Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya最新文献

Probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis 534 is the base of sporobacterin, a pharmaceutical. In submerged culture it showed antibiotic activity against many of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The spectrum of the antimicrobial activity of the culture fluid depended on the.cultivation time and aeration intensity. It was shown that component No. 1 of the antibiotic complex was effective against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii: 20 out of 24 isolates were susceptible to component No. 1, including 15 strains out of 16 panresistant isolates.

The effect of chloramphenicol and tetracycline, as inhibitors of protein synthesis, on electrophysical properties of Escherichia coli K-12 cells was investigated. Significant changes in the orientation spectra (OS) of the cell suspensions incubated with various concentrations of chloramphenicol were observed only at the first five frequencies of the electric field (10-1000 kHz). When the cells were exposed to chloramphenicol (1.5 mcg/ml) or tetracycline (1.7 mcg/ml), no changes in the OS were recorded. Significant changes in the electrooptic signal were observed, when the K-12 cells were simultaneously incubated with chloramphenicol (1.5 mcg/ml) and tetracycline (1.7 mcg/ml), that could be due to the synergistic action of the antibiotics. Therefore, the electrooptic analysis provided registration of higher antibacterial effect with the simultaneous use of chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Additional control experiments with the cell culture on the LB nutrient medium containing chloramphenicol and tetracycline were performed. The results suggested that the use of electrophysical methods for investigation of antibiotics effect on microorganisms was rather efficient.

The pulmonary tuberculosis process as dependent on the disease form and the therapy efficacy with the use of Cycloferon in the treatment scheme were investigated. The study had two stages. At the first stage the data concerning 358 patients with primary pulmonary tuberculosis and infiltration (93 patients) or degradation (89 patients) and 176 patients with pulmonary fibrocavernous tuberculosis were analysed. At the second stage the efficacy of the treatment schemes applied to the patients with pulmonary fibrocavernous tuberculosis was compared. The etiotropic therapy intensive phase was applied to all the patients. Moreover, 56 patients (group 1) under the therapy and rehabilitatinon were treated with Cycloferon in a dose of 0.25 administered intramuscularly twice a week (not less than 16 injections for the course), 60 patients (group 2) were treated with Omega 3, 30 patients (group 3) were given the standard complex (vitamins and tonics), 30 patients (group 4) were under the etiotropic therapy alone. The following additional factors promoting progression and aggravation of the tuberculosis process were confirmed: degradation at the time of the disease diagnosis, high resistance of the pathogen to antituberculosis drugs, low adherence to the treatment, social desadaptation and especially psychofunctional state of the patients. The use of Cycloferon in the schemes of the intensive phase treatment of the primary fibrocavernous tuberculosis resulted in reduction of the intoxication signs, bacteria isolation, positive dynamics of the cavity healing, lower lung infiltration and consequently high frequency of the treatment positive outcomes (94.1 ± 3.33%).

Rifapentine belongs to the most potent antituberculosis drugs. Nevertheless, there are some limitations for its clinical use because of the low aqueous solubility and side effects. A technological approach to development of rifapentine intravenous formulation based on human serum albumin was described earlier and its efficacy against experimental tuberculosis was estimated. Toxicological evaluation of that water-compatible form of rifapentine revealed its low acute toxicity (LD₅₀ 340 mg/kg). Chronic toxicity tests of both the oral substance and the injectable formulation of rifapentine demonstrated similar adverse effects. However, in contrast to the conventional oral formulations, the intravenous formulation of rifapentine had no gastrointestinal toxic effects or cardiotoxicity, thus suggesting its usefulness for clinical application.

A prospective, two-center, open-label, randomised clinical trial assessing the efficacy and tolerability of treatment strategies involving the administration of Ergoferon and Kagocel in paediatric outpatients aged over 3 years was carried out. The study was conducted with the objective of obtaining a comprehensive evaluation of drug-based therapy options used in routine paediatric practice to treat acute respiratory infections (ARI) during the 2012-2013 epidemic season. A total of 90 ARI-diagnosed child-age patients able to initiate treatment within 48 hours of infection onset entered the trial. Nine participants were excluded from final analysis due to protocol violation. The patients were randomised into 2 groups (Ergoferon (group 1): 41 subjects and Kagocel (group 2): 40 subjects) with similar distribution of sex, age, baseline clinical data, and time of treatment initiation. The study involved clinical assessment including daily body temperature monitoring (morning/evening measurements) and three PCR assays of nasal swabs. At visits 2 and 3, the number of patients achieving normal body temperature (primary endpoint) was estimated and severity of intoxication and catarrhal syndromes and individual symptoms as well as the rate of virus elimination were evaluated. In addition, visit 3 included the assessment of the volume and cost of treatment in conjunction with clinical benefit and treatment safety/tolerability (as judged by the physicians and parents). By the end of the first day of treatment, the number of children with body temperature of above 38 C was significantly decreased as compared to the morning baseline (p=0.008) and respective values in group 2 (p=0.02). At visit 2 (treatment day 4), the state of 80% of patients in either group was assessed as satisfactory and over 70%, respectively, could maintain normal body temperature throughout the day. Total intoxication scores were reduced by 7-10 points and were less than 9 in 100% of patients. The overall scores of catarrhal symptoms were 2.5-3 points lower than the baseline levels and were less or equal to 9 in 80-90% of children in either group. By visit 3, 'satisfactory' health assessments were reported for 95% of patients in respective groups. Signs of catarrh were completely resolved in 37% of participants in group 1 and 15% in group 2 (p=0.03). At the same point, 66% of patients in group 1 and 55% in group 2 were observed to have no (or isolated or negligible) signs of infection which did not require continuation of treatment (p>0.05). The percentage of children achieving recovery was 3 times greater in group 1 than in group 2 (p=0.01). No bacterial complications were presented by any of the study subjects. The severity of individual symptoms of catarrh varied significantly between the groups as observed at visits-2 and 3. At visit 2, 92% of subjects in group 1 had no or only minor (requiring no drug intervention) obstruction breathing through the nose and 26.8% reported no na

Marine-derived fungi are of great interest as a new promising source of biologically active products such as anticancer compounds, antibiotics, inhibitors of biochemical processes. Since marine organisms inhabit biologically competitive environment with unique conditions, the chemical diversity of the secondary metabolites from marine fungi is considerably high. Recent genomic studies demonstrated that fungi can carry gene clasters encoding production of previously unknown secondary metabolites. Activation of the attenuated or silent genes would be useful either for improving activities of the known compounds or for discovery of new products.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the major healthcare problems globally. Pneumococcal disease is the leading cause of deaths among vaccine preventable diseases in children and adults. Plain polysaccharide vaccine PPSV-23 and conjugated pneumnococcal polysaccharide vaccine PCV-13 are widely used to prevent pneumococcal disease and CAP in adults without immunosuppression. The review concerns the results of trials and meta-analysis of PPSV-23 and PCV-13 effectiveness in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and CAP prevention in immunocompetent adults. More and more expert immunization committees in different countries are taking into consideration uncertain effectiveness of PPSV-23 in CAP prevention in immunocompetent adults, and recommend the PCV-13 priority use for mass immunization campaigns in high-risk groups and elder population. Since the Russian Federation has started the PCV-13 vaccination campaign for early childhood only at the end of 2014, the anticipated serotype replacement should not be taken into consideration at the moment across all the age groups, and therefore the risk and age based approach to adult vaccination should be used with the PCV-13 priority.

Efficient chemotherapy of tuberculosis patients could-be complicated by hepatoprotective responses to antituberculosis drugs. The frequency and nature of the response depend on the drug and the genotypical and phenotypical characteristics of its metabolism in the patients, that should be considered while choosing the hepatoprotector. The liver injury was induced by the reserve antituberculosis drugs in experiments on rats with various acetylation phenotypes. Analysis of the clinicobiochemical and morphological indices revealed differences in the liver injury simulation: prevalence of the cytolytic mechanism in slow acetylators 'vs. the rapid ones.

Characteristics of the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) as a mean for express control of antibiotic levels in various specimens and its advantages vs. other analytical tests are described. The developmental stages of the analytical procedure and its parameters are considered for chlorampnenicol as an example. The analysis is based on competitive interaction of anti-chloramphenicol antibodies with the chloramphenicol-fluorophore conjugate and the potential free chloramphenicol in the specimen. The experimental results of the comparison of the chloramphenicol FPIA with the use of two conjugates differing in the length of the bridge length between the antibiotic functional groups and fluorophore (fluorescein) are presented. The requirements to the choice of the antibody and conjugate concentrations providing highly sensitive detection are characterized. The detection limit of chloramphenicol in the FPIA was 10 ng/ml and the determination of the concentrations ranged from 20 ng/mI to 10 mcg/ml. The time of the assay was 10 min.

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae cause serious disease including pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia and mortality.is seen most in developing countries. The aim of the study was to determine if the reduction in IPD aid pneumonia rates were similar in developed and developing countries after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccine and to determine changes in the disparities of these diseases rates in these countries.

Methods: Literature searches were conducted by using the PubMed database and Google scholar. The main criterion for selection was,that the studies compare incidence of IPD or pneumonia in children pre and post PCV7, PCV10, or PCV13 vaccine introduction. Only published articles that described the incidence rate of IPD or pneumonia with quantitative data were fully reviewed in detail.

Results: A total of 22 articles were full-text original publications and one was a review article. Within 3 years of PCV introduction in the United States, all-cause IPD dropped from 98.7/100,000 to 20/100,000 children <5 years of age and similar such reductions were also documented in Europe, Canada, Australia and Israel. In South Africa, rate of IPD incidence among children younger than 2 years of age declined from 54.8 to 21.7 cases per 100,000 from the baseline to 2011 and the further decreased to 17.0 cases per 100,000 person in 2012 (total reduction of 69%. The incidence rates of pneumonia in chil- dren <5 years were estimated to be 0.29,episodes per child-year in developing-and 0.05 episodes per child-year in developed countries. After PCV7 introduction the rates of pneumonia hospitalizations in <5 years old decreased in the US from 1,274/100,000 to 723/100,000 in UK, from 1,340/100,000 children to 1,079/per 100,000 children. In Nicaragua reduction of rate ration of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.59-0.75) among infants and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.67-0.81) among 1 year olds and Uruguay from 1,542/100,000 to 1,227/100,000 -and in South Africa, from -96/1,000 in 2008-2009 to 69.3/1,000 (27.8%).

Conclusions: PCVs are effective in both industrialized and developing countries in reducing IPD and pneumonia. Although developing countries are behind in PCV introduction, there is hope that if PCV is introduced in national immunization programs, IPD can perhaps be reduced to that of levels in industrialized countries, also resulting in reduced levels of pneumonia incidences. More surveillance studies are needed in all countries, but especially in developing countries that have introduced PCV to more accurately determine IPD and pneumonia reduction as a result of vaccination.