of White identity as centrality, I call for a study of White identity that incorporates power‐relevant ideologies, understanding how White individuals make meaning of their unearned privilege and incorporate it into their self‐concept. I suggest that a power‐cognizant identity form, which involves personally connecting the self to Whiteness and unearned power, is necessary for White individuals to engage in genuine anti‐racist allyship. I discuss White identity measurement issues as well as potential interventions for promoting a power‐cognizant identity form.
尽管白人盟友试图支持种族正义运动,但他们的行为可能会被少数种族个体解读为表演而非真诚。在当前的研究中,我讨论了白人个体与种族身份的个人联系及其赋予的权力--白人身份形式--如何塑造他们的盟友行为。具体而言,我超越了白人身份中心化的概念,呼吁对白人身份进行研究,纳入与权力相关的意识形态,了解白人如何理解他们不劳而获的特权并将其纳入自我概念。我认为,一种权力认知的身份形式,包括将自我与白人和未获得的权力联系在一起,对于白人参与真正的反种族主义同盟关系是必要的。我将讨论白人身份测量问题以及促进权力认知身份形式的潜在干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
The unseen pillar of behavior: A review of maintenance goals 看不见的行为支柱维护目标回顾
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.70003
Yael Ecker
Maintenance goals have a fundamental albeit understudied role in human motivation. From health to relationships, to personal possessions and the environment, the things people value require regular care. When maintaining a friendship, for instance, one may need to catch‐up regularly, share life updates and offer support, and occasionally make time to meet and spend time together. Distinct from the more commonly studied approach and avoidance goals, maintenance goals focus on sustaining current states over time, a process that has recently begun to attract increasing scholarly attention. This paper explores the construct of maintenance goals; It provides a comprehensive review of key findings and offers a novel perspective on the potential role of maintenance in individual and collective behavior, centering on topics such as well‐being, leadership, and group perceptions across different cultural contexts. By integrating theory with empirical evidence, this review underscores the necessity of incorporating maintenance goals into a broader psychological framework and recognizes their potential to inform interventions aimed at fostering resilience and stability in an ever‐changing world.
维护目标在人类动机中具有根本性的作用,尽管这种作用还没有得到充分的研究。从健康到人际关系,再到个人财产和环境,人们所珍视的事物都需要定期的维护。例如,在维护友谊时,人们可能需要定期叙旧,分享生活中的最新情况并提供支持,偶尔还需要抽出时间见面共度时光。与研究较多的接近目标和回避目标不同,维持目标侧重于长期保持当前状态,这一过程最近开始引起越来越多学者的关注。本文探讨了维持性目标的构建;全面回顾了主要研究成果,并围绕不同文化背景下的幸福感、领导力和群体感知等主题,为维持性目标在个人和集体行为中的潜在作用提供了新的视角。通过将理论与经验证据相结合,本综述强调了将维持目标纳入更广泛的心理学框架的必要性,并认识到维持目标具有为干预措施提供信息的潜力,而干预措施的目的是在瞬息万变的世界中培养复原力和稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Spiritual capital and spiritual entrepreneurship: The new spiritualities and the processes of subjectivation 精神资本和精神创业:新精神和主体化进程
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.70004
Rodrigo Navarrete‐Saavedra, René Gallardo‐Vergara
This paper critically examines the constructs of spiritual capital and spiritual entrepreneurship/entrepreneur. These concepts have recently become widespread in the social sciences and the psychology of the New Age, or the new spiritualities, and they are also increasingly present in business literature, organizational management, and personal improvement in managerial terms. From a critical social psychology position, the paper will consider the usefulness of these concepts in revealing how the field of spirituality currently seems to be a favoured space of governmentality and subjectivation for neoliberalism.
本文批判性地研究了精神资本和精神企业家精神/企业家的概念。这些概念近来在社会科学和新时代心理学或新灵性学中得到广泛应用,它们也越来越多地出现在商业文献、组织管理和管理术语的个人改善中。本文将从批判性社会心理学的立场出发,探讨这些概念在揭示灵性领域如何成为新自由主义所青睐的政府化和主体化空间方面的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Carving to excise, carving to create: Conversations on creating and sustaining safe spaces in higher education 雕刻是为了切除,雕刻是为了创造:关于在高等教育中创建和维持安全空间的对话
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.70001
Devin A. Heyward, Jennifer Ayala, Scarlett Guajala, Ash Madore, Maria Menes, Nico Pickett
In this piece, we grapple with the conditions of creating and sustaining liberatory, healing spaces connected to higher education, delivering our analysis through a fictive podcast format. We present three different scenes authored by undergraduates, tied together by common, intersecting threads of both struggle and resistance, community in/as healing amidst layered crises and traumas, and deep desires for universities to fulfill their potential as learning spaces of safety, structural critique and connection. We consider our individual and collective roles as faculty and program directors in these institutional settings, and the conditions that help and hinder opportunities for students to co‐construct or live into liberatory spaces. We also consider the threats to the sustainability and viability of these initiatives, as well as the disproportionate impact on minoritized students, staff, and faculty. These learnings are in line with research that highlights the importance of students' sense of safety and belonging, the role of student agency, and perspectives that position educators through the lens of accompaniment.
在这篇文章中,我们将努力探讨创建和维持与高等教育相关的解放性、治愈性空间的条件,并通过虚构的播客形式进行分析。我们呈现了由本科生创作的三个不同场景,这些场景由共同的、相互交织的主线串联起来,既有斗争和反抗,也有在层层危机和创伤中作为治疗的社区,还有对大学发挥其作为安全、结构性批判和联系的学习空间的潜能的深切渴望。我们会考虑我们作为教师和项目主任在这些机构环境中的个人和集体角色,以及帮助和阻碍学生共同构建或生活在解放空间中的条件。我们还考虑了这些举措的可持续性和可行性所面临的威胁,以及对少数族裔学生、教职员工和教师造成的不成比例的影响。这些研究强调了学生安全感和归属感的重要性、学生机构的作用以及从陪伴的角度定位教育者的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Shielded perspectives: How visual attention moderates the link between social identity and biased judgments about police 屏蔽视角:视觉注意力如何调节社会身份与对警察的偏见判断之间的联系
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12994
Jennie Qu‐Lee, Emily Balcetis
Individuals from different social groups form divergent legal punishment decisions about police officers engaged in altercations with civilians despite viewing the same visual evidence. We review empirical and archival data in the legal domain to offer four vision‐based moderators of polarized legal judgments determined after viewing evidence with a focus on research relevant to police‐civilian altercations. We discuss how selective visual attention, flittering and staring tendencies, differences in cognitive engagement, and visual confirmation bias contribute to divergent legal decisions within and across social groups. By incorporating visual experience into models of legal decision‐making, we reconcile inconsistencies regarding the impact of social group identity on bias in police punishment.
不同社会群体的个体在观看相同的视觉证据时,会对警察与平民发生口角的行为做出不同的法律惩罚决定。我们回顾了法律领域的实证数据和档案数据,提出了四种基于视觉的调节因素,以调节在观看证据后做出的两极化法律判断,重点关注与警民冲突相关的研究。我们讨论了选择性视觉注意力、闪烁和凝视倾向、认知参与的差异以及视觉确认偏差是如何在社会群体内部和之间造成不同法律决定的。通过将视觉经验纳入法律决策模型,我们调和了社会群体认同对警察处罚偏见影响的不一致之处。
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引用次数: 0
Cooperation, domination: Twin functions of third‐party punishment 合作、支配:第三方惩罚的双重功能
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12992
Jordan Wylie, Ana Gantman
Rules serve many important functions in society. One such function is to codify, and make public and enforceable, a society's desired prescriptions and proscriptions. This codification means that rules come with predefined punishments administered by third parties. We argue that when we look at how third parties punish rule violations, we see that rules and their punishments often serve dual functions. They support and help to maintain cooperation as it is usually theorized, but they also facilitate the domination of marginalized others. We begin by reviewing literature on rules and third‐party punishment, arguing that a great deal of punishment research has neglected to consider the unique power of codified rules. We also argue that by focusing on codified rules, it becomes clear that the enforcement of such rules via third‐party punishment is often used to exert control, punish retributively, and oppress outgroup members. By challenging idealized theory of rules as facilitators of social harmony, we highlight their role in satisfying personal punishment motives, and facilitating discrimination in a way that is uniquely justifiable to those who enforce them.
规则在社会中发挥着许多重要作用。其中一项功能就是将社会所期望的规定和禁令编纂成法典,并将其公之于众、强制执行。这种编纂意味着规则带有由第三方实施的预定义惩罚。我们认为,当我们研究第三方如何惩罚违反规则的行为时,我们会发现规则及其惩罚往往具有双重功能。它们支持并帮助维持通常理论上的合作,但同时也助长了对边缘化他人的统治。我们首先回顾了有关规则和第三方惩罚的文献,认为大量的惩罚研究忽视了成文规则的独特力量。我们还认为,通过对成文规则的关注,我们可以清楚地看到,通过第三方惩罚来执行这些规则往往被用来施加控制、报复性惩罚和压迫外群体成员。通过挑战将规则视为社会和谐促进因素的理想化理论,我们强调了规则在满足个人惩罚动机方面的作用,并以一种对规则执行者而言独一无二的正当方式促进歧视。
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引用次数: 0
Who handles the tough talk? Supervisor sense of power and confronting difficult issues 谁来处理棘手问题?主管的权力感和面对困难的问题
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12991
Alexandra Figueroa, Rachael Dailey Goodwin, Cheryl J. Wakslak
Addressing difficult, controversial, or sensitive issues with employees is a critical component of effective leadership, but discussing uncomfortable topics with subordinates can be daunting, even for those with structural power. Distinguishing between the structural power that supervisors hold, and their situationally felt personal sense of power, we consider here how a supervisor's personal sense of power relates to his or her inclination to confront, or to avoid, difficult conversations, as well as to offer social support in such contexts. Integrating a social role theory perspective, we further consider the role of gender. Across an initial study (N = 588), and a follow‐up replication study (N = 567), we show that personal sense of power predicts supervisor's inclination to confront (and not to avoid) difficult issues in the workplace, as well as to offer social support to the target of conversation. We also consider whether such effects vary across male and female supervisors, finding inconsistent results across studies. In Study 1a, we found that power had less of an effect on the avoidance and support intentions of women than men, such that women (but not men) were more likely to constructively confront the difficult issue head on as well as to offer support, even when they felt low in personal power. These effects did not emerge in Study 1b. However, in both studies, we find a main effect of gender on social support such that women were more likely to provide social support when confronting difficult issues. We speculate about reasons for this inconsistency, and further theorize about the role of personal sense of power and gender in explaining supervisor's engagement in difficult conversations.
与员工讨论棘手的、有争议的或敏感的问题是有效领导力的一个重要组成部分,但与下属讨论令人不舒服的话题可能会令人生畏,即使是对那些拥有结构性权力的人来说也是如此。区分主管所拥有的结构性权力和他们在情境中感受到的个人权力感,我们在此考虑主管的个人权力感与其面对或回避困难对话的倾向,以及在此类情境中提供社会支持的关系。结合社会角色理论的观点,我们进一步考虑了性别的作用。通过一项初始研究(588 人)和一项后续复制研究(567 人),我们发现,个人权力感预示着主管是否倾向于面对(而不是回避)工作场所中的棘手问题,以及是否倾向于为谈话对象提供社会支持。我们还考虑了这种影响在男性和女性上司之间是否存在差异,发现不同研究的结果并不一致。在研究 1a 中,我们发现权力对女性回避和支持意图的影响小于男性,因此女性(而非男性)更有可能建设性地直面困难问题并提供支持,即使她们觉得自己的个人权力较低。这些效果在研究 1b 中并没有出现。然而,在这两项研究中,我们都发现了性别对社会支持的主效应,即女性在面对困难问题时更有可能提供社会支持。我们推测了这种不一致的原因,并进一步从理论上探讨了个人权力感和性别在解释督导参与困难对话中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Reaching across social divides deliberately: Theoretical, political, and practical implications of intergroup contact volition for intergroup relations 有意跨越社会鸿沟:群体间接触意愿对群体间关系的理论、政治和实践影响
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12988
Stefania Paolini, Jake Harwood, Mark Rubin, Jonathan Huck, Kevin Dunn, John Dixon
The benefits of positive intergroup contact for intergroup attitudes are well‐established. Yet individual and group self‐segregation practices demonstrate that opportunities for intergroup contact are not sufficient for contact uptake; and persistent institutionalized segregation reinforces and compounds this problem. Hence, we need to understand what drives people towards and away from intergroup contact and what consequences the capacity to deliberately engage or avoid contact has for individuals, groups, and communities. This paper formally introduces the concept of intergroup contact volition: our perceived personal control over intergroup contact engagement and avoidance. We demonstrate this concept's theoretical, political, and practical significance by highlighting its embeddedness in both old and recent literature. We document debates around volition in early intergroup contact research and note a prolonged neglect since. After discussing reasons for that neglect, we present a detailed analysis of the concept, outlining how the idea of volition itself is contested and political, as well as the ways it intersects with broader societal power and status dynamics. We then outline pathways for future research, including investigations of when taking volition away (making contact mandated) might be helpful, intersections between psychological and human geography perspectives on volition, and connections between volition and system justification. We argue that contact volition is intimately and ultimately linked to issues of social change: support of, versus resistance to, policies promoting intergroup integration. As a result, an enhanced understanding of volition is critical to developing intergroup contact research and practice into outcomes that maximize social justice.
积极的群体间接触对群体间态度的益处是有目共睹的。然而,个人和群体的自我隔离做法表明,群体间接触的机会不足以促进接触;而持续的制度化隔离则强化和加剧了这一问题。因此,我们需要了解是什么驱使人们走向或远离群体间接触,以及刻意参与或避免接触的能力会给个人、群体和社区带来什么后果。本文正式提出了群体间接触意志的概念:我们对群体间接触的参与和回避的个人控制感知。我们强调了这一概念在新旧文献中的嵌入性,以此证明其理论、政治和实践意义。我们记录了早期群际接触研究中围绕 "意志 "展开的争论,并注意到此后对这一概念的长期忽视。在讨论了这种忽视的原因之后,我们对这一概念进行了详细分析,概述了意志这一概念本身是如何具有争议性和政治性的,以及它是如何与更广泛的社会权力和地位动态相交织的。然后,我们概述了未来研究的路径,包括调查何时剥夺自愿(强制接触)可能会有帮助,心理学和人文地理学关于自愿的观点之间的交叉,以及自愿和系统合理性之间的联系。我们认为,接触意愿最终与社会变革问题密切相关:对促进群体间融合政策的支持与抵制。因此,加强对意志的理解对于将群体间接触研究和实践发展为最大限度地实现社会公正的成果至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
My circumstances, their circumstances: An actor‐observer distinction in the consequences of external attributions 我的情况,他们的情况:外部归因后果中行为者与观察者的区别
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12993
Rebecca Peretz‐Lange, Guadalupe D. S. Gonzalez, Yanine D. Hess
People may attribute social phenomena to either internal causes (e.g., people's ability, intelligence, effort, or personality) or external causes (e.g., people's circumstances, access to opportunities, treatment by others). In this review, we focus on external attributions, which have been widely characterized as positive because they help people view marginalized groups and rejected individuals sympathetically. We argue, however, that there exists an important actor‐observer distinction in the consequences of external attributions, giving them the potential to yield both positive and negative consequences: When observers attribute others' setbacks or rejections to external causes, this may help them adopt a sympathetic view. However, when actors attribute their own setbacks or rejections to external causes, this view may harm their mental wellbeing, motivation, or self‐concept. We identify this actor‐observer distinction in three domains: social disparities, social rejection, and academic setbacks. Finally, we discuss some implications of this actor‐observer difference and directions for future research.
人们可以将社会现象归因于内部原因(如人们的能力、智力、努力或个性)或外部原因(如人们的环境、获得机会的途径、他人的待遇)。在这篇综述中,我们重点讨论外部归因,外部归因被广泛认为是积极的,因为它有助于人们同情地看待边缘化群体和被排斥的个人。然而,我们认为,外部归因的后果存在着行为者与观察者之间的重要区别,这使得外部归因既有可能产生积极的后果,也有可能产生消极的后果:当观察者将他人的挫折或拒绝归因于外部原因时,这可能有助于他们采取同情的观点。然而,当行为者将自己的挫折或被拒绝归因于外部原因时,这种观点可能会损害他们的心理健康、动机或自我概念。我们在社会差异、社会排斥和学业挫折这三个领域中发现了行为者与观察者之间的这种区别。最后,我们讨论了这种行为者-观察者差异的一些影响以及未来研究的方向。
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引用次数: 0
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Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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