Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-07
Y. Awad, Ahmed M. El-Fiky, H. Elhegazy, M. G. Hasan, Ibrahim A. Yousef, A. Ebid, M. Khalaf
Centrifugal-manufactured GFRP pipes are widely used today as lighting and low-power transmission poles due to their lightweight, high electrical insulation, low cost, and corrosion resistance. Despite these advantages, GFRP poles suffer high deflection problems due to their low elastic and shear moduli values. In order to overcome this disadvantage, three techniques were suggested to control the lateral deflection of the GFRP poles: an extended internal steel stub, external steel angles, and internal steel bracing bars. The main objective of this study is to determine the optimum strengthening technique to improve the serviceability of GFRP poles in terms of lateral deflection according to ASTM D4923. An experimental research program containing five full-scale GFRP poles was carried out to determine the optimum strengthening technique and the effect of connectors opening near the base and compare it to previous research. The results indicated that flexural stiffness was increased by 44%, 66%, and 38% for the extended stub, steel angles, and bracing bars, respectively. Besides that, the reduction in flexural stiffness due to connector opening was about 8%. The measured deflections showed good matching with simplified mathematical calculations, and the division was about ±10%. The external steel angle technique showed the best efficiency in Stiffness behavior. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-07 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Behavior of Centrifuged GFRP Poles Under Lateral Deflection","authors":"Y. Awad, Ahmed M. El-Fiky, H. Elhegazy, M. G. Hasan, Ibrahim A. Yousef, A. Ebid, M. Khalaf","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-07","url":null,"abstract":"Centrifugal-manufactured GFRP pipes are widely used today as lighting and low-power transmission poles due to their lightweight, high electrical insulation, low cost, and corrosion resistance. Despite these advantages, GFRP poles suffer high deflection problems due to their low elastic and shear moduli values. In order to overcome this disadvantage, three techniques were suggested to control the lateral deflection of the GFRP poles: an extended internal steel stub, external steel angles, and internal steel bracing bars. The main objective of this study is to determine the optimum strengthening technique to improve the serviceability of GFRP poles in terms of lateral deflection according to ASTM D4923. An experimental research program containing five full-scale GFRP poles was carried out to determine the optimum strengthening technique and the effect of connectors opening near the base and compare it to previous research. The results indicated that flexural stiffness was increased by 44%, 66%, and 38% for the extended stub, steel angles, and bracing bars, respectively. Besides that, the reduction in flexural stiffness due to connector opening was about 8%. The measured deflections showed good matching with simplified mathematical calculations, and the division was about ±10%. The external steel angle technique showed the best efficiency in Stiffness behavior. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-07 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76120052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-012
P. R. Rangan, M. Tumpu, .. Mansyur, D. S. Mabui
Geopolymer is an inorganic form of alumina-silica that is synthesized through materials containing lots of silica (Si) and alumina (Al) originating from nature or from industrial by-products. The geopolymer binder is a two-component inorganic system consisting of solid components that have sufficient amounts of SiO2 and Al2O3 to form compounds such as fly ash, rice straw ash, pozzolan, laterite soil, slag, etc. This study aims to analyze the compressive strength, chemical compositions, and geopolymerization process of geopolymers produced from fly ash, rice straw ash, and lateritic soil bound with an alkaline activator, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), with a concentration of 12 M. The durability of the geopolymer mortar was determined by soaking for 3, 7, and 28 days using water curing and sulphate curing (Sodium Sulphate, Na2SO4, and Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4). The results showed that sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can release silica and alumina in the amorphous phase and can be used as a binder for geopolymer mortar made from straw ash, fly ash, and laterite soil without using oven heat, according to compressive strength, chemical compositions, and the geopolymerization process. The results of this study can be used to support the use of waste materials (fly ash and laterite soil) and local materials (straw ash) as geopolymer mortar-forming materials. Furthermore, it can aid in the development of eco-friendly (environmentally friendly) national infrastructure by eliminating the need for oven heat to initiate the polymerization reaction. However, this research can also be developed to increase the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar, which resembles that of conventional concrete in general. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-012 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Assessment of Fly Ash-Rice Straw Ash-Laterite Soil Based Geopolymer Mortar Durability","authors":"P. R. Rangan, M. Tumpu, .. Mansyur, D. S. Mabui","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-012","url":null,"abstract":"Geopolymer is an inorganic form of alumina-silica that is synthesized through materials containing lots of silica (Si) and alumina (Al) originating from nature or from industrial by-products. The geopolymer binder is a two-component inorganic system consisting of solid components that have sufficient amounts of SiO2 and Al2O3 to form compounds such as fly ash, rice straw ash, pozzolan, laterite soil, slag, etc. This study aims to analyze the compressive strength, chemical compositions, and geopolymerization process of geopolymers produced from fly ash, rice straw ash, and lateritic soil bound with an alkaline activator, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), with a concentration of 12 M. The durability of the geopolymer mortar was determined by soaking for 3, 7, and 28 days using water curing and sulphate curing (Sodium Sulphate, Na2SO4, and Sulfuric Acid, H2SO4). The results showed that sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can release silica and alumina in the amorphous phase and can be used as a binder for geopolymer mortar made from straw ash, fly ash, and laterite soil without using oven heat, according to compressive strength, chemical compositions, and the geopolymerization process. The results of this study can be used to support the use of waste materials (fly ash and laterite soil) and local materials (straw ash) as geopolymer mortar-forming materials. Furthermore, it can aid in the development of eco-friendly (environmentally friendly) national infrastructure by eliminating the need for oven heat to initiate the polymerization reaction. However, this research can also be developed to increase the compressive strength of geopolymer mortar, which resembles that of conventional concrete in general. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-012 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75333814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-016
.. Suyadi, T. Harianto, A. B. Muhiddin, A. Arsyad
Indonesia is a tropical country threatened by many disasters, such as earthquakes and other collateral hazards (liquefaction). Utilization of micro pile on the liquefaction prone areas is quite popular to increase the soil bearing capacity. In this research, Eucalyptus Pellita Timber was used as micro-piles alternatives. This study aims to determine the effect of timber pile addition on soil settlement and the increase in bearing capacity. Some laboratory investigations were conducted, such as timber and soil physical and mechanical characteristics, preloading tests, and seismic load tests by using small-scale shaking table test. The preloading tests were carried out for 40 days, and the settlements were recorded every 24 hours. Subsequently, seismic load tests were conducted on sandy soil with Dr = 40%. The seismic duration was 37 seconds, with PGA = 0.3 g and f = 0.78 Hz. The preloading test results show that Eucalyptus pellita timber piles are able to reduce the settlement by 18%. and from seismic load testing results are able to reduce the settlement by 68% due to earthquake loads with PGA = 0.3g and a frequency of 0.78 Hz on sandy soil with the potential for liquefaction. This is due to the resistance at the tip of the pile and the skin friction on the timber pile. So, from the results of the model test, it shows that the use of Eucalyptus Pelita timber piles can be used as an alternative to handling sandy soils in areas where liquefaction has the potential to occur. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-016 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Soil Reinforcement Model Test Using Timber Pile at Liquefaction Area","authors":".. Suyadi, T. Harianto, A. B. Muhiddin, A. Arsyad","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-06-016","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia is a tropical country threatened by many disasters, such as earthquakes and other collateral hazards (liquefaction). Utilization of micro pile on the liquefaction prone areas is quite popular to increase the soil bearing capacity. In this research, Eucalyptus Pellita Timber was used as micro-piles alternatives. This study aims to determine the effect of timber pile addition on soil settlement and the increase in bearing capacity. Some laboratory investigations were conducted, such as timber and soil physical and mechanical characteristics, preloading tests, and seismic load tests by using small-scale shaking table test. The preloading tests were carried out for 40 days, and the settlements were recorded every 24 hours. Subsequently, seismic load tests were conducted on sandy soil with Dr = 40%. The seismic duration was 37 seconds, with PGA = 0.3 g and f = 0.78 Hz. The preloading test results show that Eucalyptus pellita timber piles are able to reduce the settlement by 18%. and from seismic load testing results are able to reduce the settlement by 68% due to earthquake loads with PGA = 0.3g and a frequency of 0.78 Hz on sandy soil with the potential for liquefaction. This is due to the resistance at the tip of the pile and the skin friction on the timber pile. So, from the results of the model test, it shows that the use of Eucalyptus Pelita timber piles can be used as an alternative to handling sandy soils in areas where liquefaction has the potential to occur. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-016 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86442116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-014
A. Ebid, K. Onyelowe, M. Salah, E. I. Adah
The objective of this research is to predict how strip footings behave when rested on an undrained clay layer enhanced using a top replacement layer with and without a geo-grid. The study was conducted in several stages, including collecting load-settlement curves from "Finite Element Method" (FEM) models with different clay strengths, replacement thicknesses, and axial stiffnesses of the geo-grid. These curves were then idealized using a hyperbolic model, and the idealized hyperbolic parameters were predicted using three different AI techniques. According to the numerical results, the ultimate bearing pressure of pure clay models was found to be five times the undrained strength of the clay. These findings align with most established empirical bearing capacity formulas for undrained clays. The results also suggest that the initial modulus of the subgrade reaction is solely influenced by replacement thickness. Additionally, the enhancement in subgrade reaction due to the replacement layer decreases with increasing clay strength. However, the percentage of improvement decreased with higher clay strength. Moreover, the impact of the geo-grid was significant for settlement beyond 50mm, and it was more impactful in soft clay than in stiff clay. Finally, the research proposed predictive models employing the "Genetic Programming" (GP), "Artificial Neural Networks" (ANN), and "Evolutionary Polynomial Regression" (EPR) techniques, and these models exhibited an accuracy of about 88%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-014 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Using FEM-AI Technique to Predict the Behavior of Strip Footing Rested on Undrained Clay Layer Improved with Replacement and Geo-Grid","authors":"A. Ebid, K. Onyelowe, M. Salah, E. I. Adah","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-014","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research is to predict how strip footings behave when rested on an undrained clay layer enhanced using a top replacement layer with and without a geo-grid. The study was conducted in several stages, including collecting load-settlement curves from \"Finite Element Method\" (FEM) models with different clay strengths, replacement thicknesses, and axial stiffnesses of the geo-grid. These curves were then idealized using a hyperbolic model, and the idealized hyperbolic parameters were predicted using three different AI techniques. According to the numerical results, the ultimate bearing pressure of pure clay models was found to be five times the undrained strength of the clay. These findings align with most established empirical bearing capacity formulas for undrained clays. The results also suggest that the initial modulus of the subgrade reaction is solely influenced by replacement thickness. Additionally, the enhancement in subgrade reaction due to the replacement layer decreases with increasing clay strength. However, the percentage of improvement decreased with higher clay strength. Moreover, the impact of the geo-grid was significant for settlement beyond 50mm, and it was more impactful in soft clay than in stiff clay. Finally, the research proposed predictive models employing the \"Genetic Programming\" (GP), \"Artificial Neural Networks\" (ANN), and \"Evolutionary Polynomial Regression\" (EPR) techniques, and these models exhibited an accuracy of about 88%. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-014 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77016893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-015
R. Ibragimov, E. Korolev, E. Khorkov, L. Gimranov
This paper investigates the effect of a magnetic field on the grinding processes of Portland cement and the axial tensile strength of cement stone. It was found that the dispersion composition of Portland cement is affected by the magnetic field in two modes. Moreover, the grinding of Portland cement without a magnetic field has subtle modes within small particles (0.1–0.4 microns). The grinding of Portland cement with a magnetic field demonstrates an increase in the mode area of small particles and a decrease in the area of large particles (more than 1.6 microns), with an increase in processing time. In this work, the previously established magnetoplastic effect was confirmed in cement stone only in crystalline samples. The determined effect on cement stone is to reduce its strength by 53-59% and simultaneously increase relative deformation by 63–149%, depending on the specimen size and type. The magnetoplastic effect is also visually recorded on scans of the crack edges in cement stone examined using probe microscopy. The obtained experimental data confirm the validity of the proposed hypothesis of the effect of the magnetic field on polycrystalline materials with isotropic structure, in particular portland cement and cement stone, which consists in the fact that the magnetic field contributes to the accumulation of dislocations in the material, an acceleration of their movement, and the development of cracks. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-015 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Study of the Effect of Magnetic Field on Dispersion of Crushed Portland Cement and Tensile Strength of Cement Stone","authors":"R. Ibragimov, E. Korolev, E. Khorkov, L. Gimranov","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-015","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the effect of a magnetic field on the grinding processes of Portland cement and the axial tensile strength of cement stone. It was found that the dispersion composition of Portland cement is affected by the magnetic field in two modes. Moreover, the grinding of Portland cement without a magnetic field has subtle modes within small particles (0.1–0.4 microns). The grinding of Portland cement with a magnetic field demonstrates an increase in the mode area of small particles and a decrease in the area of large particles (more than 1.6 microns), with an increase in processing time. In this work, the previously established magnetoplastic effect was confirmed in cement stone only in crystalline samples. The determined effect on cement stone is to reduce its strength by 53-59% and simultaneously increase relative deformation by 63–149%, depending on the specimen size and type. The magnetoplastic effect is also visually recorded on scans of the crack edges in cement stone examined using probe microscopy. The obtained experimental data confirm the validity of the proposed hypothesis of the effect of the magnetic field on polycrystalline materials with isotropic structure, in particular portland cement and cement stone, which consists in the fact that the magnetic field contributes to the accumulation of dislocations in the material, an acceleration of their movement, and the development of cracks. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-015 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"224 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73962174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-05
F. Salihu, Zijadin Guri, M. Cvetkovska, Fatos Pllana
This paper presents a fire resistance analysis of two-way reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. The study analyzes the effect of specific parameters—concrete cover thickness, span, and support conditions—on the fire resistance of the slabs. To that end, the slabs were exposed to Standard Fire ISO 834, and the 3D nonlinear numerical analyses were conducted in SAFIR2016. The results of the numerical analyses were evaluated against experimental results reported in the literature. The agreement between the two sets of results was satisfactory throughout the fire test. Nonetheless, to verify the obtained numerical results, all testing-related parameters must comply with the numerical simulation results. This comparison demonstrated the usefulness of numerical simulations in predicting the behavior of structures in fire conditions. In addition to the nonlinear numerical analysis, the fire resistance was calculated using the simplified method and tabulated data described in Eurocode 2 (Part 1.2) to assess the accuracy and reliability of fire safety regulations in the design of two-way slabs and identify significant differences between the design code and numerical analysis. The comparison showed that SAFIR2016 provides more accurate results by considering additional factors, such as tensile membrane forces, which increase the fire resistance of two-way slabs. According to the load-bearing criteria, the two-way slabs have high fire resistance, considerably higher than prescribed in the fire safety regulations, which ignore the positive effect of tensile membrane forces. According to the numerical analysis, the upper reinforcement in the compression areas of the slab's span was considered, which increased the fire resistance of the slabs. In contrast, according to the design codes, the contribution of this reinforcement is neglected. It was indicated that the increased concrete cover improves the fire resistance of the slabs. The vertical displacements increase by increasing the slab span, but according to the load-bearing criteria, all the slabs show fire resistance of over ten hours. In terms of bearing capacity, slabs with various support conditions show fire resistance of longer than ten hours. In terms of deflections, the supporting conditions of the slabs have a significant influence on their behavior. This study provides valuable insights into the fire resistance of two-way RC slabs and highlights the importance of considering specific parameters in the analysis. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-05 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Fire Resistance Analysis of Two-Way Reinforced Concrete Slabs","authors":"F. Salihu, Zijadin Guri, M. Cvetkovska, Fatos Pllana","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a fire resistance analysis of two-way reinforced concrete (RC) slabs. The study analyzes the effect of specific parameters—concrete cover thickness, span, and support conditions—on the fire resistance of the slabs. To that end, the slabs were exposed to Standard Fire ISO 834, and the 3D nonlinear numerical analyses were conducted in SAFIR2016. The results of the numerical analyses were evaluated against experimental results reported in the literature. The agreement between the two sets of results was satisfactory throughout the fire test. Nonetheless, to verify the obtained numerical results, all testing-related parameters must comply with the numerical simulation results. This comparison demonstrated the usefulness of numerical simulations in predicting the behavior of structures in fire conditions. In addition to the nonlinear numerical analysis, the fire resistance was calculated using the simplified method and tabulated data described in Eurocode 2 (Part 1.2) to assess the accuracy and reliability of fire safety regulations in the design of two-way slabs and identify significant differences between the design code and numerical analysis. The comparison showed that SAFIR2016 provides more accurate results by considering additional factors, such as tensile membrane forces, which increase the fire resistance of two-way slabs. According to the load-bearing criteria, the two-way slabs have high fire resistance, considerably higher than prescribed in the fire safety regulations, which ignore the positive effect of tensile membrane forces. According to the numerical analysis, the upper reinforcement in the compression areas of the slab's span was considered, which increased the fire resistance of the slabs. In contrast, according to the design codes, the contribution of this reinforcement is neglected. It was indicated that the increased concrete cover improves the fire resistance of the slabs. The vertical displacements increase by increasing the slab span, but according to the load-bearing criteria, all the slabs show fire resistance of over ten hours. In terms of bearing capacity, slabs with various support conditions show fire resistance of longer than ten hours. In terms of deflections, the supporting conditions of the slabs have a significant influence on their behavior. This study provides valuable insights into the fire resistance of two-way RC slabs and highlights the importance of considering specific parameters in the analysis. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-05 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76453126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-09
Elanda Fikri, Irfan A. Sulistiawan, A. Riyanto, Aditiyana Eka Saputra
This study investigates the effect of electrocoagulation contact time on the pH and TSS of wastewater discharged from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the Psychiatric Hospital of West Java Province. The experiment followed the pretest-posttest control group design. This study involved testing 56 wastewater samples six times before and after treatment. Each treatment was repeated four times, and there was one control group for each repetition. The electrocoagulation tool used in this study consisted of six 1-mm electrode plates that were 8 cm apart, a current strength of 5A, a voltage of 12V, and a 50-Watt solar panel. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that all electrocoagulation contact time treatments had a significant effect on increasing the pH and the TSS. Additionally, the electrocoagulation tool was found to be effective, stable, portable, and environmentally friendly, with a self-cleaning system that reduced operational costs and saved electricity through the use of solar panels. This study contributes to the development of an effective electrocoagulation toll for wastewater treatment and the determination of the optimal contact time for the tool, providing a practical solution to overcome the problems of pH and TSS in wastewater. These findings can be applied to other wastewater treatment plants, thus improving the quality of discharged wastewater. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-09 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Neutralization of Acidity (pH) and Reduction of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) by Solar-Powered Electrocoagulation System","authors":"Elanda Fikri, Irfan A. Sulistiawan, A. Riyanto, Aditiyana Eka Saputra","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-09","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the effect of electrocoagulation contact time on the pH and TSS of wastewater discharged from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of the Psychiatric Hospital of West Java Province. The experiment followed the pretest-posttest control group design. This study involved testing 56 wastewater samples six times before and after treatment. Each treatment was repeated four times, and there was one control group for each repetition. The electrocoagulation tool used in this study consisted of six 1-mm electrode plates that were 8 cm apart, a current strength of 5A, a voltage of 12V, and a 50-Watt solar panel. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that all electrocoagulation contact time treatments had a significant effect on increasing the pH and the TSS. Additionally, the electrocoagulation tool was found to be effective, stable, portable, and environmentally friendly, with a self-cleaning system that reduced operational costs and saved electricity through the use of solar panels. This study contributes to the development of an effective electrocoagulation toll for wastewater treatment and the determination of the optimal contact time for the tool, providing a practical solution to overcome the problems of pH and TSS in wastewater. These findings can be applied to other wastewater treatment plants, thus improving the quality of discharged wastewater. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-09 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80294273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-03
G. Sugiyanto, .. Yanto, A. Wibowo, Toni Tauladan, Tory Damantoro
The rapid growth of Ride-hailing Transport Services (RTS) demand is found to have caused a fierce market share battle with conventional taxis in previous decades. In selecting a taxi or RTS, understanding the factors affecting passenger’s decisions is substantial for better development and more reliable transit service. The aims of this study to evaluate the demand for taxis and RTS in the Jakarta Greater Area, Indonesia, using the demand-supply and dynamic models. It has been conducted by using 519 respondents, with the model inputs consisting of waiting and travel time, trip costs, and the destination of the conventional passengers. Moreover, the choice between taxi and RTS was analyzed based on the stated preferences of respondents. The results showed that the waiting and travel time, as well as costs per trip of RTS, were 1.49 and 2.67 minutes lower and IDR10,902 cheaper than a taxi, respectively. The factors influencing the demand for these transport modes were also the number of trips per-day, mode share, the average vehicle occupancy, operating hours/day, passengers and driver waiting time, as well as travel period. In the dynamic model, the addition of variable service area, peak hour, and average vehicles speed was subsequently observed. Based on the results, the requests for these transport modes in the Greater Area of Jakarta were 64,494 and 55,811 vehicle units for the demand-supply and dynamic models, respectively. This proved that the dynamic model was better than the demand-supply, due to the added parameters representing the area’s traffic characteristics. Additionally, subsequent future research are expected to focus on modeling of taxi and RTS demands through the global positioning system data, as well as analysis using machine learning and deep learning. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-03 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Demand Modeling for Taxi and Ride-hailing Transport Services (RTS)","authors":"G. Sugiyanto, .. Yanto, A. Wibowo, Toni Tauladan, Tory Damantoro","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-03","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of Ride-hailing Transport Services (RTS) demand is found to have caused a fierce market share battle with conventional taxis in previous decades. In selecting a taxi or RTS, understanding the factors affecting passenger’s decisions is substantial for better development and more reliable transit service. The aims of this study to evaluate the demand for taxis and RTS in the Jakarta Greater Area, Indonesia, using the demand-supply and dynamic models. It has been conducted by using 519 respondents, with the model inputs consisting of waiting and travel time, trip costs, and the destination of the conventional passengers. Moreover, the choice between taxi and RTS was analyzed based on the stated preferences of respondents. The results showed that the waiting and travel time, as well as costs per trip of RTS, were 1.49 and 2.67 minutes lower and IDR10,902 cheaper than a taxi, respectively. The factors influencing the demand for these transport modes were also the number of trips per-day, mode share, the average vehicle occupancy, operating hours/day, passengers and driver waiting time, as well as travel period. In the dynamic model, the addition of variable service area, peak hour, and average vehicles speed was subsequently observed. Based on the results, the requests for these transport modes in the Greater Area of Jakarta were 64,494 and 55,811 vehicle units for the demand-supply and dynamic models, respectively. This proved that the dynamic model was better than the demand-supply, due to the added parameters representing the area’s traffic characteristics. Additionally, subsequent future research are expected to focus on modeling of taxi and RTS demands through the global positioning system data, as well as analysis using machine learning and deep learning. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-03 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86729805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-016
K. A. Utama, T. Harianto, A. B. Muhiddin, A. Arsyad
Recently, geotechnical studies have been conducted more progressively to utilize dredged soil. The inclusion of shredded rubber (SR) and natural minerals (NM) to stabilize dredged soil (DS) has become an exciting issue in the geotechnical field. This technique can be a promising environmental innovation for the future. This study aimed to investigate the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and embankment performance under the strip footing test. The UCS sample was prepared using shredded rubber with a proportion of 2% and 3% and natural minerals with a proportion of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% from the dry weight of the soil. Whereas for the CBR samples (both in un-soaked and soaked conditions) were also prepared with a proportion of 2% and 3% shredded rubber and 6% and 9% natural minerals from the dry weight of the soil as well. The strip footing test was conducted in small-scale laboratory tests to evaluate the performance of stabilized dredged soil embankments. The applied load test was gradually increased until the embankment collapsed. The results showed that adding shredded rubber and natural minerals could increase the UCS value by 3–4 times and the CBR value by 2–3 times. Furthermore, 84% and 116% efficient results were obtained in the strip footing test for the 7 and 14 days of curing, respectively. Therefore, the utilization of dredged soil stabilized with SR and NM can be considered for use as a road foundation layer. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-016 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"The Behavior of Dredged Soil-Shredded Rubber Embankment Stabilized with Natural Minerals as a Road Foundation Layer","authors":"K. A. Utama, T. Harianto, A. B. Muhiddin, A. Arsyad","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-016","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, geotechnical studies have been conducted more progressively to utilize dredged soil. The inclusion of shredded rubber (SR) and natural minerals (NM) to stabilize dredged soil (DS) has become an exciting issue in the geotechnical field. This technique can be a promising environmental innovation for the future. This study aimed to investigate the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and embankment performance under the strip footing test. The UCS sample was prepared using shredded rubber with a proportion of 2% and 3% and natural minerals with a proportion of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% from the dry weight of the soil. Whereas for the CBR samples (both in un-soaked and soaked conditions) were also prepared with a proportion of 2% and 3% shredded rubber and 6% and 9% natural minerals from the dry weight of the soil as well. The strip footing test was conducted in small-scale laboratory tests to evaluate the performance of stabilized dredged soil embankments. The applied load test was gradually increased until the embankment collapsed. The results showed that adding shredded rubber and natural minerals could increase the UCS value by 3–4 times and the CBR value by 2–3 times. Furthermore, 84% and 116% efficient results were obtained in the strip footing test for the 7 and 14 days of curing, respectively. Therefore, the utilization of dredged soil stabilized with SR and NM can be considered for use as a road foundation layer. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-016 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89010554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-011
Thanh Giao Nguyen, N. Huynh
The study aimed to assess the relationship between surface water quality and the diversity of planktonic communities in An Giang province, Vietnam. The national technical regulations on surface water quality, the water quality index (WQI), and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') were applied to evaluate water quality. The considerable influence of water quality parameters on the dominant plankton was determined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER). The results showed that water quality was contaminated by organic matter, total suspended solids (TSS), and microorganisms. WQI values classified water quality as ranging from bad to good. The species composition of phytoplankton was dominated by two phyla, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta, and that of zooplankton was the Rotifera group. SIMPER analysis identified phytoplankton species with dominant density, including Melosira granulata, Pediastrum duplex, Anabaena sp., and Lyngbya circumcreta. Microcyclops varicans, Filinia longiseta, Trichocerca pusilla, Copepoda nauplius, Brachionus caudatus, and Polyarthra vulgarisdominated the density of zooplankton. Temperature, pH, TSS, ammonium, orthophosphate, and coliform considerably influence the dominant species composition of plankton. However, the indicators of diversity and composition of plankton were unable to completely reflect water quality. These findings could contribute to the indicator selection in developing the monitoring water quality programs. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-011 Full Text: PDF
{"title":"Evaluating Surface Water Quality Using Indexes of Water Quality and Plankton Diversity","authors":"Thanh Giao Nguyen, N. Huynh","doi":"10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-011","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to assess the relationship between surface water quality and the diversity of planktonic communities in An Giang province, Vietnam. The national technical regulations on surface water quality, the water quality index (WQI), and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') were applied to evaluate water quality. The considerable influence of water quality parameters on the dominant plankton was determined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER). The results showed that water quality was contaminated by organic matter, total suspended solids (TSS), and microorganisms. WQI values classified water quality as ranging from bad to good. The species composition of phytoplankton was dominated by two phyla, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta, and that of zooplankton was the Rotifera group. SIMPER analysis identified phytoplankton species with dominant density, including Melosira granulata, Pediastrum duplex, Anabaena sp., and Lyngbya circumcreta. Microcyclops varicans, Filinia longiseta, Trichocerca pusilla, Copepoda nauplius, Brachionus caudatus, and Polyarthra vulgarisdominated the density of zooplankton. Temperature, pH, TSS, ammonium, orthophosphate, and coliform considerably influence the dominant species composition of plankton. However, the indicators of diversity and composition of plankton were unable to completely reflect water quality. These findings could contribute to the indicator selection in developing the monitoring water quality programs. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-011 Full Text: PDF","PeriodicalId":53612,"journal":{"name":"Open Civil Engineering Journal","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79451976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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