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Levels and facets of university students' stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: Longitudinal evidence from the first two academic years in Germany and the U.S. COVID-19 大流行期间大学生的压力水平和方面:来自德国和美国前两个学年的纵向证据
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12935
Elisabeth Höhne, Luise von Keyserlingk, Jannika Haase, Richard Arum, Lysann Zander
Following its outbreak, the COVID-19 pandemic had strong negative effects on university students' stress and mental health worldwide. Using two longitudinal datasets from Germany (N = 504) and the U.S. (N = 893), we investigated how students' stress developed over the first two academic years during the pandemic. In both studies, we found elevated levels of students' stress at the beginning of the pandemic. In Germany, we found a significant intraindividual decrease in students' general stress experiences even before universities had returned to in-person classes. When examining specific stress facets in the U.S., we found that students' academic stress increased during the first pandemic year with remote teaching and decreased significantly after the university resumed normal operations, that is, in-person classes and on-campus residence. Students' practical stress decreased towards all later time points compared to the onset of the pandemic, whereas health stress continuously increased until the university resumed normal operations. We report differences by students' demographic backgrounds (gender, college generation status, childcare status, ethnicity, academic year) and discuss our findings against the background of the course of the pandemic in the particular context in which both studies were conducted.
COVID-19 大流行爆发后,对全球大学生的压力和心理健康产生了强烈的负面影响。我们利用德国(N = 504)和美国(N = 893)的两个纵向数据集,调查了大流行期间头两个学年学生压力的发展情况。在这两项研究中,我们都发现在大流行开始时,学生的压力水平较高。在德国,我们发现即使在大学恢复面授课程之前,学生的总体压力体验在个体内部也有显著下降。在研究美国的具体压力方面时,我们发现,在大流行病第一年的远程教学中,学生的学习压力增加了,而在大学恢复正常运作(即亲自上课和校内住宿)后,学生的学习压力明显下降。与大流行开始时相比,学生的实践压力在后来的所有时间点都有所下降,而健康压力则持续上升,直到大学恢复正常运作。我们报告了学生人口背景(性别、大学世代状况、育儿状况、种族、学年)的差异,并在进行这两项研究的特殊背景下,结合大流行病的进程讨论了我们的发现。
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引用次数: 0
Open science perspectives on machine learning for the identification of careless responding: A new hope or phantom menace? 机器学习识别粗心应答的开放科学视角:新希望还是幽灵威胁?
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-18 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12941
Andreas Alfons, Max Welz
Powerful methods for identifying careless respondents in survey data are not just important to ensure the validity of subsequent data analyses, they are also instrumental for studying the psychological processes that drive humans to respond carelessly. Conversely, a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of careless responding enables the development of improved methods for the identification of careless respondents. While machine learning has gained substantial attention and popularity in many scientific fields, it is largely unexplored for the detection of careless responding. On the one hand, machine learning algorithms can be highly powerful tools due to their flexibility. On the other hand, science based on machine learning has been criticized in the literature for a lack of reproducibility. We assess the potential and the pitfalls of machine learning approaches for identifying careless respondents from an open science perspective. In particular, we discuss possible sources of reproducibility issues when applying machine learning in the context of careless responding, and we give practical guidelines on how to avoid them. Furthermore, we illustrate the high potential of an unsupervised machine learning method for the identification of careless respondents in a proof-of-concept simulation experiment. Finally, we stress the necessity of building an open data repository with labeled benchmark data sets, which would enable the evaluation of methods in a more realistic setting and make it possible to train supervised learning methods. Without such a data repository, the true potential of machine learning for the identification of careless responding may fail to be unlocked.
在调查数据中识别粗心受访者的有效方法不仅对确保后续数据分析的有效性非常重要,而且对研究促使人类粗心应答的心理过程也很有帮助。反过来,加深对粗心应答现象的理解也有助于开发出更好的方法来识别粗心的受访者。虽然机器学习在许多科学领域都获得了极大的关注和普及,但它在检测粗心应答方面却基本上没有被探索过。一方面,机器学习算法因其灵活性而成为非常强大的工具。另一方面,基于机器学习的科学因缺乏可重复性而在文献中饱受批评。我们从开放科学的角度评估了机器学习方法在识别粗心应答者方面的潜力和缺陷。特别是,我们讨论了在粗心应答的背景下应用机器学习时可能出现的可重复性问题,并给出了如何避免这些问题的实用指南。此外,我们还在概念验证模拟实验中说明了无监督机器学习方法在识别粗心应答者方面的巨大潜力。最后,我们强调有必要建立一个带有标注基准数据集的开放式数据存储库,这样就能在更真实的环境中对方法进行评估,并有可能对监督学习方法进行训练。如果没有这样一个数据存储库,机器学习在识别粗心应答方面的真正潜力可能无法释放。
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引用次数: 0
Lifting the lid on manipulative website contents: A framework mapping contextual and informational feature combinations against associated social cognitive vulnerabilities 揭开操纵性网站内容的神秘面纱:针对相关社会认知弱点的语境和信息特征组合映射框架
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12947
Piers MacLean, Marie Cahillane, Victoria Smy
Website contents can be designed to influence individual and group decision-making for social, political or financial gain. A novel working theoretical framework was developed to provide insights into where website contents have been designed to exploit common cognitive vulnerabilities (CVs) amongst audiences; a form of social cognitive hacking. A literature synthesis on CVs, website content design and credibility identified features on a context credibility (CC) dimension that were mapped against features on an information validity (IV) dimension. Alignment of CC and IV feature pairings with CVs enables evaluation and interpretation of nuanced website content for identification of attempted influence undetectable by machine algorithms. Subjective responses to prompts about features on each dimension generate pairs of numerical values. The value pairs indicate within a quad-graph the possible presence and extent of CV exploitation. Each value pair can be traced to the underlying CC-IV features and CVs being targeted. External prima facie assessment suggests the framework can form the basis for standardised human analysis of website contents. Application of the framework provides insights into what and how feature combinations may be manipulated for CV exploitation. It has potential for application in fields such as intelligence analysis, education, and marketing.
网站内容的设计可以影响个人和群体的决策,从而获得社会、政治或经济利益。我们建立了一个新颖的工作理论框架,以便深入了解网站内容设计在哪些方面利用了受众的共同认知弱点(CVs);这是一种社会认知黑客形式。关于认知漏洞、网站内容设计和可信度的文献综述确定了语境可信度(CC)维度上的特征,这些特征与信息有效性(IV)维度上的特征进行了映射。将 CC 和 IV 特征配对与 CV 对齐,可对网站内容的细微差别进行评估和解释,以识别机器算法无法检测到的试图施加的影响。对每个维度特征提示的主观反应会产生成对的数值。这些数值对在一个四边形图中显示了可能存在的利用 CV 的情况和程度。每个值对都可追溯到潜在的 CC-IV 特征和目标 CV。外部初步评估表明,该框架可作为对网站内容进行标准化人工分析的基础。应用该框架可以深入了解哪些特征组合以及如何进行特征组合以利用简历。该框架具有在情报分析、教育和营销等领域应用的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Identity development in the digital context 数字背景下的身份发展
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12940
Serena Soh, Sanaz Talaifar, Gabriella M. Harari
Digital media is ubiquitous in adolescence and young adulthood. These are key developmental periods when people explore who they are and who they want to become. However, researchers have yet to fully understand digital media's role in shaping identity and its development. We build on prior work conceptualizing identity development as a contextually embedded process to describe how identity influences and is influenced by one's digital context. We propose a systematic framework for investigating the relationships between identity and digital environments (i.e., mediums and platforms, which vary according to their content and affordances) through four mechanisms: selection (i.e., choosing or avoiding digital environments), manipulation (i.e., intentionally altering or changing digital environments), evocation (i.e., unintentionally eliciting responses from digital environments), and application (i.e., integrating or applying experiences from digital environments). To conclude, we outline future directions for research that may clarify how identity development unfolds in the digital context.
数字媒体在青少年时期无处不在。这是人们探索自己是谁以及想成为谁的关键发展时期。然而,研究人员尚未充分了解数字媒体在塑造身份及其发展中的作用。我们在先前工作的基础上,将身份发展概念化为一个嵌入式的过程,以描述身份是如何影响数字环境以及如何被数字环境影响的。我们提出了一个系统性框架,通过四种机制来研究身份认同与数字环境(即媒介和平台,根据其内容和可承受性而有所不同)之间的关系:选择(即选择或回避数字环境)、操纵(即有意改变或改变数字环境)、唤起(即无意中引起数字环境的反应)和应用(即整合或应用数字环境的经验)。最后,我们概述了未来的研究方向,这些方向可能会阐明身份发展是如何在数字环境中展开的。
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引用次数: 0
Keeping and sharing secrets at the interpersonal level 在人际交往中保守和分享秘密
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12942
Alisa Bedrov, Shelly L. Gable
Secrets are inherently social, for they are always kept from somebody else. Accordingly, keeping and sharing personal secrets not only has implications for one’s close relationships, but the individual experience of keeping and sharing secrets is also largely influenced by existing close relationship dynamics. Here, we extend prior discussions of secrecy by providing a theoretical discussion of the sociality of secrets and the potential mechanisms through which they could influence and be influenced by interpersonal relationships. We specifically focus on the mechanisms of shared reality, authenticity, trust, and rumination, and argue that keeping and sharing secrets can have considerable influence on close relationships, in ways that may be distinct from self-disclosure. This paper integrates individual-level concerns about keeping and sharing secrets with the dyadic implications of those decisions by considering both the secret-keeper and target (i.e., the person from whom the secret is kept or shared with). In turn, we offer novel predictions for future research regarding the interpersonal consequences of secrecy.
秘密本质上是社会性的,因为它们总是瞒着别人。因此,保守和分享个人秘密不仅会对个人的亲密关系产生影响,而且个人保守和分享秘密的经历在很大程度上也会受到现有亲密关系动态的影响。在此,我们对秘密的社会性以及秘密影响人际关系和被人际关系影响的潜在机制进行了理论探讨,从而扩展了之前关于秘密的讨论。我们特别关注共同现实、真实性、信任和反刍等机制,并认为保守和分享秘密会对亲密关系产生相当大的影响,其方式可能有别于自我披露。本文通过考虑保密者和保密对象(即保密对象或与之分享秘密的人),将个人层面对保守和分享秘密的关注与这些决定对关系的影响结合起来。进而,我们对保密的人际后果的未来研究提出了新的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Withdrawal statement 撤回声明
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12946

The article from Sociology Compass, “Whiteness, contact, gentrification, and critical diversity: A new racial ideology of gentrifying whites?” by Kyle Dunn, published online on 03 August 2023 in Wiley Online Library (https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13129), has been withdrawn by agreement with the Journal Editor-in-Chief, and the author of the article.

社会学指南针》(Sociology Compass)上的文章 "白人、接触、城市化和批判性多样性:凯尔-邓恩(Kyle Dunn)的文章于 2023 年 8 月 3 日在线发表于 Wiley Online Library (https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13129),经期刊主编和文章作者同意,该文章已被撤回。
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引用次数: 0
Withdrawal statement 撤回声明
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12944

The article from Sociology Compass, “The politics of energy privatization in Latin America: Contours and directions” by Mario Venegas, published online on 15 September 2023 in Wiley Online Library (https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13147), has been withdrawn by agreement with the Journal Editor-in-Chief, and the author of the article.

社会学指南针》中的文章 "拉丁美洲能源私有化的政治:Mario Venegas 的文章于 2023 年 9 月 15 日在线发表于 Wiley Online Library (https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13147),经期刊主编和文章作者同意,该文章已被撤回。
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引用次数: 0
Withdrawal statement 撤回声明
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12945

The article from Sociology Compass, “Ideological foundations of capitalism and its organizational models: A study using popular management content on LinkedIn” by Ricardo Mello Duarte, and Silvio Eduardo Alvarez Candido, published online on 20 September 2023 in Wiley Online Library (https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13149), has been withdrawn by agreement with the Journal Editor-in-Chief, and the authors of the article.

社会学指南针》的文章《资本主义的意识形态基础及其组织模式:里卡多-梅洛-杜阿尔特(Ricardo Mello Duarte)和西尔维奥-爱德华多-阿尔瓦雷斯-坎迪多(Silvio Eduardo Alvarez Candido)于 2023 年 9 月 20 日在线发表于 Wiley Online Library (https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.13149),经期刊主编和文章作者同意,该文章已被撤回。
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引用次数: 0
Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination at the intersection of race and gender: An intersectional theory primer 种族与性别交汇处的陈规定型观念、偏见和歧视:交叉理论入门
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12939
Sa-kiera Tiarra Jolynn Hudson, Annalisa Myer, Elyssa Christine Berney
The incorporation of intersectionality within social psychology is becoming an increasingly common practice. From the hypotheses we generate to the methods we employ, as well as the analyses we run and the theories we use, researchers are moving away from studying social identities in isolation. By studying the interactional and emergent properties of multiple identities that go beyond the sum of identities, as well as understanding the complex nature of power and privilege, social psychologists can better understand processes such as stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Yet it can be difficult for researchers to know exactly where to begin. This review serves as a primer for conducting intersectionally-informed research within social psychology, using the intersection of race and gender within the United States as a case study. We first describe the history of intersectional research in psychology, noting its barriers to implementation. Next, we review three classes of intersectionally-informed models — intersectional perception, experience, and treatment — and offer suggestions for future research as well as ways researchers can incorporate the model within their work.
将交叉性纳入社会心理学正成为一种日益普遍的做法。从我们提出的假设到我们采用的方法,以及我们进行的分析和我们使用的理论,研究人员正在摒弃孤立地研究社会身份的做法。社会心理学家通过研究多重身份的互动性和新出现的特性(这些特性超越了身份的总和),以及理解权力和特权的复杂性质,可以更好地理解刻板印象、偏见和歧视等过程。然而,研究人员可能很难知道究竟该从何入手。本综述以美国的种族和性别交叉问题为案例,为在社会心理学领域开展交叉性研究提供了一个入门指南。我们首先介绍了心理学交叉研究的历史,并指出了其实施障碍。接下来,我们回顾了三类以交叉为基础的模型--交叉感知、经验和治疗--并为未来的研究提出了建议,以及研究人员将该模型纳入其工作的方法。
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引用次数: 0
The time has come for psychology to stop treating qualitative data as an embarrassing secret 现在是心理学不再把定性数据当作尴尬秘密的时候了
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12938
Radomír Masaryk, Wendy Stainton Rogers
Despite the sustained flourishing—both in terms of quantity and quality—of qualitative research in psychology, psychology's establishment ‘gatekeepers’ seem to still be wedded to the dogma that only experimental research and quantitative data are sufficiently robust to be taken seriously. In this paper we make the case against this contempt and call for qualitative research and data to be recognized as valid and epistemologically sound in its own right. Given that its ontology is based upon constructionist assumptions about the nature of the social world, its power to provide nuanced insight into the complexity of humankind is not a problem, but its greatest strength. Our paper therefore starts with a brief review of the ontological and epistemological differences between the two approaches to demonstrate that they are complementary rather than competition. We then make our case, based on two key strategies: first by shedding light on the fact that many (perhaps even most) of psychology's classic experimental studies actually collected qualitative data (in the form of debriefing interviews and the like) and used it to understand what was going on; and then by recent studies that have expressly sought feedback about the hypothesis being purportedly tested. We then recognize the extent to which contemporary researchers are expressing their frustration at the way that they are being forced into a methodological straight jacket, by carrying out their research in ways they view as inauthentic. We end with a call to kerb the methodological dogma that has taken hold of psychology, and to move to a more inclusive approach.
尽管心理学界的定性研究在数量和质量上都在持续蓬勃发展,但心理学界的 "守门人 "似乎仍然固守着这样的教条:只有实验研究和定量数据才足够可靠,才会受到重视。在本文中,我们反对这种蔑视,并呼吁承认定性研究和数据本身的有效性和认识论上的合理性。鉴于定性研究的本体论建立在对社会世界本质的建构主义假设之上,因此,定性研究能够对人类的复杂性提供细致入微的洞察力,这不是一个问题,而是其最大的优势。因此,我们的论文首先简要回顾了这两种方法在本体论和认识论上的差异,以证明它们是互补而非竞争关系。然后,我们将基于两个关键策略来说明我们的观点:首先,我们将揭示这样一个事实,即许多(甚至可能是大多数)心理学经典实验研究实际上都收集了定性数据(以汇报访谈等形式),并利用这些数据来了解正在发生的事情;然后,我们将揭示最近的一些研究,这些研究明确寻求了关于所声称测试的假设的反馈。然后,我们认识到,当代研究人员对他们被迫穿上方法论的 "紧身衣",以他们认为不真实的方式开展研究表示不满。最后,我们呼吁打破心理学中的方法论教条,转而采用更具包容性的方法。
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引用次数: 0
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Social and Personality Psychology Compass
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