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Conceptualizing psychological well-being as a dynamic process: Implications for research on mobile health interventions 将心理健康概念化为一个动态过程:移动健康干预研究的意义
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12933
Saida Heshmati, Chelsea Muth, Robert W. Roeser, Joshua Smyth, Hamidreza Jamalabadi, Zita Oravecz
We introduce a theoretical framework for conceptualizing Psychological Well-Being (PWB) as a process that unfolds over short and longer time-scales. We argue that this framework can be especially useful for studying the change mechanisms in PWB within the context of mobile Health (mHealth) interventions. Four lines of research are considered within this framework to inform the scientific exploration of PWB in the context of mHealth interventions. First, we explore key dynamic characteristics of change in PWB functioning. Second, we discuss PWB intervention response as a learning process (i.e., meaningful and transformational changes in state), reflected as change in key dynamic characteristics of PWB. Third, we explain mechanisms of change in PWB intervention practices through an underlying process of skill development. Fourth, we discuss intervention response heterogeneity within this framework. The approach we outline is intended to articulate currently unanswered, process-oriented research questions about PWB interventions, how they work, and a methodological path forward for exploring them.
我们引入了一个理论框架,将心理健康(PWB)概念化为一个在短期和长期时间范围内展开的过程。我们认为,这一框架对于研究移动医疗(mHealth)干预背景下的心理健康变化机制特别有用。在这一框架内,我们考虑了四个研究方向,为在移动医疗干预背景下对公共福利预算进行科学探索提供信息。首先,我们探讨了公共福利机构功能变化的关键动态特征。其次,我们将公共福利机构的干预反应作为一个学习过程(即状态的有意义和转变性变化)来讨论,这反映为公共福利机构关键动态特征的变化。第三,我们通过一个潜在的技能发展过程来解释工务机构干预措施的变化机制。第四,我们在这一框架内讨论干预反应的异质性。我们概述的方法旨在阐明目前尚未回答的、以过程为导向的有关公共工程和预算干预措施的研究问题、它们是如何起作用的,以及探索这些问题的方法路径。
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引用次数: 0
Studying personality and social structure 研究个性和社会结构
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12932
Stephen Antonoplis
People's personalities are expressed and develop amidst a range of social structures, such as laws, social networks, cultural practices, and institutions, which produce and maintain hierarchies in society. In turn, the purpose and form of social structures are impacted by people's personalities. Yet, research on how personality and social structure interact is still rare. Here, I introduce theoretical framework that can help guide research on this topic. I first define personality and social structure and then use concepts from theoretical work on person–environment transactions to describe how personality and social structure interact. I highlight selection, manipulation, evocation, and socialization as transactions between personality and social structure through which hierarchies are enhanced or attenuated. Supported by this conceptual work, I describe two examples of dynamics in which personality and social structure reinforce each other in the U.S.: Conscientiousness and voting, and Openness and protest. Finally, to motivate future research, I propose novel questions that psychologists can ask about how personality and social structure interact, and I address possible limitations of the framework.
人们的个性是在一系列社会结构(如法律、社会网络、文化习俗和制度)中表达和发展的,这些社会结构产生并维持着社会的等级制度。反过来,社会结构的目的和形式也受到人们个性的影响。然而,关于个性与社会结构如何相互作用的研究仍然很少。在此,我将介绍有助于指导本课题研究的理论框架。我首先定义了人格和社会结构,然后使用人与环境交易理论中的概念来描述人格和社会结构是如何相互作用的。我强调选择、操纵、唤起和社会化是人格和社会结构之间的交易,通过这些交易,等级制度得以加强或削弱。在这一概念工作的支持下,我描述了美国人格与社会结构相互促进的两个动态例子:认真与投票,开放与抗议。最后,为了激励未来的研究,我提出了心理学家可以就人格与社会结构如何相互作用提出的新问题,并探讨了该框架可能存在的局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Responding to feedback about implicit bias 回应有关隐性偏见的反馈意见
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12926
Jennifer L. Howell, N. Lofaro, Kate A. Ratliff
Providing people with feedback about their intergroup biases is a central part of many diversity training and other bias‐education efforts. Although this practice may increase self‐awareness, people sometimes respond negatively to learning about their own biases. In the present review, we provide a framework for understanding when feedback about intergroup bias should lead to behavior change intentions, and when it can work against that goal. Specifically, we suggest that feedback about performance on measures of bias (e.g., the Implicit Association Test) will cause psychological discomfort to the extent that feedback about intergroup bias is: (1) discrepant from self‐reported attitudes, and (2) more personally or socially unacceptable than self‐reported attitudes. We then suggest two possible routes stemming from that psychological discomfort: If people accept personal responsibility for feedback, they will respond to psychological discomfort with compunction and direct efforts toward behavior and attitude change. By contrast, if people reject personal responsibility for feedback, they will respond defensively, derogating the feedback and trying to prove that the results are inaccurate. We use responses to feedback about implicit bias as a test case to demonstrate our model and discuss the current state of the literature on responding to IAT feedback. We also discuss interventions that can move people from defensiveness to compunction and open our metaphorical “file drawer” to discuss lessons learned.
向人们提供有关其群体间偏见的反馈是许多多样性培训和其他偏见教育工作的核心部分。虽然这种做法可以提高人们的自我意识,但人们有时会对了解自己的偏见做出消极反应。在本综述中,我们提供了一个框架,用于理解有关群体间偏见的反馈何时应该导致行为改变的意图,何时可能与这一目标背道而驰。具体来说,我们认为,如果有关群体间偏见的反馈:(1)与自我报告的态度不一致;(2)比自我报告的态度更不被个人或社会所接受,那么有关偏见测量(如内隐联想测验)表现的反馈就会引起心理不适。然后,我们提出了产生这种心理不适的两种可能途径:如果人们对反馈意见承担个人责任,他们就会对心理不适做出反应,并努力改变行为和态度。相反,如果人们拒绝对反馈承担个人责任,他们就会做出防御性反应,贬低反馈并试图证明反馈结果是不准确的。我们将对隐性偏见反馈的反应作为一个测试案例来展示我们的模型,并讨论了有关对 IAT 反馈做出反应的文献现状。我们还讨论了可以使人们从防卫转为自制的干预措施,并打开我们比喻的 "文件抽屉 "讨论经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
Tracking depressive and anxious symptoms during the first year of COVID-19: The search for moderators 在 COVID-19 的第一年跟踪抑郁症状和焦虑症状:寻找调节因素
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12931
Gerald J. Haeffel
A growing body of research suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic did not cause the severe and extensive mental health crisis predicted by some experts. However, this does not mean that everyone was resilient. The purpose of this study was to try to identify subgroups of people that may have experienced more severe and negative trajectories of symptoms during this time. To this end, we examined a host of individual difference factors (e.g., age, gender, race, country, parental status, medical conditions, lost wages, perceived support, initial symptom levels, and cognitive vulnerability) using a 1-year longitudinal design with 8 time points and participants (n = 233) from over 20 countries. We were unable to identify a single moderator associated with a robust and increasingly negative trajectory of depressive and anxious symptoms throughout the COVID interval. These results underscore the need for better theories of mental illness, stronger research designs that do not rely on simple cross-sectional between-group comparisons, and more caution when predicting mental health crises.
越来越多的研究表明,COVID-19 大流行并没有造成一些专家所预测的严重和广泛的心理健康危机。然而,这并不意味着每个人都具有复原力。本研究的目的是试图找出在此期间可能出现更严重和更消极症状的人群。为此,我们采用为期一年的纵向设计,考察了一系列个体差异因素(如年龄、性别、种族、国家、父母状况、医疗条件、工资损失、感知支持、初始症状水平和认知脆弱性),共设 8 个时间点,参与者(n = 233)来自 20 多个国家。在整个 COVID 间期,我们无法找到一个与抑郁和焦虑症状稳健且日益消极的轨迹相关的单一调节因子。这些结果表明,我们需要更完善的精神疾病理论,更强大的研究设计,而不是依赖于简单的横截面组间比较,并在预测心理健康危机时更加谨慎。
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引用次数: 0
COVID‐19 responsibility and blame: How group identity and political ideology inform perceptions of responsibility, blame, and racial disparities COVID-19 责任与指责:群体认同和政治意识形态如何影响对责任、指责和种族差异的看法
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12927
Lyndsey Wallace, Anna Mikkelborg, Rubi Gonzales, Kyneshawau Hurd, Celina A. Romano, Victoria Plaut
This study explored how racial group, racial identity centrality, and political ideology inform perceptions of responsibility, blame, and racial disparities in COVID‐19 outcomes. The findings revealed that highly identified members of non‐dominant racial groups were less likely to endorse items indicating individual blame, while being more inclined to attribute racial disparities to structural inequalities. Furthermore, conservative ideology was consistently linked to individual blame and responsibility, with those endorsing conservative ideology agreeing less with explanations of racial disparities based on structural inequalities and agreeing more with explanations for racial disparities based on personal blame and responsibility. Understanding perceptions of blame and responsibility for COVID‐19 may influence political discourse and subsequent health inequities, highlighting the importance of exploring how race, identity, and political ideology shape such perceptions.
本研究探讨了种族群体、种族认同中心性和政治意识形态如何影响对 COVID-19 结果中的责任、指责和种族差异的看法。研究结果表明,高度认同的非主流种族群体成员不太可能赞同表示个人责任的项目,而更倾向于将种族差异归因于结构性不平等。此外,保守的意识形态一直与个人的责备和责任有关,那些赞同保守意识形态的人较少赞同基于结构性不平等的种族差异解释,而更赞同基于个人责备和责任的种族差异解释。了解对 COVID-19 的责备和责任的看法可能会影响政治言论和随后的健康不平等,这突出了探讨种族、身份和政治意识形态如何形成这种看法的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
A reconsideration of group differences in social psychology: Towards a critical intersectional approach 重新考虑社会心理学中的群体差异:迈向批判性交叉方法
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12928
Natalie J. Sabik, H. Shellae Versey
Social psychology has focused on patterns of inequality (e.g., discrimination, stereotyping, stigma, intergroup relations) that underlie well-documented disparities, often without engaging with the structural and intersectional patterns underlying these experiences. In this paper, we draw on intersectionality theory and research to illustrate how approaches to studying inequity and disparities in social psychology reflect a Western perspective, and structures work to uphold the status quo. It is argued that structures within the research process need to be made visible, both in terms of how research questions are framed, as well as on the representation within institutions responsible for producing and disseminating work addressing disparities. Engaging with intersectionality theory and research, we suggest four strategies that address individual and structural approaches to better position social psychology to contribute meaningfully to the reduction of disparate outcomes affecting minoritized individuals and groups. We suggest (a) examining and addressing the sources of inequality (e.g., addressing racism rather than the effects of racism), (b) carefully attending to language and framing in both the causes and impact of inequality and discrimination to shift the status quo in social psychology research and in society, (c) addressing representation within social psychology research, namely in critically examining representation and assumptions made about research samples, and (d) addressing representation in the “structure” of institutions. We offer these approaches, informed by intersectional theory, as tangible strategies to address some of the structural issues underlying inequality and disparities that can be addressed within social psychology.
社会心理学一直专注于不平等的模式(如歧视、刻板印象、污名化、群体间关系),这些都是有据可查的差异的基础,但往往没有涉及这些经历背后的结构性和交叉性模式。在本文中,我们借鉴交叉性理论和研究,说明社会心理学中研究不公平和差异的方法是如何反映西方视角的,以及维护现状的结构是如何发挥作用的。本文认为,研究过程中的结构需要显性化,这既体现在研究问题的框架上,也体现在负责生产和传播解决差异问题的工作的机构内部的代表性上。结合交叉性理论和研究,我们提出了四项策略,以解决个人和结构性问题,从而使社会心理学更好地为减少影响少数群体和个人的不平等结果做出有意义的贡献。我们建议:(a) 研究并解决不平等的根源(例如,解决种族主义问题,而不是种族主义的影响);(b) 在不平等和歧视的原因和影响方面,仔细关注语言和框架,以改变社会心理学研究和社会的现状;(c) 解决社会心理学研究中的代表性问题,即批判性地检查研究样本的代表性和假设;(d) 解决机构 "结构 "中的代表性问题。我们在交叉理论的指导下提出了这些方法,作为解决社会心理学中可以解决的不平等和差异背后的一些结构性问题的具体策略。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional interactions and racial inequality in policing: How everyday encounters bridge individuals, organizations, and institutions 警务工作中的机构互动与种族不平等:日常接触如何在个人、组织和机构之间架起桥梁
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12930
Nicholas P. Camp
Racial disparities in policing are profound and accompanied by equally persistent gaps in trust. Analyses of these and other racial inequities are often bifurcated between institutional and individual levels of analysis. Here, I describe how everyday contacts between the public and doctors, teachers, or police officers—institutional interactions—can bridge these levels. Organizations direct and coordinate these agents' individual discretion; at the same time, individual agents relate to the public in ways institutions themselves cannot. The dual nature of these encounters links individual and dyadic processes to organizational and institutional ones. Using police stops as a paradigmatic example, I illustrate how institutional interactions contribute to racial gaps in police-community trust, how they can be used as a platform for changing the relationship between law enforcement and the public, and how they can inform research on racial inequality in a range of institutional contexts, including health and education.
警务工作中的种族差异非常严重,信任差距同样长期存在。对这些及其他种族不平等现象的分析往往分化为制度层面和个人层面的分析。在此,我将描述公众与医生、教师或警察之间的日常接触--机构互动--如何弥合这两个层面。机构指导并协调这些代理人的个人自由裁量权;与此同时,个人代理人以机构本身无法做到的方式与公众建立联系。这些接触的双重性质将个人和二人关系的过程与组织和机构的过程联系起来。以警察拦截为例,我说明了制度性互动如何导致警民信任中的种族差距,如何将其作为改变执法部门与公众关系的平台,以及如何为包括卫生和教育在内的一系列制度背景下的种族不平等研究提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Conceptual replication and extension of health behavior theories' predictions in the context of COVID-19: Evidence across countries and over time 在 COVID-19 的背景下对健康行为理论的预测进行概念性复制和扩展:不同国家和不同时期的证据
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12909
Georgios Abakoumkin, Eleftheria Tseliou, Kira O. McCabe, Edward P. Lemay, Wolfgang Stroebe, Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J. Bélanger, Ben Gützkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, Maja Kutlaca, Michelle R. VanDellen, Jamilah Hanum Abdul Khaiyom, Vjollca Ahmedi, Handan Akkas, Carlos A. Almenara, Mohsin Atta, Sabahat Cigdem Bagci, Sima Basel, Edona Berisha Kida, Allan B. I. Bernardo, Nicholas R. Buttrick, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Hoon-Seok Choi, Mioara Cristea, Sára Csaba, Kaja Damnjanovic, Ivan Danyliuk, Daniela Di Santo, Karen M. Douglas, Violeta Enea, Daiane Gracieli Faller, Gavan Fitzsimons, Alexandra Gheorghiu, Ángel Gómez, Joanna Grzymala-Moszczynska, Ali Hamaidia, Qing Han, Mai Helmy, Joevarian Hudiyana, Bertus F. Jeronimus, Ding-Yu Jiang, Veljko Jovanović, Željka Kamenov, Anna Kende, Shian-Ling Keng, Tra Thi Thanh Kieu, Yasin Koc, Kamila Kovyazina, Inna Kozytska, Joshua Krause, Arie W. Kruglanski, Anton Kurapov, Nóra Anna Lantos, Cokorda Bagus Jaya Lesmana, Winnifred R. Louis, Adrian Lueders, Najma Iqbal Malik, Anton Martinez, Jasmina Mehulić, Mirra Noor Milla, Idris Mohammed, Erica Molinario, Manuel Moyano, Hayat Muhammad, Silvana Mula, Hamdi Muluk, Solomiia Myroniuk, Reza Najafi, Claudia F. Nisa, Boglárka Nyúl, Paul A. O’Keefe, Jose Javier Olivas Osuna, Evgeny N. Osin, Joonha Park, Gennaro Pica, Antonio Pierro, Jonas Rees, Anne Margit Reitsema, Elena Resta, Marika Rullo, Michelle K. Ryan, Adil Samekin, Pekka Santtila, Edyta Sasin, Birga Mareen Schumpe, Heyla A. Selim, Michael Vicente Stanton, Samiah Sultana, Robbie M. Sutton, Akira Utsugi, Jolien Anne van Breen, Caspar J. Van Lissa, Kees Van Veen, Alexandra Vázquez, Robin Wollast, Victoria Wai-lan Yeung, Somayeh Zand, Iris Lav Žeželj, Bang Zheng, Andreas Zick, Claudia Zúñiga, N. Pontus Leander
Virus mitigation behavior has been and still is a powerful means to fight the COVID-19 pandemic irrespective of the availability of pharmaceutical means (e.g., vaccines). We drew on health behavior theories to predict health-protective (coping-specific) responses and hope (coping non-specific response) from health-related cognitions (vulnerability, severity, self-assessed knowledge, efficacy). In an extension of this model, we proposed orientation to internal (problem-focused coping) and external (country capability) coping resources as antecedents of health protection and hope; health-related cognitions were assumed as mediators of this link. We tested these predictions in a large multi-national multi-wave study with a cross-sectional panel at T1 (Baseline, March-April 2020; N = 57,631 in 113 countries) and a panel subsample at two later time points, T2 (November 2020; N = 3097) and T3 (April 2021; N = 2628). Multilevel models showed that health-related cognitions predicted health-protective responses and hope. Problem-focused coping was mainly linked to health-protective behaviors (T1-T3), whereas country capability was mainly linked to hope (T1-T3). These relationships were partially mediated by health-related cognitions. We conceptually replicated predictions of health behavior theories within a real health threat, further suggesting how different coping resources are associated with qualitatively distinct outcomes. Both patterns were consistent across countries and time.
无论是否有药物手段(如疫苗),减轻病毒感染的行为过去是、现在仍然是抗击 COVID-19 大流行的有力手段。我们借鉴健康行为理论,从与健康相关的认知(脆弱性、严重性、自我评估的知识、功效)出发,预测了健康保护(应对特异性)反应和希望(应对非特异性反应)。在这一模型的延伸中,我们提出了内部(以问题为中心的应对方式)和外部(国家能力)应对资源的取向是健康保护和希望的前因,而与健康相关的认知则被假定为这一联系的中介。我们在一项大型多国多波段研究中对这些预测进行了检验,在 T1(基线,2020 年 3 月至 4 月;样本数=57631,分布于 113 个国家)和 T2(2020 年 11 月;样本数=3097)和 T3(2021 年 4 月;样本数=2628)两个时间点分别进行了横截面小组和小组子样本研究。多层次模型显示,健康相关认知可预测健康保护反应和希望。问题应对主要与健康保护行为相关(T1-T3),而国家能力主要与希望相关(T1-T3)。这些关系在一定程度上受健康相关认知的影响。我们在概念上复制了健康行为理论在真实健康威胁中的预测,进一步说明了不同的应对资源是如何与质量上不同的结果相关联的。这两种模式在不同国家和不同时间都是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
Examining the influence of information-related factors on vaccination intentions via confidence: Insights from adult samples in Italy and Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic 通过信任度考察信息相关因素对疫苗接种意愿的影响:从 COVID-19 大流行期间意大利和塞尔维亚成人样本中获得的启示
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12929
Francesca Di Napoli, Silvia Mari, Jasna Milošević Đorđević, Duško Kljajić
The research investigates the antecedents of immunisation intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic, including information-related factors (conspiracy beliefs, immunisation knowledge and health communication perception) and confidence-related factors (trust in healthcare institutions and vaccine risk perception). Data were collected online from two samples of Italian (N = 324) and Serbian (N = 486) participants. Path analyses confirmed a mediation mechanism: trust in health institutions and vaccine risk perception mediate the relationship between information-related factors and vaccination intentions, both towards COVID-19 and other diseases, with a few exceptions and differences between the samples. Findings show a glimpse into the inner psychological mechanisms of vaccination intentions. During times of crisis, such as pandemics, compliance toward vaccination can be fostered through the quality of information and the promotion of citizens' trust towards health institutions and vaccines.
研究调查了 COVID-19 大流行期间免疫接种意愿的前因,包括信息相关因素(阴谋信念、免疫接种知识和健康传播认知)和信心相关因素(对医疗机构的信任和疫苗风险认知)。数据是从意大利(324 人)和塞尔维亚(486 人)的两个参与者样本中在线收集的。路径分析证实了一种中介机制:对医疗机构的信任和疫苗风险认知对信息相关因素和疫苗接种意愿之间的关系起中介作用,包括对 COVID-19 和其他疾病的接种意愿,但也有一些例外情况和样本之间的差异。研究结果显示了疫苗接种意愿的内在心理机制。在大流行病等危机时期,可以通过提高信息质量、增强公民对医疗机构和疫苗的信任来促进疫苗接种的依从性。
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引用次数: 0
Unlocking the secrets of secrets: How can we learn about experiences that cannot be recreated in the laboratory? 揭开秘密中的秘密:我们如何才能了解实验室中无法再现的经验?
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12922
Michael L. Slepian, Elise K. Kalokerinos
People keep secrets for years with significant ramifications if the information were ever revealed. How can we understand the effects of long-held secrets? The current paper presents a new perspective on secrecy and how it can be studied. By examining the multiple experiences people have with their multiple secrets, we can obtain a fuller view of how secrets affect people in daily life. Additionally, by examining a set of common secrets, across people, we can understand how secrets (i.e., exemplars) differ from one another, and we can study how those differences relate to important variables like well-being. That is, rather than study a specific secret or secrecy situation (which will have limited generalizability), we can seek to study the entire universe of secrets, both to make generalizations across that universe and to compare different secrets to one another. Using the question of whether secrecy causes lower well-being, we discuss this Multiple Exemplar Measurement approach alongside other methodologies. We highlight the many benefits of taking an exemplar-level perspective, both for understanding secrecy and other psychological phenomena more broadly.
人们保守秘密多年,一旦信息泄露,后果不堪设想。我们如何才能了解长期保守秘密的影响呢?本文从一个全新的视角探讨了秘密及其研究方法。通过研究人们对其多重秘密的多种体验,我们可以更全面地了解秘密对人们日常生活的影响。此外,通过研究不同人群的一系列共同秘密,我们可以了解秘密(即典范)之间的差异,并研究这些差异与幸福感等重要变量之间的关系。也就是说,与其研究一个具体的秘密或保密情况(这将具有有限的普适性),我们可以寻求研究整个秘密世界,既可以在这个世界中进行概括,也可以将不同的秘密相互比较。通过保密是否会导致幸福感降低这一问题,我们与其他方法一起讨论了这种多重范例测量方法。我们强调了采用范例级视角的诸多益处,这既有利于理解秘密,也有利于更广泛地理解其他心理现象。
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引用次数: 0
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Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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