The conventional six-point odor intensity scale has been treated as one of the standard scales to evaluate perceived odor intensity. However, as an ordinal scale, it has an arithmetical limitation in statistical analysis. Therefore, a new rating method was introduced. It has a horizontal line with six-point scales labeled with the six odor intensity descriptors as in the visual analogue scale (VAS). Here, evaluators can draw a diagonal short line at any position on the horizontal line regardless of the position of the six-point scales, and thus it can theoretically be regarded as an interval scale. However, there is a concern that the language labels affect an evaluation in such a method. Therefore, we compared the odor intensity ratings evaluated by the labeled- and non-labeled VASs in one experimental framework. The results indicate that both labeled- and non-labeled-VASs can be used to rate perceived odor intensity with a statistical advantage as an interval scale.
{"title":"Investigation of an odor intensity evaluation:","authors":"Kohei Fuseda, Takefumi Kobayashi","doi":"10.4992/jjpsy.94.22307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.94.22307","url":null,"abstract":"The conventional six-point odor intensity scale has been treated as one of the standard scales to evaluate perceived odor intensity. However, as an ordinal scale, it has an arithmetical limitation in statistical analysis. Therefore, a new rating method was introduced. It has a horizontal line with six-point scales labeled with the six odor intensity descriptors as in the visual analogue scale (VAS). Here, evaluators can draw a diagonal short line at any position on the horizontal line regardless of the position of the six-point scales, and thus it can theoretically be regarded as an interval scale. However, there is a concern that the language labels affect an evaluation in such a method. Therefore, we compared the odor intensity ratings evaluated by the labeled- and non-labeled VASs in one experimental framework. The results indicate that both labeled- and non-labeled-VASs can be used to rate perceived odor intensity with a statistical advantage as an interval scale.","PeriodicalId":53680,"journal":{"name":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135260964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of a measure of Beliefs about Difficult Experiences during goal pursuit","authors":"Miki Toyama, Takahiro Shimizu, Keigo Osamura","doi":"10.4992/jjpsy.95.22226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.95.22226","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53680,"journal":{"name":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135310832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yosuke Hattori, Masanori Kobayashi, Noboru Matsumoto, Jun Kawaguchi
Previous studies have revealed that the differences in individuals’ beliefs about the extent to which mind wandering is controllable—termed the implicit theories of mind wandering—affect the frequencies of and responses to mind wandering. The Theories of Mind Wandering Scale (TOMW) assesses the implicit theories of mind wandering. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the TOMW and test its reliability and validity. We found that the Japanese version of the TOMW had a one-factor structure similar to that in the literature. Furthermore, the TOMW score was correlated with established measures of mind wandering in everyday life (Studies 1-4), thought control ability (Study 2), thought control strategies and dysfunctional responses to mind wandering (Study 3), and the frequencies of mind wandering during the Sustained Attention to Response Task (Study 4). Moreover, the scale had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability (Studies 1 & 2). These results suggest that the Japanese version of the TOMW has adequate reliability and validity.
{"title":"Development of the Japanese version of the Theories of Mind Wandering Scale and testing its reliability and validity","authors":"Yosuke Hattori, Masanori Kobayashi, Noboru Matsumoto, Jun Kawaguchi","doi":"10.4992/jjpsy.94.22221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.94.22221","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have revealed that the differences in individuals’ beliefs about the extent to which mind wandering is controllable—termed the implicit theories of mind wandering—affect the frequencies of and responses to mind wandering. The Theories of Mind Wandering Scale (TOMW) assesses the implicit theories of mind wandering. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the TOMW and test its reliability and validity. We found that the Japanese version of the TOMW had a one-factor structure similar to that in the literature. Furthermore, the TOMW score was correlated with established measures of mind wandering in everyday life (Studies 1-4), thought control ability (Study 2), thought control strategies and dysfunctional responses to mind wandering (Study 3), and the frequencies of mind wandering during the Sustained Attention to Response Task (Study 4). Moreover, the scale had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability (Studies 1 & 2). These results suggest that the Japanese version of the TOMW has adequate reliability and validity.","PeriodicalId":53680,"journal":{"name":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135103659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interest in critical reading has been increasing in recent years as a high-level literacy. Previous studies have shown that discussion promotes critical reading. However, the influence of the content spoken during the interaction on critical reading of academic article has not been studied. This study reexamined whether discussion in pairs is effective for critical reading. The results showed that its effectiveness is limited, and is only important for sharing of perspectives. Additionally, this study examined what kind of speech content affects critical reading in collaborative situations. The results showed that self-references to differences in thinking decreased reading perspectives; however, self-references to commonalities in thinking promoted criticisms. Further, partner’s negative speech limited criticisms.
{"title":"協同場面における発話内容が学術論文の批判的読みに及ぼす影響","authors":"Makito Hirami, Daisuke Fujiki","doi":"10.4992/jjpsy.94.22318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.94.22318","url":null,"abstract":"The interest in critical reading has been increasing in recent years as a high-level literacy. Previous studies have shown that discussion promotes critical reading. However, the influence of the content spoken during the interaction on critical reading of academic article has not been studied. This study reexamined whether discussion in pairs is effective for critical reading. The results showed that its effectiveness is limited, and is only important for sharing of perspectives. Additionally, this study examined what kind of speech content affects critical reading in collaborative situations. The results showed that self-references to differences in thinking decreased reading perspectives; however, self-references to commonalities in thinking promoted criticisms. Further, partner’s negative speech limited criticisms.","PeriodicalId":53680,"journal":{"name":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study sought to develop a Japanese version of the Peer Conflict Scale for high school students and to examine its reliability and validity. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, the Japanese version of the Peer Conflict Scale, unlike the original version, had a three-factor structure, with sufficient internal consistency and strong measurement invariance across genders. Furthermore, this study examined the validity of the scale based on correlations with variables associated with the forms and functional aspects of aggressive behavior and anxiety. Findings showed that the Japanese version of the Peer Conflict Scale had good validity and may be administered to high school students.
{"title":"Development of the Japanese version of the Peer Conflict Scale","authors":"Kenzo Watanabe, Yoshikazu Hamaguchi","doi":"10.4992/jjpsy.94.22223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.94.22223","url":null,"abstract":"The present study sought to develop a Japanese version of the Peer Conflict Scale for high school students and to examine its reliability and validity. According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, the Japanese version of the Peer Conflict Scale, unlike the original version, had a three-factor structure, with sufficient internal consistency and strong measurement invariance across genders. Furthermore, this study examined the validity of the scale based on correlations with variables associated with the forms and functional aspects of aggressive behavior and anxiety. Findings showed that the Japanese version of the Peer Conflict Scale had good validity and may be administered to high school students.","PeriodicalId":53680,"journal":{"name":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135103658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined beliefs about creativity and the effects of beliefs on creativity. We hypothesized that people do not believe that persistence is as important as flexibility. However, both flexible and persistent beliefs are related to creative performance. Therefore, we expected that knowledge interventions teaching that persistence is essential for creativity would improve creative performance. We conducted a questionnaire survey and an interventional experiment with adults (N = 409) in Study 1, college students (N = 413) in Study 2, and high school students (N = 214) in Study 3. The results supported the hypothesis. People did not consider that persistence is vital for creativity. However, if they recognized that persistence is essential, they were more likely to persevere in creative tasks, improving creativity. These results suggest that fostering creativity requires a proper understanding of the scientific findings regarding creativity.
{"title":"Do changes in beliefs improve creativity?","authors":"Miki Toyama, Yukako Mizumoto, Shiryu Murayama","doi":"10.4992/jjpsy.94.22018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.94.22018","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined beliefs about creativity and the effects of beliefs on creativity. We hypothesized that people do not believe that persistence is as important as flexibility. However, both flexible and persistent beliefs are related to creative performance. Therefore, we expected that knowledge interventions teaching that persistence is essential for creativity would improve creative performance. We conducted a questionnaire survey and an interventional experiment with adults (N = 409) in Study 1, college students (N = 413) in Study 2, and high school students (N = 214) in Study 3. The results supported the hypothesis. People did not consider that persistence is vital for creativity. However, if they recognized that persistence is essential, they were more likely to persevere in creative tasks, improving creativity. These results suggest that fostering creativity requires a proper understanding of the scientific findings regarding creativity.","PeriodicalId":53680,"journal":{"name":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135260959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interdependence is among the most pervasive characteristics of human social life. The Situational Interdependence Scale (SIS) is a multi-dimensional scale comprising five factors: mutual dependence, power, conflict, future interdependence, and information certainty. These factors explain behavior in interdependent situations. Although translations of the SIS exist in several languages, a Japanese iteration of the instrument has yet to be prepared. Therefore, this study aims to develop a Japanese version of the SIS (SIS-J). In Study 1 and 2, the original version of the SIS was translated into Japanese and the factor structure of the SIS-J and reliability were verified. Study 3 examined whether the SIS-J could measure differences in situations between the Dictator game and the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Results indicate that the factor structure of the SIS-J was equivalent to that of the original version and that differences in situations between the two economic games could be measured. These results suggest that the SIS-J can be used in measure recognition of the interdependent situations.
{"title":"Development of Japanese version of the Situational Interdependence Scale","authors":"Kuniyuki Nishina, Nobuhiro Mifune, Toshiyuki Himichi","doi":"10.4992/jjpsy.94.22212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.94.22212","url":null,"abstract":"Interdependence is among the most pervasive characteristics of human social life. The Situational Interdependence Scale (SIS) is a multi-dimensional scale comprising five factors: mutual dependence, power, conflict, future interdependence, and information certainty. These factors explain behavior in interdependent situations. Although translations of the SIS exist in several languages, a Japanese iteration of the instrument has yet to be prepared. Therefore, this study aims to develop a Japanese version of the SIS (SIS-J). In Study 1 and 2, the original version of the SIS was translated into Japanese and the factor structure of the SIS-J and reliability were verified. Study 3 examined whether the SIS-J could measure differences in situations between the Dictator game and the Prisoner’s Dilemma game. Results indicate that the factor structure of the SIS-J was equivalent to that of the original version and that differences in situations between the two economic games could be measured. These results suggest that the SIS-J can be used in measure recognition of the interdependent situations.","PeriodicalId":53680,"journal":{"name":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135261197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to create a Japanese version of the Financial Threat Scale (FTS-J). In Study 1, the FTS was translated into Japanese, and then a survey was conducted. In Study 1, data from 414 employees (281 men, 133 women; mean age = 44.89 years, SD = 8.13) were analyzed. Four results were confirmed concerning its validity. First, those with stronger perceptions of financial threat were associated with poor mental health. Second, the stronger the perceived financial threat, the lower the trait of self-efficacy and the stronger the negative reflection and worry. Third, participants with stronger perceptions of financial threat were found to perceive their current economic situation as more difficult. Fourth, the high-income group showed a lower level of perceived financial threat than the low- and medium-income groups. In Study 2, data from 288 individuals (210 men and 78 women; mean age = 47.14 years, SD = 8.12) were analyzed in two surveys conducted three weeks apart, yielding a moderate positive association between the two surveys. Finally, the expansion of the study population was discussed.
{"title":"Development of the Japanese version of the Financial Threat Scale","authors":"Nobuko Watanabe, Mami Numata","doi":"10.4992/jjpsy.94.21236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.94.21236","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to create a Japanese version of the Financial Threat Scale (FTS-J). In Study 1, the FTS was translated into Japanese, and then a survey was conducted. In Study 1, data from 414 employees (281 men, 133 women; mean age = 44.89 years, SD = 8.13) were analyzed. Four results were confirmed concerning its validity. First, those with stronger perceptions of financial threat were associated with poor mental health. Second, the stronger the perceived financial threat, the lower the trait of self-efficacy and the stronger the negative reflection and worry. Third, participants with stronger perceptions of financial threat were found to perceive their current economic situation as more difficult. Fourth, the high-income group showed a lower level of perceived financial threat than the low- and medium-income groups. In Study 2, data from 288 individuals (210 men and 78 women; mean age = 47.14 years, SD = 8.12) were analyzed in two surveys conducted three weeks apart, yielding a moderate positive association between the two surveys. Finally, the expansion of the study population was discussed.","PeriodicalId":53680,"journal":{"name":"Shinrigaku Kenkyu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135103663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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