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Nachhaltige Schmierstoff-Additive auf Basis von Mikroalgen in der Umformung und Zerspanung. Teil 1 这将是翻转和分解所需要的第一部分
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0014
T. Koch, R. Gläbe, Dominik Wenzel, Antje Siol, J. Köser, Jorg Thoeming, Shannon Mesing, Antonio Gavalás‐Olea, Imke Lang
Microalgae offer a very good basis for use as a sustainable source of raw materials for technical applications, since a large number of suitable chemical compounds can be obtained from them. In the research project ALBINA (German acronym for: Algae-based – Biological – Renewable), components of micro-algae have been processed in order to test them as additives for lubricant applications. The obtained results of the technical tests in machining and forming show a great potential of the algae extracts with regard to their use as EP/AW additives. Under the premise of certain process parameters, in metal cutting it is possible to achieve an equivalent tool life time compared to conventional additives, when algae substances are used. In metal forming, positive results have been obtained by using algae extracts in the ring compression test and deep drawing process. Part 1 of the publication describes the technical parameters and chemical analyses from the investigations, while Part 2 focuses on the results obtained from the technical tests.
微藻为技术应用的可持续原料来源提供了很好的基础,因为可以从中获得大量合适的化合物。在研究项目ALBINA(德语缩写为:藻类-生物-可再生)中,微藻类的成分已经被处理,以测试它们作为润滑剂添加剂的应用。加工和成型工艺试验结果表明,海藻提取物作为EP/AW添加剂具有很大的应用潜力。在一定工艺参数的前提下,在金属切削中,当使用藻类物质时,与常规添加剂相比,有可能实现等效的刀具寿命。在金属成形中,藻类提取物在环形压缩试验和拉深工艺中取得了积极的效果。该出版物的第1部分描述了调查的技术参数和化学分析,而第2部分侧重于从技术测试中获得的结果。
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引用次数: 0
Untersuchung des anwendungsnahen, dynamischen Reibverhaltens nasslaufender Lamellenkupplungen am Beispiel zweier Tribosystemvarianten 以两种摩擦系统变体为例研究湿式多片式离合器的应用性动态摩擦特性
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0010
A. Bischofberger, K. Bause, S. Ott, A. Albers
In order to be able to design the tribological system in a targeted way for use as a mechatronic actuator, e.g. for influencing vibration-dynamic properties, knowledge of the friction behavior occurring in the application is necessary. The method described in this paper supports the characterization of the dynamic, application-related friction behavior of a wet-running multi-plate clutch. This enables more accurate and in particular, application-related predictions of behavior in wet-running friction contact, such as the transmissible torque in dynamic operation with adjusted tribological systems. It supports the early stage design of functional extensions in the wet-running clutch system. In this paper, the method is used with two tribological system variants that vary in their friction lining. Differences in their dynamic friction coefficient behavior were identified.
为了能够有针对性地设计用作机电致动器的摩擦学系统,例如用于影响振动动力学特性,有必要了解应用中发生的摩擦行为。本文所描述的方法支持了湿式多片离合器动态、应用相关摩擦行为的表征。这使得能够对湿运行摩擦接触中的行为进行更准确的预测,特别是与应用相关的预测,例如在具有调节的摩擦学系统的动态操作中的传递扭矩。它支持湿式运行离合器系统中功能扩展的早期设计。在本文中,该方法用于两种不同摩擦衬的摩擦学系统变体。确定了它们动态摩擦系数行为的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Einfluss der Stahllamellentopographie auf das Einlaufverhalten nasslaufender Lamellenkupplungen 尾部螺旋形纹理
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0011
K. Völkel, H. Pflaum, K. Stahl
Wet multi-plate clutches have a running-in phase at the start of operation in which the friction behavior can change significantly by adjustment of the friction surfaces. This running-in behavior can strongly depend on the characteristics of the friction system consisting of friction material, steel plate and fluid. With the aim of good controllability and thus high reliability of the clutch from the first shift, running-in processes should be less pronounced and should be completed quickly. The article describes the influences of the steel plate on the running-in behavior. Therefore, topographical measurements of the steel plate surfaces before and after test are carried out. To characterize the steel plate surfaces, a large number of 3D surface parameters are evaluated and compared to a newly developed parameter characterizing the running-in behavior.
湿式多片式离合器在操作开始时具有磨合阶段,在该阶段中,摩擦行为可以通过调整摩擦表面而显著改变。这种磨合行为在很大程度上取决于由摩擦材料、钢板和流体组成的摩擦系统的特性。从第一次换档起,为了实现离合器的良好可控性和高可靠性,磨合过程应该不那么明显,并且应该快速完成。介绍了钢板对磨合性能的影响。因此,在试验前后对钢板表面进行地形测量。为了表征钢板表面,评估了大量的3D表面参数,并将其与表征磨合行为的新开发的参数进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Analyse der durch Wasser verursachten Schädigungsmechanismen in nasslaufenden Fahrzeugkupplungen 对湿性气道造成的破坏进行分析
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0008
M. Bäse, Astrid Lebel, R. Franz, Josef Prost
To increase robustness of wet vehicle clutches extensive knowledge about damage mechanism within tribological stressed clutch friction contact are necessary, to derive suitable requirements for clutch development. Therefore, on the one hand comprehensive investigations on component-, unit- and vehicle test level are necessary which offer, amongst other information, learnings about the clutch component causing a possible clutch failure. On the other hand, component analyses have to be done, which make it possible detecting wear sensitive component elements of the component composition itself. Present analysis show results of damage mechanism caused by a non-permissible water impact and related molecular changes in clutch oil and tribological stressed functional steel plate surfaces. Analysis were done with electrospray-ionisation mass spectrometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
为了提高湿式汽车离合器的稳健性,需要广泛了解离合器在摩擦学应力摩擦接触下的损伤机理,从而得出离合器开发的合适要求。因此,一方面,对部件,单元和车辆测试水平的全面调查是必要的,除了其他信息外,还可以提供有关离合器部件导致可能的离合器故障的信息。另一方面,必须进行组件分析,这使得检测组件组成本身的磨损敏感组件元素成为可能。本文分析了离合器油中不允许的水冲击和相关分子变化引起的损伤机理,并对功能钢板表面进行了摩擦学应力分析。分析采用电喷雾电离质谱法和飞行时间二次离子质谱法。
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引用次数: 0
Testing concept for the mechanical-tribological characterization of an anti-bacterial coating system for implants 植入物抗菌涂层系统机械摩擦学特性的测试概念
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0009
Julian Hasselmann, J. Kurzynski, M. Fobker, G. Gosheger, M. Schulze
To solve the issue of implant-associated infections, an antibacterial biocompatible multilayer coating was developed. For the approval of such a coating system as a medical device, the characterization of its mechanical and tribological properties is required. Since none of the existing test standards is fully applicable to the present coating system, a testing concept was developed to investigate the wettability, topography, morphology, thickness, hardness, Young’s modulus, adhesion strength and tribological characteristics of the multilayer coating.
为了解决植入物相关感染的问题,开发了一种抗菌生物相容的多层涂层。为了批准这种涂层系统作为医疗器械,需要对其机械和摩擦学性能进行表征。由于现有的测试标准都不完全适用于当前的涂层系统,因此开发了一种测试概念来研究多层涂层的润湿性、形貌、形态、厚度、硬度、杨氏模量、粘附强度和摩擦学特性。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of thermal cycles on tribological properties and oxidation of MoS2 coatings 热循环对MoS2涂层摩擦学性能和氧化的影响
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-03-08 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0006
Kristine Brittain, A. Morina, Liuquan Yang, A. Neville
MoS2 based solid lubricants are extensively used in space applications, where the materials are exposed to large fluctuations of temperatures. Storage takes place in ambient conditions and so does testing, to test the mechanical systems in the harshest environments. In this work, the coatings were exposed to 40 °C, 75 °C and 250 °C for 1 hour and cooled in air to determine the effect of exposure to increased temperature. It was confirmed that MoS2/Ti is thermally stable and not significantly affected by heat treatments. Pure MoS2 observes increased strain in the structure after exposure to 250 °C, which is due to oxygen substitution that takes place in S vacancies, followed by oxide formation. Although coefficient of friction is not affected by heat treatments, wear is reduced due to increase in hardness.
基于二硫化钼的固体润滑剂广泛用于空间应用,其中材料暴露于温度的大幅波动中。存储是在环境条件下进行的,测试也是如此,以便在最恶劣的环境中测试机械系统。在这项工作中,涂层暴露在40°C, 75°C和250°C下1小时,并在空气中冷却,以确定暴露在增加温度下的效果。结果表明,MoS2/Ti具有热稳定性,热处理对其影响不大。纯二硫化钼暴露于250°C后,结构中的应变增加,这是由于氧取代发生在S空位中,随后形成氧化物。虽然摩擦系数不受热处理的影响,但由于硬度的增加,磨损减少。
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引用次数: 0
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Einlaufverhalten bleifreier Sondermessinglegierungen 纯固体合金外壳验证
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-03-08 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0003
Achill Holzer, B. Reetz, Tileman Münch, Katharina Schmitz
n tribological systems with high loads, leaded special brasses are preferably used because of their excellent wear properties. Axial piston pumps and motors are a good example of such systems. In order to be able to dispense with lead-containing materials in the future, alternative materials are being tested. The result of this development are three new lead-free special brass materials presented in this article. For these, the effect Abstract of surface roughness (fine/coarse) and the manufacturing process (fine grinding + vibratory grinding/ lapping + vibratory grinding) on the running-in behavior was investigated. The specifications for this are based on experience with the lead-containing reference material CuZn40Al2Mn2Si.
在高负荷的摩擦学系统中,最好使用含铅特殊黄铜,因为它们具有优异的磨损性能。轴向柱塞泵和马达就是这种系统的一个很好的例子。为了能够在未来免除含铅材料,替代材料正在测试中。本文介绍了三种新型无铅特种黄铜材料。为此,研究了表面粗糙度(细/粗)和加工工艺(细磨削+振动磨削/研磨+振动磨削)对磨合行为的影响。这方面的规格是基于使用含铅参考材料CuZn40Al2Mn2Si的经验。
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引用次数: 0
Turning of high strength, austenitic stainless steels 车削高强度奥氏体不锈钢
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-03-08 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0004
Timo Rinschede, N. Felinks, D. Biermann, J. Kimm, S. Weber, P. Niederhofer, C. Herrera, M. Kalveram
High interstitial austenitic stainless CrMn steels are characterised by significantly increased work hardening ability and strength compared with conventional CrNi austenites, yet maintaining very high ductility and toughness. The machining of high interstitial CrMnCN steels is challenging in terms of process stability and economic efficiency. In this context, unfavourable chip forms, high thermomechanical loads and the superposition of different wear mechanisms in particular lead to challenges in turning operations. In the following article, different lubricant strategies are analysed for machining of CrMnN and CrMnCN austenitic stainless steels regarding chip form, mechanical tool loads and wear. Furthermore, the workpiece properties are considered with regard to surface roughness and microstructural changes.
与传统的CrNi奥氏体相比,高间隙奥氏体不锈钢CrMn的特点是显著提高了加工硬化能力和强度,同时保持了非常高的延展性和韧性。高间隙CrMnCN钢的加工在工艺稳定性和经济效率方面具有挑战性。在这种情况下,不利的切屑形式、高的热机械载荷以及不同磨损机制的叠加尤其导致车削操作中的挑战。在接下来的文章中,从切屑形式、机械工具载荷和磨损等方面分析了加工CrMnN和CrMnCN奥氏体不锈钢的不同润滑剂策略。此外,还考虑了工件的表面粗糙度和微观结构变化。
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引用次数: 0
Thermo-oxidative grease service life evaluation – laboratory study with the catalytically accelerated method using the RapidOxy 热氧化润滑脂使用寿命评估——使用RapidOxy催化加速法进行的实验室研究
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-03-08 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0005
M. Matzke, Susanne Beyer-Faiß, M. Grebe, Olav Höger
With increasing product lifetime requirements including reduced failure rates and higher loads greases are challenged and appropriate methods for grease service life estimation are necessary. Thermo-oxidation is one dominant degradation mechanism in many automotive applications at elevated operating temperatures. At 60th German Tribology Conference 2019, the Bosch method for quantitatively accelerated testing of thermo-oxidative stability of greases with the RapidOxy test apparatus was presented. This method differs from ASTM D8206 and DIN 51830-1 because it measures the grease in contact with the oxidation catalysts steel or brass and it is additionally used to calculate the Arrhenius activation energy of the grease. The oxidation induction time which is indicated by a significant decrease of the autoclave pressure gradient is applied as criterion for grease service life. The method was introduced to the DIN working group “grease ageing” and a laboratory study with participation of seven member laboratories was carried out. The objective of this study was to evaluate repeatability and reproducibility of this method and to verify the application of Arrhenius law for this mechanism. The study was carried out with a commercially available lubricating grease of NLGI-class 2 which consists of a lithium 12-hydroxystearate thickener, mineral oil and an additive package. The grease was spread in thin layers on either steel or brass plates and the activation energy was measured at 130 °C, 145 °C and 160 °C. The oxidation induction times at different temperatures were used to derive the activation energies of the Arrhenius equation on both plate materials. The applicability of Arrhenius law was verified by R2-values above 0,998 for a linear regression in the Arrhenius plot. Results indicated remarkably low scattering of values. The values of activation energies of this specific grease were in the range of 126 - 134 kJ/mol on steel and 99 - 113 kJ/mol on brass. The pressure curve as evaluation criterion was correlated with visual inspection and rheological flow curves. Based on the results of this collaborative study and on internal experiences at Bosch, this method was proposed to DIN in 2020 for definition as a new industry standard. The draft “mDIN 51830-2 Testing of greases – Determination of oxidation resistance of greases – Part 2: Determination of the Arrhenius activation energy of thermo-oxidative degradation” is currently in review of the DIN working group and an official round robin test with several greases and more laboratories is currently in preparation.
随着产品寿命要求的提高,包括降低故障率和更高的负载,润滑脂面临挑战,需要适当的润滑脂使用寿命估计方法。热氧化是一种主要的降解机制,在许多汽车应用在较高的工作温度。在2019年第60届德国摩擦学会议上,介绍了使用RapidOxy测试设备定量加速测试润滑脂热氧化稳定性的Bosch方法。该方法与ASTM D8206和DIN 51830-1不同,因为它测量与氧化催化剂钢或黄铜接触的润滑脂,并且它还用于计算润滑脂的阿伦尼乌斯活化能。以热压釜压力梯度显著降低所表示的氧化诱导时间作为润滑脂使用寿命的判据。该方法被引入DIN“油脂老化”工作组,并在七个成员实验室的参与下进行了实验室研究。本研究的目的是评价该方法的重复性和再现性,并验证Arrhenius定律对该机理的适用性。该研究是用一种市售的ngi - 2级润滑脂进行的,该润滑脂由12-羟基硬脂酸锂增稠剂、矿物油和添加剂包组成。将润滑脂薄层涂在钢板或黄铜板上,在130°C、145°C和160°C下测量活化能。利用不同温度下的氧化诱导次数,推导出两种板材料的阿伦尼乌斯方程的活化能。Arrhenius图中r2值大于0.998的线性回归验证了Arrhenius定律的适用性。结果表明,数值的散射非常低。该润滑脂对钢的活化能为126 ~ 134 kJ/mol,对黄铜的活化能为99 ~ 113 kJ/mol。压力曲线作为评价标准,与目测和流变流动曲线相关联。根据这项合作研究的结果和博世的内部经验,该方法于2020年向DIN提出,并被定义为新的行业标准。“mDIN 51830-2润滑脂的测试-润滑脂抗氧化性的测定-第2部分:热氧化降解的阿累尼乌斯活化能的测定”草案目前正在DIN工作组的审查中,目前正在准备几个润滑脂和更多实验室的正式循环测试。
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引用次数: 1
Analyse von Einflussparametern auf den Stick-Slip-Effekt mittels Tribometerversuchen und FE-Simulation 利用摩擦计试验和有限元模拟分析粘滑效应的影响参数
Q4 Materials Science Pub Date : 2022-03-08 DOI: 10.24053/tus-2022-0002
Martin Wittmaack, Markus André, J. Molter
Brake fluids lubricate dynamic seals in automotive brake systems. Depending on the fluid, such seals tend to show a stick-slip effect, which may cause disturbing squeal noises. In order to avoid such stick-slip-noise in future systems, it is required to characterize and rate the frictional behavior of different brake fluids in an appropriate way. This paper presents a tribometer test that enables to investigate the stick-slip-effect depending on the brake fluid. For an objective evaluation, an indicator value is introduced. Furthermore, this paper presents a dynamic friction model on basis of the Stribeck-curve that allows visualization and detailed investigation of the stick-slip-effect within finite element computation.
制动液润滑汽车制动系统中的动态密封。根据流体的不同,这种密封件往往会表现出粘滑效应,这可能会导致令人不安的尖叫声。为了在未来的系统中避免这种粘滑噪声,需要以适当的方式表征和评价不同制动液的摩擦行为。本文介绍了一种摩擦计测试,该测试能够研究取决于制动液的粘滑效应。为了进行客观评价,引入了一个指标值。此外,本文提出了一个基于Stribeck曲线的动态摩擦模型,该模型允许在有限元计算中可视化和详细研究粘滑效应。
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引用次数: 0
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Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik
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