Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-04
H. H. Mohamed, A. Ibrahim, Omar A. Hagras
There is an urgent need to forecast real estate unit prices because the average price of residential real estate is always fluctuating. This paper provides a real estate price prediction model based on supervised regression deep learning with 3 hidden layers, a Relu activation function, 100 neurons, and a Root Mean Square Propagation optimizer (RMS Prop). The model was developed using actual data collected from 28 Egyptian cities between 2014 and 2022. The model can forecast the price of a real estate unit based on 27 different variables. The model is created in two stages: adjusting the parameters to obtain the best ones using a sensitivity k-fold technique, then optimizing the result. 85 percent of the real estate unit data gathered was used in training and developing the model, while the other 15 percent was used in validating and testing. By using a dropout regularization technique of 0.60 on the model layers, the final developed model had a maximum error of 10.58%. After validation, the model had a maximum error of about 9.50%. A graphical user interface (GUI) tool is developed to make use of the final predictive model, which is very simple for real estate developers and decision-makers to use. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-04 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Forecasting the Real Estate Housing Prices Using a Novel Deep Learning Machine Model","authors":"H. H. Mohamed, A. Ibrahim, Omar A. Hagras","doi":"10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-04","url":null,"abstract":"There is an urgent need to forecast real estate unit prices because the average price of residential real estate is always fluctuating. This paper provides a real estate price prediction model based on supervised regression deep learning with 3 hidden layers, a Relu activation function, 100 neurons, and a Root Mean Square Propagation optimizer (RMS Prop). The model was developed using actual data collected from 28 Egyptian cities between 2014 and 2022. The model can forecast the price of a real estate unit based on 27 different variables. The model is created in two stages: adjusting the parameters to obtain the best ones using a sensitivity k-fold technique, then optimizing the result. 85 percent of the real estate unit data gathered was used in training and developing the model, while the other 15 percent was used in validating and testing. By using a dropout regularization technique of 0.60 on the model layers, the final developed model had a maximum error of 10.58%. After validation, the model had a maximum error of about 9.50%. A graphical user interface (GUI) tool is developed to make use of the final predictive model, which is very simple for real estate developers and decision-makers to use. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-04 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81826838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-03
K. Onyelowe, A. Ebid, H. A. Mahdi, Fortune K. C. Onyelowe, Yazdan Shafieyoon, M. Onyia, H. N. Onah
It has become very important in the field of concrete technology to develop intelligent models to reduce overdependence on laboratory studies prior to concrete infrastructure designs. In order to achieve this, a database representing the global behavior and performance of concrete mixes is collected and prepared for use. In this research work, an extensive literature search was used to collect 112 concrete mixes corresponding to fly ash and binder ratios (FA/B), coarse aggregate and binder ratios (CAg/B), fine aggregate and binder ratios (FAg/B), 28-day concrete compressive strength (Fc28), and the environmental impact point (P) estimated as a life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from fly ash- and cement-based concrete. Statistical analysis, linear regression (LNR), and artificial intelligence (AI) studies were conducted on the collected database. The material binder ratios were deployed as input variables to predict Fc28 and P as the response variables. From the collected concrete mix data, it was observed that mixes with a higher cement content produce higher compressive strengths and a higher carbon footprint impact compared to mixes with a lower amount of FA. The results of the LNR and AI modeling showed that LNR performed lower than the AI techniques, with an R2(SSE) of 48.1% (26.5) for Fc and 91.2% (7.9) for P. But ANN, with performance indices of 95.5% (9.4) and 99.1% (2.6) for Fc and P, respectively, outclassed EPR with 90.3% (13.9) and 97.7% (4.2) performance indices for Fc and P, respectively. Taylor’s and variance diagrams were also used to study the behavior of the models for Fc28 and P compared to the measured values. The results show that the ANN and EPR models for Fc28 lie within the RMSE envelop of less than 0.5% and a standard deviation of between 15 MPa and 20 MPa, while the coefficient of determination sector lies between 95% and 99% except for LNR, which lies in the region of less than 80%. In the case of the P models, all the predicted models lie within the RMSE envelop of between 0.5% and 1.0%, a coefficient of determination sector of 95% and above, and a standard deviation between 2.0 and 3.0 points of impact. The variance between measured and modeled values shows that ANN has the best distribution, which agrees with the performance accuracy and fits. Lastly, the ANN learning ability was used to develop a mix design tool used to design sustainable concrete Fc28 based on environmental impact considerations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-03 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"AI Mix Design of Fly Ash Admixed Concrete Based on Mechanical and Environmental Impact Considerations","authors":"K. Onyelowe, A. Ebid, H. A. Mahdi, Fortune K. C. Onyelowe, Yazdan Shafieyoon, M. Onyia, H. N. Onah","doi":"10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-03","url":null,"abstract":"It has become very important in the field of concrete technology to develop intelligent models to reduce overdependence on laboratory studies prior to concrete infrastructure designs. In order to achieve this, a database representing the global behavior and performance of concrete mixes is collected and prepared for use. In this research work, an extensive literature search was used to collect 112 concrete mixes corresponding to fly ash and binder ratios (FA/B), coarse aggregate and binder ratios (CAg/B), fine aggregate and binder ratios (FAg/B), 28-day concrete compressive strength (Fc28), and the environmental impact point (P) estimated as a life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from fly ash- and cement-based concrete. Statistical analysis, linear regression (LNR), and artificial intelligence (AI) studies were conducted on the collected database. The material binder ratios were deployed as input variables to predict Fc28 and P as the response variables. From the collected concrete mix data, it was observed that mixes with a higher cement content produce higher compressive strengths and a higher carbon footprint impact compared to mixes with a lower amount of FA. The results of the LNR and AI modeling showed that LNR performed lower than the AI techniques, with an R2(SSE) of 48.1% (26.5) for Fc and 91.2% (7.9) for P. But ANN, with performance indices of 95.5% (9.4) and 99.1% (2.6) for Fc and P, respectively, outclassed EPR with 90.3% (13.9) and 97.7% (4.2) performance indices for Fc and P, respectively. Taylor’s and variance diagrams were also used to study the behavior of the models for Fc28 and P compared to the measured values. The results show that the ANN and EPR models for Fc28 lie within the RMSE envelop of less than 0.5% and a standard deviation of between 15 MPa and 20 MPa, while the coefficient of determination sector lies between 95% and 99% except for LNR, which lies in the region of less than 80%. In the case of the P models, all the predicted models lie within the RMSE envelop of between 0.5% and 1.0%, a coefficient of determination sector of 95% and above, and a standard deviation between 2.0 and 3.0 points of impact. The variance between measured and modeled values shows that ANN has the best distribution, which agrees with the performance accuracy and fits. Lastly, the ANN learning ability was used to develop a mix design tool used to design sustainable concrete Fc28 based on environmental impact considerations. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-03 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81194934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-04DOI: 10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-02
M. Hairan, N. Jamil, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, L. J. Looi, A. Aris, M. H. Rosli
Sedimentation is a natural phenomenon of rivers that is enhanced by modification of the river basin. The presence of dams delays the exchange of sediments, nutrients, and organisms between the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This article assesses the impact of the Selangor dam on the sediment grain size distribution and its association with river velocity and discharge. The fieldwork for sampling is conducted in the normal and rainy seasons. The samples were analyzed through a sieve analysis procedure to determine the particle size of the sediments. After the sieve analysis technique, GRADISTAT analysis was performed on the output. The GRADISTAT analysis classifies the sediments between sandy gravel and sand, and the median grain size (D50) ranges from 4.00 to 0.18 mm. The spatial distribution of the D50 shows that the bed-load sediments of the upper Selangor River are becoming fine-grained downstream. The skewness of the sediments differs from 0.86 to 8.44, which indicates that the sediments are poorly to moderately well sorted. The Spearman's correlation of the D50 and river velocity and discharge determine no association of the D50 with river velocity and discharge. The stations near Selangor Dam have high slopes and receive "sediment hungry" water that washes small-sized sediments; therefore, the upper stations have a more significant amount of gravel and large sand. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-02 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"The Analysis of Large Dam Impacts on Sediment Grain Size Distribution in a Tropical River System","authors":"M. Hairan, N. Jamil, Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai, L. J. Looi, A. Aris, M. H. Rosli","doi":"10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-sp2023-09-02","url":null,"abstract":"Sedimentation is a natural phenomenon of rivers that is enhanced by modification of the river basin. The presence of dams delays the exchange of sediments, nutrients, and organisms between the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This article assesses the impact of the Selangor dam on the sediment grain size distribution and its association with river velocity and discharge. The fieldwork for sampling is conducted in the normal and rainy seasons. The samples were analyzed through a sieve analysis procedure to determine the particle size of the sediments. After the sieve analysis technique, GRADISTAT analysis was performed on the output. The GRADISTAT analysis classifies the sediments between sandy gravel and sand, and the median grain size (D50) ranges from 4.00 to 0.18 mm. The spatial distribution of the D50 shows that the bed-load sediments of the upper Selangor River are becoming fine-grained downstream. The skewness of the sediments differs from 0.86 to 8.44, which indicates that the sediments are poorly to moderately well sorted. The Spearman's correlation of the D50 and river velocity and discharge determine no association of the D50 with river velocity and discharge. The stations near Selangor Dam have high slopes and receive \"sediment hungry\" water that washes small-sized sediments; therefore, the upper stations have a more significant amount of gravel and large sand. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2023-09-02 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83681841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-015
Mohammed M. Handhal, A. W. Abdulghani, Montaqa M. Al-Haydary
This research investigates the behavior of RC beam column joints reinforced with steel sections. The study deals with the strengthening of RC joints by different steel sections. The investigation included a theoretical analysis through a performing of simulation of beam-column joints laced with steel sections by using FEA. Implementation of the parametric study included reinforcing the concrete beam with steel sections in many configurations. Shapes and length were the most variables in this study, and many shapes were used, such as I-section, box section, and plates, beside the concrete compressive strength variable. The most recent study revealed the possibility of the method to enhance the efficiency of the joint in resisting the loads while the offering many additional features such as higher ductility, stiffness, and energy absorption. The results showed that strengthening by the steel section enhanced the flexural strength of the joint, but these enhancements were to a certain limit due to the concrete strength limitation. The ultimate strength enhancement was 49%, which is considered a good index for the joint efficiency. The use of compressive strength in small amounts led to the enhancements being limited due to the weakness of the concrete. Strengthening the flexural side of the beam by adding a steel section requires stronger concrete to provide more contribution for the steel section to resist more flexural loads. The increase in the compressive strength of the concrete made the improvements reach their peaks. Strengthening by I-shaped and box steel sections showed that the enhancement due to the existence of the I section was greater than that of the box one. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-015 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Structural Behavior of Steel Reinforced Concrete Joint Under Flexural Loads","authors":"Mohammed M. Handhal, A. W. Abdulghani, Montaqa M. Al-Haydary","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-015","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates the behavior of RC beam column joints reinforced with steel sections. The study deals with the strengthening of RC joints by different steel sections. The investigation included a theoretical analysis through a performing of simulation of beam-column joints laced with steel sections by using FEA. Implementation of the parametric study included reinforcing the concrete beam with steel sections in many configurations. Shapes and length were the most variables in this study, and many shapes were used, such as I-section, box section, and plates, beside the concrete compressive strength variable. The most recent study revealed the possibility of the method to enhance the efficiency of the joint in resisting the loads while the offering many additional features such as higher ductility, stiffness, and energy absorption. The results showed that strengthening by the steel section enhanced the flexural strength of the joint, but these enhancements were to a certain limit due to the concrete strength limitation. The ultimate strength enhancement was 49%, which is considered a good index for the joint efficiency. The use of compressive strength in small amounts led to the enhancements being limited due to the weakness of the concrete. Strengthening the flexural side of the beam by adding a steel section requires stronger concrete to provide more contribution for the steel section to resist more flexural loads. The increase in the compressive strength of the concrete made the improvements reach their peaks. Strengthening by I-shaped and box steel sections showed that the enhancement due to the existence of the I section was greater than that of the box one. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-015 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87894276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-08
J. L. Abbas
This paper aims to study the behavior of steel I beams with web openings. However, web openings might lead to a noteworthy reduction in the load-carrying capacity of beams, but can also be so supportive and essential from an economic point of view. An experimental investigation and nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analysis using the ABAQUS computer program were planned and conducted on six steel I-beams having the same dimensions, different diameter ratio spacing, and opening shapes such as circular, rectangular, and hexagonal. Experimental results showed that the ultimate load of a steel beam with web openings reduced with an increase in the area of the opening. A circular opening has a stronger shape than a rectangular opening because a rectangle has fast deflection and torsion angles, so it resists an applied load less than a circular opening. Also, the beam with hexagonal openings is better than that with rectangular openings because hexagonal openings are more resistant to deflection and deformation than rectangular openings. The finite element results, which are validated against the experimental results, show good accuracy with the experiment. Besides, a parametric study is presented here to study the influence of varying the shape of openings on the value of the failure load and midspan deflection. It can be noticed that the steel beam with a circular opening, which had been tested experimentally and modeled by the Abaqus program, is the best case and gives a higher failure load as compared to the diamond, octagonal, trapezoidal, transverse, and longitudinal ellipses. Thus, providing web openings reduces the weight and increases structural efficiency. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-08 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Behaviour of Steel I Beams with Web Openings","authors":"J. L. Abbas","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-08","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to study the behavior of steel I beams with web openings. However, web openings might lead to a noteworthy reduction in the load-carrying capacity of beams, but can also be so supportive and essential from an economic point of view. An experimental investigation and nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analysis using the ABAQUS computer program were planned and conducted on six steel I-beams having the same dimensions, different diameter ratio spacing, and opening shapes such as circular, rectangular, and hexagonal. Experimental results showed that the ultimate load of a steel beam with web openings reduced with an increase in the area of the opening. A circular opening has a stronger shape than a rectangular opening because a rectangle has fast deflection and torsion angles, so it resists an applied load less than a circular opening. Also, the beam with hexagonal openings is better than that with rectangular openings because hexagonal openings are more resistant to deflection and deformation than rectangular openings. The finite element results, which are validated against the experimental results, show good accuracy with the experiment. Besides, a parametric study is presented here to study the influence of varying the shape of openings on the value of the failure load and midspan deflection. It can be noticed that the steel beam with a circular opening, which had been tested experimentally and modeled by the Abaqus program, is the best case and gives a higher failure load as compared to the diamond, octagonal, trapezoidal, transverse, and longitudinal ellipses. Thus, providing web openings reduces the weight and increases structural efficiency. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-08 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90493886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-012
H. Al-Baijat, Husein A. Alzgool
The authors conducted a comprehensive research study on adding olive oil mill and brine wastewater to the concrete mix to investigate torsion, bending stress, shear, and compressive strength. The total number of specimens were 33 beams 100 mm (depth) × 100 mm (width) × 500 mm (length). Three beams were used as control samples, and thirty beams were divided into two groups: fifteen samples were from an olive oil mill, and the other fifteen were brine wastewater with different percentages of additive material (olive oil mill and brine wastewater), with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 15.0 % of each. The beams were reinforced with 4 ϕ 8 mm as longitudinal steel bars and ϕ 4 mm stirrups spaced at 20 mm. All specimens were tested at 28 days. It was found that the torsional strength of the samples containing brine wastewater when added at the best percentage, which is 10%, was 5.46 MPa. As is the case when adding olive oil mill wastewater with the best percentage, which is 7.5%, it was 5.16 MPa. These data are greater than the torsional strength in the reference samples, which were 4.38 MPa, meaning that the torsional strength when adding brine wastewater and olive oil mill wastewater increases by 24% and 17%, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-012 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Brine and Olive Oil Mill Wastewater","authors":"H. Al-Baijat, Husein A. Alzgool","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-012","url":null,"abstract":"The authors conducted a comprehensive research study on adding olive oil mill and brine wastewater to the concrete mix to investigate torsion, bending stress, shear, and compressive strength. The total number of specimens were 33 beams 100 mm (depth) × 100 mm (width) × 500 mm (length). Three beams were used as control samples, and thirty beams were divided into two groups: fifteen samples were from an olive oil mill, and the other fifteen were brine wastewater with different percentages of additive material (olive oil mill and brine wastewater), with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 15.0 % of each. The beams were reinforced with 4 ϕ 8 mm as longitudinal steel bars and ϕ 4 mm stirrups spaced at 20 mm. All specimens were tested at 28 days. It was found that the torsional strength of the samples containing brine wastewater when added at the best percentage, which is 10%, was 5.46 MPa. As is the case when adding olive oil mill wastewater with the best percentage, which is 7.5%, it was 5.16 MPa. These data are greater than the torsional strength in the reference samples, which were 4.38 MPa, meaning that the torsional strength when adding brine wastewater and olive oil mill wastewater increases by 24% and 17%, respectively. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-012 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82497338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-06
A. Afifi, Mohamed I Ramadan, A. Maree, A. Ebid, A. Zaher, Dina M. Ors
Punching capacity is one of the main items in the design of both pre-stressed and non-pre-stressed flat slabs. All international design codes include provisions to prevent this type of failure. Unfortunately, there is no code provision for UHPC yet, and hence, the aim of this research is to experimentally investigate the impact of column dimensions and punching reinforcement on the punching capacity of post-tensioned slabs and compare the results with the international design codes’ provisions to evaluate its validity. The test program included five slabs with a compressive strength of 120 MPa: one as a control sample, two to study the effect of column size, and the last two to study the effect of punching reinforcement. Comparing the results with the design codes showed that ACI-318 is more accurate with an average deviation of about 5%, while EC2 is more conservative with an average deviation of about 20%. Besides that, punching reinforcement reduces the size of the punching wedge by increasing the crack angle to 28° instead of 22° for slabs without punching reinforcement. Also, the results assure that both ductility and stiffness are enhanced with the increased column dimensions and punching reinforcement ratio. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-06 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Punching Capacity of UHPC Post Tensioned Flat Slabs with and Without Shear Reinforcement: An Experimental Study","authors":"A. Afifi, Mohamed I Ramadan, A. Maree, A. Ebid, A. Zaher, Dina M. Ors","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-06","url":null,"abstract":"Punching capacity is one of the main items in the design of both pre-stressed and non-pre-stressed flat slabs. All international design codes include provisions to prevent this type of failure. Unfortunately, there is no code provision for UHPC yet, and hence, the aim of this research is to experimentally investigate the impact of column dimensions and punching reinforcement on the punching capacity of post-tensioned slabs and compare the results with the international design codes’ provisions to evaluate its validity. The test program included five slabs with a compressive strength of 120 MPa: one as a control sample, two to study the effect of column size, and the last two to study the effect of punching reinforcement. Comparing the results with the design codes showed that ACI-318 is more accurate with an average deviation of about 5%, while EC2 is more conservative with an average deviation of about 20%. Besides that, punching reinforcement reduces the size of the punching wedge by increasing the crack angle to 28° instead of 22° for slabs without punching reinforcement. Also, the results assure that both ductility and stiffness are enhanced with the increased column dimensions and punching reinforcement ratio. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-06 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76426913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-010
Taha A. El-Sayed, A. Deifalla, Y. Shaheen, Hossam H. Ahmed, Aya K. Youssef
The ferrocement structural concept has been shown to offer exceptional mechanical properties in terms of toughness, fracture control, and impact resistance, which are achieved by tight spacing and homogeneous reinforcement dispersion within the matrix. The flexure behavior of geopolymer ferrocement beams under axial flexural stress is being explored experimentally and computationally in this present work. Under flexural loads, nine samples of geopolymer ferrocement beams 150 mm thick, 75 mm wide, and 1700 mm long were tested to failure. The reinforcing steel bars and wire meshes, as well as the quantity of wire mesh layers, were the key factors studied. The initial crack load, ultimate failure load, and mid-span deflection with various loading phases, cracking patterns, energy absorption, and ductility index were all studied in relation to the behavior. In terms of carrying capacity, absorbing energy, and ductility, welded steel wire mesh beams fared better than other materials. Using ANSYS-19 software, nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) was carried out to demonstrate the behavior of composite ferrocement geopolymer beams. The ensuing experimental and numerical data demonstrated that the degree of experimental value estimation supplied by the FE simulations was sufficient. It is crucial to demonstrate that, in comparison to control specimens, the increase in strength of specimens reinforced with tensar meshes was reduced by around 15%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-010 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Studies on Flexural Behavior of GGBS-Based Geopolymer Ferrocement Beams","authors":"Taha A. El-Sayed, A. Deifalla, Y. Shaheen, Hossam H. Ahmed, Aya K. Youssef","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-010","url":null,"abstract":"The ferrocement structural concept has been shown to offer exceptional mechanical properties in terms of toughness, fracture control, and impact resistance, which are achieved by tight spacing and homogeneous reinforcement dispersion within the matrix. The flexure behavior of geopolymer ferrocement beams under axial flexural stress is being explored experimentally and computationally in this present work. Under flexural loads, nine samples of geopolymer ferrocement beams 150 mm thick, 75 mm wide, and 1700 mm long were tested to failure. The reinforcing steel bars and wire meshes, as well as the quantity of wire mesh layers, were the key factors studied. The initial crack load, ultimate failure load, and mid-span deflection with various loading phases, cracking patterns, energy absorption, and ductility index were all studied in relation to the behavior. In terms of carrying capacity, absorbing energy, and ductility, welded steel wire mesh beams fared better than other materials. Using ANSYS-19 software, nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) was carried out to demonstrate the behavior of composite ferrocement geopolymer beams. The ensuing experimental and numerical data demonstrated that the degree of experimental value estimation supplied by the FE simulations was sufficient. It is crucial to demonstrate that, in comparison to control specimens, the increase in strength of specimens reinforced with tensar meshes was reduced by around 15%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-010 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83572486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-02
M. A. Walenna
Cement-Bentonite (CB) barriers are expected to become a sustainable and reliable engineering solution. The deformation of CB is of interest to engineers to comprehend, particularly how CB responds to changes in loading during its construction and service life. The purpose of this study was to examine how samples of CB mixtures behaved during consolidation. This study investigated: (1) the influence of curing time and constituent materials on the consolidation properties of CB samples, (2) the volumetric change and the rate of volumetric change in response to a specific loading condition via consolidation tests. For this purpose, a laboratory consolidation test with a load range of 50 to 3200 kPa was carried out in accordance with BS 1377-7:1990 using the oedometer apparatus. This study discovered that the consolidation characteristics of CB samples are similar to those of overconsolidated soil. The CB sample became more resistant to consolidation under varying loads as curing progressed. The presence of more bentonite resulted in an increase in the recompression index. The inclusion of GGBS contributed to the consolidation characteristics of CB through the following mechanisms: (1) the significant decrease of the degree of consolidation with a curing period longer than 28 days, despite the slow strength development of the early-age curing; (2) the increase of the preconsolidation pressure; and the addition of GGBS was found to be more effective than the addition of more bentonite in increasing the preconsolidation pressure. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-02 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Investigating the Consolidation Behaviour of Cement-Bentonite Barrier Materials Containing PFA and GGBS","authors":"M. A. Walenna","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-02","url":null,"abstract":"Cement-Bentonite (CB) barriers are expected to become a sustainable and reliable engineering solution. The deformation of CB is of interest to engineers to comprehend, particularly how CB responds to changes in loading during its construction and service life. The purpose of this study was to examine how samples of CB mixtures behaved during consolidation. This study investigated: (1) the influence of curing time and constituent materials on the consolidation properties of CB samples, (2) the volumetric change and the rate of volumetric change in response to a specific loading condition via consolidation tests. For this purpose, a laboratory consolidation test with a load range of 50 to 3200 kPa was carried out in accordance with BS 1377-7:1990 using the oedometer apparatus. This study discovered that the consolidation characteristics of CB samples are similar to those of overconsolidated soil. The CB sample became more resistant to consolidation under varying loads as curing progressed. The presence of more bentonite resulted in an increase in the recompression index. The inclusion of GGBS contributed to the consolidation characteristics of CB through the following mechanisms: (1) the significant decrease of the degree of consolidation with a curing period longer than 28 days, despite the slow strength development of the early-age curing; (2) the increase of the preconsolidation pressure; and the addition of GGBS was found to be more effective than the addition of more bentonite in increasing the preconsolidation pressure. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-02 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87339332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-014
Nurul Marfuah, T. Harianto, A. B. Muhiddin, R. Irmawaty
For several decades, lightweight material applications have been extensively studied. Modifying various types of soil with EPS beads or lightweight geomaterials is an alternative construction material on site that can reduce excessive problems such as large deformation and lateral pressure. This study aims to examine the strength characteristics of lightweight geomaterials, namely lightweight modular block/LMB. LMB is composed of EPS beads, dredged soil, and cement. The cement amounts are 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%, with EPS variations of 0.5% and 0.75% to the mixture weight. Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the strength with unconfined compression and undrained direct shear tests. Before testing, the specimens were made using the one-layer static compaction method and were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days. This paper also presents explanations related to the specimens making and treatment by providing preliminary test results to compare the effectiveness of the three-layer and one-layer methods. Moreover, the curing treatments to avoid cracking were explained explicitly. The result shows linearity between both increasing the amount of cement and adding more curing time to the increase of the strength parameter. In contrast, adding more EPS decreased the strength, but adding cement helped increase the strength parameter with a remarkable value at C7% and C9%. Increasing the amount of EPS also reduced the density of the mixture by 18%–29%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-014 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Strength Characteristic of Lightweight Modular Block (LMB) Element using Stabilized Dredged Soil-EPS","authors":"Nurul Marfuah, T. Harianto, A. B. Muhiddin, R. Irmawaty","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-014","url":null,"abstract":"For several decades, lightweight material applications have been extensively studied. Modifying various types of soil with EPS beads or lightweight geomaterials is an alternative construction material on site that can reduce excessive problems such as large deformation and lateral pressure. This study aims to examine the strength characteristics of lightweight geomaterials, namely lightweight modular block/LMB. LMB is composed of EPS beads, dredged soil, and cement. The cement amounts are 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%, with EPS variations of 0.5% and 0.75% to the mixture weight. Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the strength with unconfined compression and undrained direct shear tests. Before testing, the specimens were made using the one-layer static compaction method and were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days. This paper also presents explanations related to the specimens making and treatment by providing preliminary test results to compare the effectiveness of the three-layer and one-layer methods. Moreover, the curing treatments to avoid cracking were explained explicitly. The result shows linearity between both increasing the amount of cement and adding more curing time to the increase of the strength parameter. In contrast, adding more EPS decreased the strength, but adding cement helped increase the strength parameter with a remarkable value at C7% and C9%. Increasing the amount of EPS also reduced the density of the mixture by 18%–29%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-014 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75295723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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