V. Komarnytskyi, T. Arifkhodzhaieva, O. Oderii, V. Kovalenko
The issue of security is a fundamental aspect in the maintenance of international relations, and such relations cannot be upheld without concrete laws and credible policies underlying the international scene. It is really essential and appropriate in setting strong international security on the international level. With all these in place, ensuring this international security has been a difficult task by actors on the international scene due to the multifacet of the various legal regimes with the diversified policy set up making the objective of international security a laughable phenomenon. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristic features of the current state of the international security system, based on current situations in a particular region of the world, as well as to establish the relationship between various elements of international security. This great plague attacking international security has been of great questioning too many of the international scene as to what importance will security be necessary when it cannot be respected by those who claim in ensuring international peace and security? In answering this question, it will be appropriate for us in adopting empirical research to examine the various hurdles which can jeopardise international security. From the above outcome experience, one can say with any fear of contraction that the notion of international security is more of procrastination than a plausible redress. It is against this backdrop that we think much still need to be done in ensuring a place occupied by concrete international security, respected by all without violations. Keywords: international security, ways of improvement, international cooperation, effective interaction, sturdy policy. Keamanan Internasional: Situasi Saat Ini dan Cara Perbaikan Regulasi Hukum Abstrak Isu keamanan merupakan aspek fundamental dalam pemeliharaan hubungan internasional, dan hubungan semacam itu tidak dapat ditegakkan tanpa undang-undang yang konkrit dan kebijakan yang kredibel yang mendasari kancah internasional. Hal ini sangat penting dan tepat dalam menetapkan keamanan internasional yang kuat di tingkat internasional. Dengan semua ini, memastikan keamanan internasional ini telah menjadi tugas yang sulit oleh para aktor di kancah internasional karena multifaset dari berbagai rezim hukum dengan kebijakan yang beragam membuat tujuan keamanan internasional menjadi fenomena yang menggelikan. Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk menentukan fitur karakteristik dari keadaan sistem keamanan internasional saat ini, berdasarkan situasi saat ini di wilayah tertentu di dunia, serta untuk menetapkan hubungan antara berbagai elemen keamanan internasional. Wabah besar yang menyerang keamanan internasional ini telah menjadi pertanyaan besar bagi banyak orang di kancah internasional tentang pentingnya keamanan apa yang diperlukan ketika keamanan tidak dapat dihormati oleh mereka yang mengklaim dalam menjamin perdamaian dan
{"title":"International Security: Current Situation and Ways of Improvement Legal Regulation","authors":"V. Komarnytskyi, T. Arifkhodzhaieva, O. Oderii, V. Kovalenko","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.22653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.22653","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of security is a fundamental aspect in the maintenance of international relations, and such relations cannot be upheld without concrete laws and credible policies underlying the international scene. It is really essential and appropriate in setting strong international security on the international level. With all these in place, ensuring this international security has been a difficult task by actors on the international scene due to the multifacet of the various legal regimes with the diversified policy set up making the objective of international security a laughable phenomenon. The purpose of the article is to determine the characteristic features of the current state of the international security system, based on current situations in a particular region of the world, as well as to establish the relationship between various elements of international security. This great plague attacking international security has been of great questioning too many of the international scene as to what importance will security be necessary when it cannot be respected by those who claim in ensuring international peace and security? In answering this question, it will be appropriate for us in adopting empirical research to examine the various hurdles which can jeopardise international security. From the above outcome experience, one can say with any fear of contraction that the notion of international security is more of procrastination than a plausible redress. It is against this backdrop that we think much still need to be done in ensuring a place occupied by concrete international security, respected by all without violations. \u0000Keywords: international security, ways of improvement, international cooperation, effective interaction, sturdy policy. \u0000 \u0000Keamanan Internasional: Situasi Saat Ini dan Cara Perbaikan Regulasi Hukum \u0000 \u0000Abstrak \u0000Isu keamanan merupakan aspek fundamental dalam pemeliharaan hubungan internasional, dan hubungan semacam itu tidak dapat ditegakkan tanpa undang-undang yang konkrit dan kebijakan yang kredibel yang mendasari kancah internasional. Hal ini sangat penting dan tepat dalam menetapkan keamanan internasional yang kuat di tingkat internasional. Dengan semua ini, memastikan keamanan internasional ini telah menjadi tugas yang sulit oleh para aktor di kancah internasional karena multifaset dari berbagai rezim hukum dengan kebijakan yang beragam membuat tujuan keamanan internasional menjadi fenomena yang menggelikan. Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk menentukan fitur karakteristik dari keadaan sistem keamanan internasional saat ini, berdasarkan situasi saat ini di wilayah tertentu di dunia, serta untuk menetapkan hubungan antara berbagai elemen keamanan internasional. Wabah besar yang menyerang keamanan internasional ini telah menjadi pertanyaan besar bagi banyak orang di kancah internasional tentang pentingnya keamanan apa yang diperlukan ketika keamanan tidak dapat dihormati oleh mereka yang mengklaim dalam menjamin perdamaian dan","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43879113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to determine the tort responsibility of the journalist in case of violating the rights of individuals and the extent of the possibility to avoid the tort responsibility of the journalist. This can happen through the decisions of the competent committees to consider violations of the provisions of the Saudi Press and Publication Law, based on the reasoning of its decisions on Article (9) of the Saudi Press and Publication Law. In the research, the analytical approach is used to the relevant texts from the Saudi Press and Publication System and the applied approach, which is based on strengthening legal and legal positions with judicial positions. In this study, the author addresses the pillars of the tort responsibility of the journalist by highlighting the pillars of Tort and damage, with the possibility of pushing the journalist to tort responsibility through satisfaction with the publication and the right to objective criticism. The study recommended: reorganizing the journalist’s tort responsibility through the inclusion of legal texts in the publications and publishing system due to the absence of legalization of financial transactions, which shows the general rules of responsibility, and publishing the decisions of the competent committees to consider violations of the provisions of the Saudi Press and Publication Law as a result of the absence of legalization of civil transactions.Keywords: Journalist Tort; Human Dignity; Privacy; Moral Damage; Objective Criticism Tanggung Jawab Kerugian Wartawan dan Cara Menghindarinya Berdasarkan Sistem Publikasi dan Pers Saudi: Sebuah Studi Analitis Abstrak:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tanggung jawab gugatan wartawan dalam kasus pelanggaran hak-hak individu dan sejauh mana kemungkinan untuk menghindari tanggung jawab gugatan wartawan. Hal ini dapat terjadi melalui keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran ketentuan Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi, berdasarkan pertimbangan keputusannya pada Pasal (9) Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi. Dalam penelitian ini, pendekatan analitis digunakan pada teks-teks yang relevan dari Saudi Press and Publication System dan pendekatan terapan, yang didasarkan pada penguatan posisi hukum dan hukum dengan posisi yudisial. Dalam studi ini, penulis membahas pilar-pilar tanggung jawab kerugian jurnalis dengan menyoroti pilar-pilar kerugian dan kerugian, dengan kemungkinan mendorong jurnalis untuk melakukan tanggung jawab kerugian melalui kepuasan terhadap publikasi dan hak atas kritik yang objektif. Kajian ini merekomendasikan: menata kembali tanggung jawab wanprestasi jurnalis melalui pencantuman teks hukum dalam sistem penerbitan dan penerbitan karena tidak adanya legalisasi transaksi keuangan, yang menunjukkan aturan umum pertanggungjawaban, dan mempublikasikan keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran. ketentuan Hukum Pers dan Publikasi Saudi sebagai akibat tidak adanya legalisasi tra
本研究旨在确定新闻工作者在侵犯个人权利的情况下的侵权责任，以及新闻工作者规避侵权责任的可能性程度。这可以通过主管委员会根据其关于《沙特新闻和出版法》第(9)条的决定的推理，决定审议违反《沙特新闻和出版法》规定的行为来实现。在研究中，对沙特新闻出版系统的相关文本采用分析的方法和应用的方法，以司法立场强化法律和法律立场为基础。在本研究中，作者通过突出侵权和损害的支柱来解决记者侵权责任的支柱，并通过对出版物的满意和客观批评的权利来推动记者承担侵权责任的可能性。该研究建议:通过将法律文本纳入出版物和出版系统来重组记者的侵权责任，因为金融交易没有合法化，这表明了责任的一般规则，并公布主管委员会审议违反沙特新闻出版法规定的决定，因为民事交易没有合法化。关键词:新闻侵权;人的尊严;隐私;道德损害;摘要:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggetahui Tanggung Jawab gugatan Wartawan dalam kasus pelanggaran hak-hak个人dan sejauh mana kemungkinan untuk menghindari Tanggung Jawab gugatan Wartawan。Hal ini dapat terjadi melalui keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran ketentuan Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi, berdasarkan pertimbangan keputusannya pada Pasal (9) Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi。Dalam penelitian ini, pendekatan analitis digunakan pagadteks -teks yang相关和dari沙特新闻出版系统dan pendekatan terapan, yang dididasarkan pagadpenguatan posisi hukum dan hukum dengan posisi yudisial。Dalam studi ini, penulis membahas pillar - pillar tanggung jawab kerugian jurnalis dengan menyoroti pillar - pillar kerugian dan kerugian, dengan kemungkinan menduong jurnalis untuk melakukan tanggung jawab kerugian melugia kepuasan terhadap publiclikasi dan hak atas kritik yang object。我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说。ketentuan Hukum Pers dan Publikasi Saudi sebagai akibat tidak adanya legalisasi transaksi perdata。Kata Kunci: Gugatan Wartawan;Harga diri manusia;Pribadi;Kerusakan道德;Kritik ObjektifДеликатнаяответственностьжурналистаиспособыееизбежатьвсветесаудовскойпрессыисистемыпубликаций:аналитическоеисследованиеАбстрактный:Этоисследованиенаправленонаопределениеделиктнойответственностижурналиставслучаенарушенияправчеловекаистепенивозможностиизбежатьделиктнойответственностижурналиста。ЭтоможетпроизойтиврезультатерешенийкомпетентныхкомитетоворассмотрениинарушенийположенийЗаконаСаудовскойАравииопечатиипубликацияхнаоснованииобоснованиясвоихрешенийпостатье(9)ЗаконаСаудовскойАравииопечатиипубликациях。ВисследованиииспользуетсяаналитическийподходкрелевантнымтекстамизСаудовскойсистемыпечатиипубликацийиприкладнойподход,которыйоснованнаусиленииюридическихиюридическихпозицийспомощьюсудебныхпозиций。Вэтомисследованииавторобращаетсякстолпамделиктнойответственностижурналиста,выделяястолпыделиктаиущерб,асвозможностьюподтолкнутьжурналистакделиктнойответственностичерезудовлетворениепубликациейиправонаобъективнуюкритику。Висследованиирекомендовалось:реорганизоватьделиктнуюответственностьжурналистапутемвключенияюридическихтекстоввсистемыпубликацийипубликациивсвязисотсутствиемлегализациифинансовыхопераций,котораяпоказываетобщиеправилаответственности,иопубликоватьрешениякомпетентныхкомитетовпорассмотрениюнарушений。положенийЗаконаопечатиипубликацияхСаудовскойАравииврезультатеотсутствиялегализациигражданскихсделок。Ключевые слова: журналист侵权;Человеческоедостоинство;Конфиденциальность;Моральныйурон;Объективнаякритика
{"title":"The Journalist's Tort Responsibility and The Ways To Avoid It In Light of The Saudi Press And Publication System: An Analytical Study","authors":"A. Elamin","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.23743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23743","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine the tort responsibility of the journalist in case of violating the rights of individuals and the extent of the possibility to avoid the tort responsibility of the journalist. This can happen through the decisions of the competent committees to consider violations of the provisions of the Saudi Press and Publication Law, based on the reasoning of its decisions on Article (9) of the Saudi Press and Publication Law. In the research, the analytical approach is used to the relevant texts from the Saudi Press and Publication System and the applied approach, which is based on strengthening legal and legal positions with judicial positions. In this study, the author addresses the pillars of the tort responsibility of the journalist by highlighting the pillars of Tort and damage, with the possibility of pushing the journalist to tort responsibility through satisfaction with the publication and the right to objective criticism. The study recommended: reorganizing the journalist’s tort responsibility through the inclusion of legal texts in the publications and publishing system due to the absence of legalization of financial transactions, which shows the general rules of responsibility, and publishing the decisions of the competent committees to consider violations of the provisions of the Saudi Press and Publication Law as a result of the absence of legalization of civil transactions.Keywords: Journalist Tort; Human Dignity; Privacy; Moral Damage; Objective Criticism Tanggung Jawab Kerugian Wartawan dan Cara Menghindarinya Berdasarkan Sistem Publikasi dan Pers Saudi: Sebuah Studi Analitis Abstrak:Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tanggung jawab gugatan wartawan dalam kasus pelanggaran hak-hak individu dan sejauh mana kemungkinan untuk menghindari tanggung jawab gugatan wartawan. Hal ini dapat terjadi melalui keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran ketentuan Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi, berdasarkan pertimbangan keputusannya pada Pasal (9) Undang-Undang Pers dan Publikasi Saudi. Dalam penelitian ini, pendekatan analitis digunakan pada teks-teks yang relevan dari Saudi Press and Publication System dan pendekatan terapan, yang didasarkan pada penguatan posisi hukum dan hukum dengan posisi yudisial. Dalam studi ini, penulis membahas pilar-pilar tanggung jawab kerugian jurnalis dengan menyoroti pilar-pilar kerugian dan kerugian, dengan kemungkinan mendorong jurnalis untuk melakukan tanggung jawab kerugian melalui kepuasan terhadap publikasi dan hak atas kritik yang objektif. Kajian ini merekomendasikan: menata kembali tanggung jawab wanprestasi jurnalis melalui pencantuman teks hukum dalam sistem penerbitan dan penerbitan karena tidak adanya legalisasi transaksi keuangan, yang menunjukkan aturan umum pertanggungjawaban, dan mempublikasikan keputusan komite yang berwenang untuk mempertimbangkan pelanggaran. ketentuan Hukum Pers dan Publikasi Saudi sebagai akibat tidak adanya legalisasi tra","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45147748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Kobrusieva, Yevhen Leheza, K. Rudoi, O. Shamara, Viktor Chalavan
This article reveals the problem of social security of internally displeased persons. The scope of social protection directed at this category of population is not the same in different countries. Taking into account the origin of the authors of the article, the questions of social protection of internally displaced persons in Ukraine are described in detail. Conclusions. Special attention was paid to the need to provide people with the opportunity to exercise their rights and freedoms as well as the proper conditions for social rehabilitation, that has arisen before the state. As a result of the research – ways how to strengthen the social security, increase the level of social protection and make it more effective are proposed. The European standards of social protection of internally displaced persons are a set of norms fixed in the acts of the Council of Europe, the European Union, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which, as a result of their implementation in the internal law of the states become mandatory for implementation and determine the decent living conditions of internally displaced persons, the responsibilities of the state in this area for ensuring security and full decent development of personality. In the system of European standards for social protection of internally displaced persons, the relevant norms developed by various institutions of the Council of Europe are extremely important.Keywords: social protection, social security, internally displaced persons, displacement Standar Internasional Perlindungan Sosial Bagi Pengungsi Internal: Aspek Administratif dan Criminal Abstrak. Artikel ini mengungkapkan masalah jaminan sosial orang-orang yang tidak senang secara internal. Cakupan perlindungan sosial yang ditujukan pada kategori penduduk ini tidak sama di berbagai negara. Mempertimbangkan asal usul penulis artikel, pertanyaan tentang perlindungan sosial bagi para pengungsi internal di Ukraina dijelaskan secara rinci. Kesimpulan. Perhatian khusus diberikan pada kebutuhan untuk memberikan orang kesempatan untuk menggunakan hak dan kebebasan mereka serta kondisi yang tepat untuk rehabilitasi sosial, yang telah muncul sebelum negara. Sebagai hasil penelitian diusulkan cara bagaimana memperkuat jaminan sosial, meningkatkan tingkat perlindungan sosial dan membuatnya lebih efektif. Standar Eropa tentang perlindungan sosial bagi pengungsi internal adalah seperangkat norma yang ditetapkan dalam tindakan Dewan Eropa, Uni Eropa, keputusan Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa, yang, sebagai hasil dari implementasinya dalam hukum internal. negara menjadi wajib untuk implementasi dan menentukan kondisi kehidupan yang layak dari orang-orang yang dipindahkan secara internal, tanggung jawab negara di bidang ini untuk memastikan keamanan dan pengembangan kepribadian yang layak sepenuhnya. Dalam sistem standar Eropa untuk perlindungan sosial bagi pengungsi internal, norma-norma relevan yang dikembangkan oleh berbagai lembaga Dewan E
本文揭示了内部不满者的社会保障问题。针对这类人口的社会保护范围在不同国家并不相同。考虑到文章作者的来源，详细描述了乌克兰境内流离失所者的社会保护问题。结论。特别注意到需要为人民提供行使权利和自由的机会，以及为国家面前出现的社会康复提供适当条件。作为研究的结果，提出了如何加强社会保障、提高社会保障水平并使其更加有效的方法。欧洲境内流离失所者社会保护标准是欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟的法案和欧洲人权法院的裁决中确定的一套规范，由于这些标准在各国国内法中的实施，这些标准成为强制执行的标准，并决定了境内流离失所者的体面生活条件，-国家在这一领域确保安全和人格全面发展的责任。在欧洲境内流离失所者社会保护标准体系中，欧洲委员会各机构制定的相关规范极其重要。关键词：社会保护、社会保障、境内流离失所者、流离失所问题[联合国]国内难民标准国际社会保护：[联合国]Administrative and Criminal Aspects[联合国K]Abstrak。这篇文章揭示了那些内心不快乐的人的社会保障问题。不同国家对这类人的社会保护覆盖范围并不相同。考虑到原提交人的提议，对乌克兰境内难民的社会保护问题作了详细解释。结论。特别注意必须让人民有机会利用他们的权利和自由以及社会康复的适当条件，这是摆在国家面前的。研究的结果提出了如何加强社会保障，提高社会保障水平，使其更加有效。《欧洲国内难民社会保护标准》是欧洲理事会、欧洲联盟的行动和欧洲人权法院的裁决中制定的一项标准，由于该标准在国内法中得到了实施。国家有义务执行和确定国内流离失所者的生活条件，国家有责任在这一领域确保一个完全有价值的人的安全和发展。在欧洲为国内难民提供社会保护的标准体系中，欧洲理事会各机构制定的相关标准非常重要。关键词：社会保护，社会保障，国内难民，难民。[UNK]境内流离失所者社会保护国际标准：《注释》的行政和关键方面。这篇文章揭示了弱势群体的社会保障问题。不同国家针对这一人群的社会保护。通过对作者历史的研究，乌克兰的社会保护问题得到了充分解决。输出。特别注意到需要让人们有机会实现自己的权利和自由，并为社会康复创造适当的条件，他们是在政府面前长大的。因此，研究提出了加强社会保护、提高社会保护水平并使其更加有效的方法。欧洲对境内流离失所者的社会保护标准符合欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟的法令、欧洲人权法院的裁决、，由于其在家庭内部法律中的实施，对于实施和确定流离失所者的生活条件是必要的，政府在这方面的责任是确保安全和人的全面发展。在欧洲社会标准体系中，对流离失所者的内部保护是欧洲委员会制定的一项极其重要的社会标准，社会保障，内部运动面貌，运动。
{"title":"International Standards of Social Protection of Internally Displaced Persons: Administrative and Criminal Aspects","authors":"Y. Kobrusieva, Yevhen Leheza, K. Rudoi, O. Shamara, Viktor Chalavan","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.23752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23752","url":null,"abstract":"This article reveals the problem of social security of internally displeased persons. The scope of social protection directed at this category of population is not the same in different countries. Taking into account the origin of the authors of the article, the questions of social protection of internally displaced persons in Ukraine are described in detail. Conclusions. Special attention was paid to the need to provide people with the opportunity to exercise their rights and freedoms as well as the proper conditions for social rehabilitation, that has arisen before the state. As a result of the research – ways how to strengthen the social security, increase the level of social protection and make it more effective are proposed. The European standards of social protection of internally displaced persons are a set of norms fixed in the acts of the Council of Europe, the European Union, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which, as a result of their implementation in the internal law of the states become mandatory for implementation and determine the decent living conditions of internally displaced persons, the responsibilities of the state in this area for ensuring security and full decent development of personality. In the system of European standards for social protection of internally displaced persons, the relevant norms developed by various institutions of the Council of Europe are extremely important.Keywords: social protection, social security, internally displaced persons, displacement Standar Internasional Perlindungan Sosial Bagi Pengungsi Internal: Aspek Administratif dan Criminal Abstrak. Artikel ini mengungkapkan masalah jaminan sosial orang-orang yang tidak senang secara internal. Cakupan perlindungan sosial yang ditujukan pada kategori penduduk ini tidak sama di berbagai negara. Mempertimbangkan asal usul penulis artikel, pertanyaan tentang perlindungan sosial bagi para pengungsi internal di Ukraina dijelaskan secara rinci. Kesimpulan. Perhatian khusus diberikan pada kebutuhan untuk memberikan orang kesempatan untuk menggunakan hak dan kebebasan mereka serta kondisi yang tepat untuk rehabilitasi sosial, yang telah muncul sebelum negara. Sebagai hasil penelitian diusulkan cara bagaimana memperkuat jaminan sosial, meningkatkan tingkat perlindungan sosial dan membuatnya lebih efektif. Standar Eropa tentang perlindungan sosial bagi pengungsi internal adalah seperangkat norma yang ditetapkan dalam tindakan Dewan Eropa, Uni Eropa, keputusan Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Eropa, yang, sebagai hasil dari implementasinya dalam hukum internal. negara menjadi wajib untuk implementasi dan menentukan kondisi kehidupan yang layak dari orang-orang yang dipindahkan secara internal, tanggung jawab negara di bidang ini untuk memastikan keamanan dan pengembangan kepribadian yang layak sepenuhnya. Dalam sistem standar Eropa untuk perlindungan sosial bagi pengungsi internal, norma-norma relevan yang dikembangkan oleh berbagai lembaga Dewan E","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49620273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Munadhil Abdul Muqsith, Rizky Ridho Pratomo, Valerii L Muzykant
This study aims to provide rationality regarding Donald Trump as a fake news aggregator. Donald Trump's leadership from 2017-2020 is controversial and created a massive wave of fake news. As a populist leader, he often issued statements that confused the public during his reign, causing people's trust in the Trump administration to decline. He made the statement not only on national television but also on social media. Social media is the right political communication funnel for any populist leader when it comes to audience reach. Donald Trump is an active user especially on Twitter and uses it to spread misinformation and disinformation to spread what he calls as a truth. Many statements make Donald Trump worthy of being called a fake news aggregator. This study uses a qualitative approach with the content analysis method. Thirty-two samples of Donald Trump's hoax statements that were examined found that the hoaxes spread by him were not limited to just one topic. This research has both theoretical and practical significance. From a theoretical point of view, this research contributes to the development of literature regarding the relationship between hoaxes and populist leaders. In practical terms, this literature contributes to understanding the characteristics of populists and how social media is used as a funnel to spread hoaxes.Keywords: Hoax; Donald Trump; Populism; social media; Twitter.
{"title":"Трамп, Твиттер и фейковые новости (Trump, Twitter and Fake News)","authors":"Munadhil Abdul Muqsith, Rizky Ridho Pratomo, Valerii L Muzykant","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.22445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.22445","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to provide rationality regarding Donald Trump as a fake news aggregator. Donald Trump's leadership from 2017-2020 is controversial and created a massive wave of fake news. As a populist leader, he often issued statements that confused the public during his reign, causing people's trust in the Trump administration to decline. He made the statement not only on national television but also on social media. Social media is the right political communication funnel for any populist leader when it comes to audience reach. Donald Trump is an active user especially on Twitter and uses it to spread misinformation and disinformation to spread what he calls as a truth. Many statements make Donald Trump worthy of being called a fake news aggregator. This study uses a qualitative approach with the content analysis method. Thirty-two samples of Donald Trump's hoax statements that were examined found that the hoaxes spread by him were not limited to just one topic. This research has both theoretical and practical significance. From a theoretical point of view, this research contributes to the development of literature regarding the relationship between hoaxes and populist leaders. In practical terms, this literature contributes to understanding the characteristics of populists and how social media is used as a funnel to spread hoaxes.Keywords: Hoax; Donald Trump; Populism; social media; Twitter.","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49640115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study is a modest but objective comparative evaluation of internal security threats facing two sub-regional large countries of Africa and South Asia-Nigeria and Pakistan. Considering the fact that ethnicity, sectarianism and economic instability are fundamental variables of internal security threats in both countries, the study argued that religious extremism has created an unenviable image of both nations in the eyes of the rest of the world, undoubtedly, this has affected both nations adversely. The study also identified inter-regional grievances as potential causes of damages to both federations. Also identified is ethno-sectarian problem as a major security threat to both nations. This in the opinion of the authors will remain a huge impediment to the goals of economic prosperity to both nations. Consequently, the focus of this study is to examine interdependence of these multifaceted challenges and their overall impact on internal security in both countries. To achieve this, the study employed qualitative research method in which analytical approach was used to examine the similarities in the security challenges in Nigeria and Pakistan. Structural questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. The employment of thematic analytic approach was adopted to analyse data collected for the study. The study concludes among others, the need for both countries to individually address these national security threats and find viable solutions to the problems of socio-economic and political reforms and unemployment within a reasonable timeframe to mitigate future threats.Keywords: Internal Security; Ethnicity; Sectarianism; Challenges Dua Bangsa Satu Tantangan: Analisis Politik dan Hukum pada Ancaman Keamanan dalam Negeri (Internal Security) di Nigeria dan PakistanAbstrak Penelitian ini merupakan evaluasi komparatif sederhana namun objektif terhadap ancaman keamanan internal yang dihadapi dua negara besar sub-regional Afrika dan Asia Selatan-Nigeria dan Pakistan. Mempertimbangkan fakta bahwa etnisitas, sektarianisme, dan ketidakstabilan ekonomi adalah variabel fundamental dari ancaman keamanan internal di kedua negara. Penelitian ini berpendapat bahwa ekstremisme agama telah menciptakan citra yang tidak baik dari kedua negara di mata dunia. Tidak diragukan lagi, ini telah mempengaruhi kedua negara secara merugikan. Penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi kasus-kasus antar-regional sebagai penyebab potensial kerusakan pada kedua federasi. Juga diidentifikasi masalah etno-sektarian sebagai ancaman keamanan utama bagi kedua negara, dimana akan tetap menjadi hambatan besar bagi tujuan kemakmuran ekonomi kedua negara. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji saling ketergantungan dari tantangan beragam ini dan dampaknya secara keseluruhan terhadap keamanan internal di kedua negara. Untuk mendapatkan data tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dimana pendekatan analitik digunakan untuk menguji kesamaan dalam tantan
{"title":"Two Nations, Different Regions, Same Challenges: Legal and Political Analysis of Internal Security Threats in Nigeria and Pakistan","authors":"N. D. Nte, O. Lucas, Ridwan Arifin","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.21507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.21507","url":null,"abstract":"This study is a modest but objective comparative evaluation of internal security threats facing two sub-regional large countries of Africa and South Asia-Nigeria and Pakistan. Considering the fact that ethnicity, sectarianism and economic instability are fundamental variables of internal security threats in both countries, the study argued that religious extremism has created an unenviable image of both nations in the eyes of the rest of the world, undoubtedly, this has affected both nations adversely. The study also identified inter-regional grievances as potential causes of damages to both federations. Also identified is ethno-sectarian problem as a major security threat to both nations. This in the opinion of the authors will remain a huge impediment to the goals of economic prosperity to both nations. Consequently, the focus of this study is to examine interdependence of these multifaceted challenges and their overall impact on internal security in both countries. To achieve this, the study employed qualitative research method in which analytical approach was used to examine the similarities in the security challenges in Nigeria and Pakistan. Structural questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. The employment of thematic analytic approach was adopted to analyse data collected for the study. The study concludes among others, the need for both countries to individually address these national security threats and find viable solutions to the problems of socio-economic and political reforms and unemployment within a reasonable timeframe to mitigate future threats.Keywords: Internal Security; Ethnicity; Sectarianism; Challenges Dua Bangsa Satu Tantangan: Analisis Politik dan Hukum pada Ancaman Keamanan dalam Negeri (Internal Security) di Nigeria dan PakistanAbstrak Penelitian ini merupakan evaluasi komparatif sederhana namun objektif terhadap ancaman keamanan internal yang dihadapi dua negara besar sub-regional Afrika dan Asia Selatan-Nigeria dan Pakistan. Mempertimbangkan fakta bahwa etnisitas, sektarianisme, dan ketidakstabilan ekonomi adalah variabel fundamental dari ancaman keamanan internal di kedua negara. Penelitian ini berpendapat bahwa ekstremisme agama telah menciptakan citra yang tidak baik dari kedua negara di mata dunia. Tidak diragukan lagi, ini telah mempengaruhi kedua negara secara merugikan. Penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi kasus-kasus antar-regional sebagai penyebab potensial kerusakan pada kedua federasi. Juga diidentifikasi masalah etno-sektarian sebagai ancaman keamanan utama bagi kedua negara, dimana akan tetap menjadi hambatan besar bagi tujuan kemakmuran ekonomi kedua negara. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji saling ketergantungan dari tantangan beragam ini dan dampaknya secara keseluruhan terhadap keamanan internal di kedua negara. Untuk mendapatkan data tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dimana pendekatan analitik digunakan untuk menguji kesamaan dalam tantan","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48585549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The essence of law is to provide welfare to the society. Law as a tool of social engineering for society makes people obey it. Dynamic legal developments encourage progress towards society from various aspects of people's lives. One of them, the enactment of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation, encourages changes to the order of setting norms that affect other laws that are affected by it. One of those affected by the Job Creation Act is the establishment of BUMDes (Village-Owned Enterprises). Through the provisions of Article 117 and Article 185 b of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, the government needs to establish a derivative norm that regulates Village-Owned Enterprises. In 2021, the Government issued a regulation related to Village-Owned Enterprises, which is Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2021 concerning Village-Owned Enterprises. In this provision, it is stated that Village Owned Enterprises, hereinafter referred to as BUMDes, are legal entities established by the village and/or together with villages to manage businesses, utilize assets, develop investment and productivity, provide services, and/or provide other types of business for the maximum welfare of the Village community. In a nutshell, the existence of Village-Owned Enterprises aims to prosper the village community, with the type of business sector owned and support the productivity of rural communities based on village community empowerment. In this study, a legal approach was used with the aim of exploring legal policies towards BUMDes with the enactment of the Job Creation Act. Keywords: Job Creation Act, BUMDes, welfare
{"title":"Legal Policy in Village-Owned Enterprises After the Enactment of the Law on The Job Creation In The Framework of Village Society Welfare","authors":"Fatkhul Muin","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.22191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.22191","url":null,"abstract":"The essence of law is to provide welfare to the society. Law as a tool of social engineering for society makes people obey it. Dynamic legal developments encourage progress towards society from various aspects of people's lives. One of them, the enactment of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation, encourages changes to the order of setting norms that affect other laws that are affected by it. One of those affected by the Job Creation Act is the establishment of BUMDes (Village-Owned Enterprises). Through the provisions of Article 117 and Article 185 b of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, the government needs to establish a derivative norm that regulates Village-Owned Enterprises. In 2021, the Government issued a regulation related to Village-Owned Enterprises, which is Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2021 concerning Village-Owned Enterprises. In this provision, it is stated that Village Owned Enterprises, hereinafter referred to as BUMDes, are legal entities established by the village and/or together with villages to manage businesses, utilize assets, develop investment and productivity, provide services, and/or provide other types of business for the maximum welfare of the Village community. In a nutshell, the existence of Village-Owned Enterprises aims to prosper the village community, with the type of business sector owned and support the productivity of rural communities based on village community empowerment. In this study, a legal approach was used with the aim of exploring legal policies towards BUMDes with the enactment of the Job Creation Act. Keywords: Job Creation Act, BUMDes, welfare","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45122694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asri Wijayanti, A. Hariri, A. Supriyo, Basuki Babussalam, Satria Unggul Wicaksana Perkasa
Employment relationships may end due to abuse by workers. The existence of abuse must be medically proven. This research aimed to analyze the existence of a visum et repertum for the occurrence of abuse that can be used as evidence in termination of employment. This legal research was normative with a statutory approach. The results showed that persecution was a criminal act. There was no requirement for a judge's decision in the District Court which already had permanent legal force for the occurrence of persecution as a condition for the validity of the layoff as if the visum et repertum was no longer needed. It was enough that the acts of abuse committed by workers were regulated in the Employment Agreement, Company Regulation or Collective Labor Agreement, then the persecution as a form of an urgent violation can be used as a valid reason for the termination of employment (Article 81 number 37 of the Job Creation Law jo. Article 151 / 3 Manpower Law jo. article 52/2 Government Regulation 35/2021. The researchers’ efforts to review labor regulations related to urgent violations in the Indonesian manpower system are a form of evaluation of the weaknesses of the Job Creation Law and its implementing regulations can be able to assist legislators to develop and enforce laws that protect certain vulnerable groups namely workers in applying the principle of presumption of innocence.Keywords: Forensics; Persecution; Termination. Eksistensi Visum Et Repertum Atas Terjadinya Penganiayaan Sebagai Alat Bukti Pemutusan Hubungan KerjaAbstrakHubungan kerja dapat berakhir karena adanya penganiayaan yang dilakukan oleh pekerja. Adanya penganiayaan harus dibuktikan secara medis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis adanya visum et repertum atas terjadinya penganiayaan yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat bukti dalam pemutusan hubungan kerja. Penelitian hukum ini bersifat normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penganiayaan adalah perbuatan pidana. Tidak adanya keharusan putusan hakim di Pengadilan Negeri yang sudah memiliki kekuatan hukum tetap atas terjadinya penganiyaan sebagai syarat keabsahan PHK seolah mengakibatkan visum et repertum tidak dibutuhkan lagi. Cukup perbuatan penganiayaan yang dilakukan oleh pekerja diatur dalam Perjanjian Kerja, Peraturan Perusahaan atau Perjanjian Kerja Bersama, maka penganiayaan sebagai wujud telah terjadi pelanggaran yang bersifat mendesak dapat digunakan sebagai alasan keabsahan pemutusan hubungan Kerja (Pasal 81 angka 37 UU Cipta Kerja jo. Pasal 151 /3 UU Ketenagakerjaan jo.Pasal 52/2 Peraturan Pemerintah 35/2021. Upaya penulis untuk mereview peraturan perburuhan terkait pelanggaran yang bersifat mendesak dalam sistim ketenagakerjaan Indonesia merupakan bentuk evaluasi atas adanyan kelemahan UU Cipta Kerja dan Peraturan pelaksananya, akan dapat membantu legislator untuk mengembangkan dan menegakkan hukum yang melindungi kelompok rentan tertentu yaitu pekerja dalam menera
雇佣关系可能因工人的虐待而结束。虐待的存在必须得到医学证明。本研究旨在分析是否存在可作为终止雇佣证据的虐待行为发生的条件和程序。这项法律研究是规范性的，采用了成文法的方法。结果表明，迫害是一种犯罪行为。地区法院已经对发生迫害具有永久法律效力，因此没有要求法官的裁决作为解雇有效的条件，好像不再需要“签证和保留程序”一样。只要劳动者的虐待行为在《雇佣协议》、《公司条例》或《集体劳动协议》中有规定就足够了，那么作为紧急违反形式的迫害就可以作为终止雇佣的有效理由(《创造就业法》第81条第37款)。《人力法》第151 / 3条第52/2条政府法规35/2021。研究人员努力审查与印度尼西亚人力系统中紧急违反行为有关的劳工条例，是对《创造就业法》的弱点进行评估的一种形式，其执行条例可以协助立法者制定和执行保护某些易受伤害群体的法律，即适用无罪推定原则的工人。关键词:取证;迫害;终止。在此之前，我曾说过:“我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说，我是说。”Adanya penganiayaan harus dibuktikan secara mediis。Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalis adanya visum et repertum ata terjadinya penganiayaan yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat bukti dalam pemutusan hubungan kerja。Penelitian hukum是一种标准化的工具，可以用来表示“dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan”。Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penganiayaan adalah perbuatan pidana。我的朋友们，我的朋友们，我的朋友们，我的朋友们，我的朋友们，我的朋友们，我的朋友们，我的朋友们，我的朋友们!【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】【翻译】[15] [3] UU Ketenagakerjaan jo。Pasal 52/2 Peraturan Pemerintah 35/2021印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员，印尼国会议员。Kata Kunci:法医;Penganiayaan;Pemutusan Hubungan KerjaНаличие入境签证等RepertumвслучаепреследованиякакдоказательствопрекращенияработыАннотацияТрудовыеотношениямогутпрекратитьсяиз——зажестокогообращениясостороныработников。Наличиежестокогообращениядолжнобытьдоказаносмедицинскойточкизрения。Этоисследованиебылонаправленонаанализналичия入境签证等repertumвслучаяхзлоупотреблений,которыемогутиспользоватьсявкачестведоказательстваприувольнении。Этоправовоеисследованиебылонормативнымсзаконодательнымподходом。Результатыпоказали,чтопреследованиебылоуголовнымпреступлением。Врайонномсуденетребовалосьвынесениярешениясудьей,котороеужеимелопостояннуююридическуюсилувсвязиспреследованиемвкачествеусловиядействительностиувольнения,какеслибыв入境签证等repertumбольшенебылонеобходимости。Достаточнотого,чтобыактыжестокогообращения,совершенныеработниками,регулировалисьтрудовымдоговором,регламентомкомпаниииликоллективнымтрудовымдоговором,тогдапреследованиекакформанеотложногонарушенияможетбытьиспользовановкачествеуважительнойпричиныдляувольнения(статья81№37Законаосозданиирабочихмест,ст。153 /3 Закона * рабочей силе;52/2 Постановление правительства 35/2021。Усилияисследователейпопересмотрутрудовогозаконодательства,касающегосянеотложныхнарушенийвиндонезийскойсистемекадровыхресурсов,являютсяформойоценкиСлабыестороныЗаконаосозданиирабочихместиегоподзаконныхактовмогутпомочьзаконодателямвразработкеиобеспечениисоблюдениязаконов,которыезащищаютопределенныеуязвимыегруппы,аименноработников,вприменениипринципапрезумпцииневиновности。Ключевыеслова:судебнаяэкспертиза,преследовани,епрекращениедействия
{"title":"Existence of Visum Et Repertum on the Occurrence of Persecution as Evidence of Work Termination","authors":"Asri Wijayanti, A. Hariri, A. Supriyo, Basuki Babussalam, Satria Unggul Wicaksana Perkasa","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.22868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.22868","url":null,"abstract":"Employment relationships may end due to abuse by workers. The existence of abuse must be medically proven. This research aimed to analyze the existence of a visum et repertum for the occurrence of abuse that can be used as evidence in termination of employment. This legal research was normative with a statutory approach. The results showed that persecution was a criminal act. There was no requirement for a judge's decision in the District Court which already had permanent legal force for the occurrence of persecution as a condition for the validity of the layoff as if the visum et repertum was no longer needed. It was enough that the acts of abuse committed by workers were regulated in the Employment Agreement, Company Regulation or Collective Labor Agreement, then the persecution as a form of an urgent violation can be used as a valid reason for the termination of employment (Article 81 number 37 of the Job Creation Law jo. Article 151 / 3 Manpower Law jo. article 52/2 Government Regulation 35/2021. The researchers’ efforts to review labor regulations related to urgent violations in the Indonesian manpower system are a form of evaluation of the weaknesses of the Job Creation Law and its implementing regulations can be able to assist legislators to develop and enforce laws that protect certain vulnerable groups namely workers in applying the principle of presumption of innocence.Keywords: Forensics; Persecution; Termination. Eksistensi Visum Et Repertum Atas Terjadinya Penganiayaan Sebagai Alat Bukti Pemutusan Hubungan KerjaAbstrakHubungan kerja dapat berakhir karena adanya penganiayaan yang dilakukan oleh pekerja. Adanya penganiayaan harus dibuktikan secara medis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis adanya visum et repertum atas terjadinya penganiayaan yang dapat digunakan sebagai alat bukti dalam pemutusan hubungan kerja. Penelitian hukum ini bersifat normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penganiayaan adalah perbuatan pidana. Tidak adanya keharusan putusan hakim di Pengadilan Negeri yang sudah memiliki kekuatan hukum tetap atas terjadinya penganiyaan sebagai syarat keabsahan PHK seolah mengakibatkan visum et repertum tidak dibutuhkan lagi. Cukup perbuatan penganiayaan yang dilakukan oleh pekerja diatur dalam Perjanjian Kerja, Peraturan Perusahaan atau Perjanjian Kerja Bersama, maka penganiayaan sebagai wujud telah terjadi pelanggaran yang bersifat mendesak dapat digunakan sebagai alasan keabsahan pemutusan hubungan Kerja (Pasal 81 angka 37 UU Cipta Kerja jo. Pasal 151 /3 UU Ketenagakerjaan jo.Pasal 52/2 Peraturan Pemerintah 35/2021. Upaya penulis untuk mereview peraturan perburuhan terkait pelanggaran yang bersifat mendesak dalam sistim ketenagakerjaan Indonesia merupakan bentuk evaluasi atas adanyan kelemahan UU Cipta Kerja dan Peraturan pelaksananya, akan dapat membantu legislator untuk mengembangkan dan menegakkan hukum yang melindungi kelompok rentan tertentu yaitu pekerja dalam menera","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43678384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoning plans are drawn and written texts prepared as a result of planning activities according to the characteristics of the region in order to meet the social, cultural, human and economic needs of a settlement and to show a safer and more regular development of the place. The property rights of individuals can be restricted by means of the plans prepared by the administration to create livable, orderly and modern living spaces. While the zoning plans are being prepared, the immovables allocated for public services should first be selected from public lands and if these immovables are not sufficient for the places to be allocated to the public service areas, the immovables subject to private property should be allocated to the public service and these areas should be expropriated by the administrations to be allocated on their behalf. The Zoning Law No. 3194 in Turkey is the basic regulation of the zoning law. In the Zoning Law, there is a regulation that the parcels allocated to public services in the zoning plans will be expropriated within five years. However, if the expropriation of the immovables is not completed within the time specified in the legal regulation, the owner who is deprived of his right to dispose of the immovable, is unfairly burdened with a heavy burden. The concept of "legal confiscation" emerges when the property right of the owner of the immovable is restricted for many years only by allocating privately owned immovables to public space in the zoning plans without any actual intervention by the administration. Since the administrations responsible for expropriation mostly avoid this obligation, the procedures established by the administration for planning constitute a disproportionate and unfair intervention in the property rights of the immovable owners. In this study, the definition of the concept of legal confiscation in Turkey, its elements, the remedies for ending the interference with the right to property will be explained, the procedures and principles to be considered during the judgement will be explained by giving examples from the judicial case-law and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, and solution proposals will be presented.Keywords: Legal Confiscation; Construction Plan; Property; Contravention Tuntutan Hukum sebagai Permasalah Hak Properti di Turki Abstrak.Undang-undang Zonasi No. 3194 di Turki adalah peraturan dasar dari undang-undang zonasi. Dalam UU Zonasi, ada aturan bahwa persil yang dialokasikan untuk layanan publik dalam rencana zonasi akan diambil alih dalam waktu lima tahun. Akan tetapi, jika pengambilalihan barang-barang tidak bergerak itu tidak selesai dalam waktu yang ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, maka pemilik yang dirampas haknya untuk membuang barang-barang tidak bergerak itu, dibebani secara tidak adil dengan beban yang berat. Konsep "sita hukum" muncul ketika hak milik pemilik barang tidak bergerak dibatasi selama bertahun-tahun hanya dengan mengalokasik
分区规划是根据该地区的特点进行规划活动的结果，并编写书面文本，以满足住区的社会、文化、人文和经济需求，并显示该地区更安全和更有规律的发展。个人的产权可以通过行政部门制定的计划来限制，以创造宜居、有序和现代化的生活空间。在编制分区计划时，应首先从公共土地中选择分配给公共服务的不动产，如果这些不动产不足以分配给公共服务区域，则应将属于私有财产的不动产分配给公共服务区域，这些区域应由行政部门征用以代表他们进行分配。土耳其第3194号分区法是分区法的基本规定。在《分区法》中，有一项规定，分区计划中分配给公共服务的地块将在五年内被征用。但是，如果不动产的征收未在法定期限内完成，那么被剥夺不动产处置权的所有人就会受到不公平的沉重负担。“合法没收”的概念出现在不动产所有者的财产权受到多年限制的情况下，只是将私人拥有的不动产分配给分区规划中的公共空间，而没有任何行政部门的实际干预。由于负责征收的行政当局大多避免了这一义务，行政当局制定的规划程序构成了对不动产所有者财产权的不成比例和不公平的干预。在本研究报告中，将解释土耳其法律没收概念的定义、其要素、终止干涉财产权的补救办法、在判决期间将考虑的程序和原则，并将举例说明司法判例法和欧洲人权法院的决定，并提出解决办法建议。关键词:法定没收;施工计划;财产;违例Tuntutan Hukum sebagai Permasalah Hak property di Turki Abstrak。Undang-undang Zonasi No. 3194 di Turki adalah peraturan dasar dari Undang-undang Zonasi。Dalam UU Zonasi, ada aturan bahwa persil yang dialokasikan untuk layanan public Dalam rencana Zonasi akan diambil alih Dalam waktu lima tahun。阿坎人tetapi,吉卡pengambilalihan红十字会内唯一一名barang-barang有些bergerak itu有些selesai dalam waktu杨ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan,马卡pemilik杨dirampas haknya为她membuang barang-barang有些bergerak电联,dibebani secara有些adil dengan beban杨培拉特。Konsep "sita hukum" muncul ketika hak milik pemilik barang tidak bergerak dibatasi selama bertahun-tahun hanya denan mengalokasikan barang-barang milik pribadi ke ruang public dalam rencana zonasi tanpa intervensi nyata dari permerintah。马来西亚地方行政长官杨伯雄(音)jawab as pengambilalihan menghindari kewajiban ini，检察官杨伯雄(音)负责行政长官perkankanan和merupakan的干预。Dalam penelitian ini阿坎人dijelaskan pengertian达里语konsep悉hukum di突厥语族的unsur-unsurnya,方便penyelesaian”为她mengakhiri campur tangan terhadap在野阵营milik dijelaskan, prosedur丹杨prinsip-prinsip harus dipertimbangkan selama penilaian阿坎人dijelaskan dengan memberikan contoh-contoh达里语kasus hukum peradilan丹keputusan Pengadilan在野阵营Asasi Manusia Eropa,丹提议solusi阿坎人disajikan。Kata Kunci: Penyitaan Hukum;Rencana Pembangunan;Properti;KontravensiЮридическаяконфискациякакпроблемаправасобственностивТурцииАбстрактный。Законозонировании№3194вТурцииявляетсяосновнымпостановлениемзаконаозонировании。ВЗаконеозонированииестьположени,есогласнокоторомуучастки,выделенныедляобщественныхуслугвпланахзонирования,будутэкспроприированывтечениепятилет。Однако,еслиотчуждениенедвижимойвещинезавершеновсроки,указанныевправовомрегулировани,инасобственника,лишенногоправараспоряжатьсянедвижимойвещью,несправедливовозлагаетсятяжелоебремя。Понятие«юридическаяконфискация»возникает,когдаправособственностивладельцанедвижимойвещиограничиваетсявтечениемногихлеттолькопутемотнесениячастнойнедвижимойсобственностикобщественнымместамвпланахзонированиябезкакого——либофактическоговмешательствасостороныадминистрации。Посколькуадминистрации,ответственныезаэкспроприацию,вбольшинствеслучаевизбегаютэтогообязательства,процедуры,установленныеадминистрациейдляпланирования,представляютсобойнесоразмерноеинесправедливоевмешательствовимущественныеправавладельцевнедвижимогоимущества。 在这些研究将解释概念定义法律没收她元素,土耳其补救办法制止侵犯财产权,以及将解释程序和司法过程中必须考虑的原则决定,将司法实践中的例子用欧洲人权法院的判决以及提出解决方案。关键词:没收;计划建设;财产;轻罪
{"title":"Legal Confıscatıon as a Property Rıght Issue in Turkey","authors":"Yavuz Guloglu","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.23397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23397","url":null,"abstract":"Zoning plans are drawn and written texts prepared as a result of planning activities according to the characteristics of the region in order to meet the social, cultural, human and economic needs of a settlement and to show a safer and more regular development of the place. The property rights of individuals can be restricted by means of the plans prepared by the administration to create livable, orderly and modern living spaces. While the zoning plans are being prepared, the immovables allocated for public services should first be selected from public lands and if these immovables are not sufficient for the places to be allocated to the public service areas, the immovables subject to private property should be allocated to the public service and these areas should be expropriated by the administrations to be allocated on their behalf. The Zoning Law No. 3194 in Turkey is the basic regulation of the zoning law. In the Zoning Law, there is a regulation that the parcels allocated to public services in the zoning plans will be expropriated within five years. However, if the expropriation of the immovables is not completed within the time specified in the legal regulation, the owner who is deprived of his right to dispose of the immovable, is unfairly burdened with a heavy burden. The concept of \"legal confiscation\" emerges when the property right of the owner of the immovable is restricted for many years only by allocating privately owned immovables to public space in the zoning plans without any actual intervention by the administration. Since the administrations responsible for expropriation mostly avoid this obligation, the procedures established by the administration for planning constitute a disproportionate and unfair intervention in the property rights of the immovable owners. In this study, the definition of the concept of legal confiscation in Turkey, its elements, the remedies for ending the interference with the right to property will be explained, the procedures and principles to be considered during the judgement will be explained by giving examples from the judicial case-law and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, and solution proposals will be presented.Keywords: Legal Confiscation; Construction Plan; Property; Contravention Tuntutan Hukum sebagai Permasalah Hak Properti di Turki Abstrak.Undang-undang Zonasi No. 3194 di Turki adalah peraturan dasar dari undang-undang zonasi. Dalam UU Zonasi, ada aturan bahwa persil yang dialokasikan untuk layanan publik dalam rencana zonasi akan diambil alih dalam waktu lima tahun. Akan tetapi, jika pengambilalihan barang-barang tidak bergerak itu tidak selesai dalam waktu yang ditentukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, maka pemilik yang dirampas haknya untuk membuang barang-barang tidak bergerak itu, dibebani secara tidak adil dengan beban yang berat. Konsep \"sita hukum\" muncul ketika hak milik pemilik barang tidak bergerak dibatasi selama bertahun-tahun hanya dengan mengalokasik","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45388266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sukarmi, Sholahuddin Al-Fatih, Kukuh Tejomurti, Moch. Zairul Alam
Two large digital platform companies, Gojek and Tokopedia, officially merged to form a holding company called the GoTo Group that is considered to have anti-competitive behavior and potentially data monopoly. This article aimed to analyze the adequate response to potential violations of the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition Regulation and legal issues related to consumer data monopoly issues. This article uses normative legal research with the conceptual research and statute approach. The result shows that it is necessary to define “relevant markets” and the “substituted products” to determine the existence of unfair business competition in the Gojek-Tokopedia merger. It requires analyzing the consumer behavior in other marketplaces other than Tokopedia; when consumers do not "run" to Gojek, it means they are not in the same market. To prevent privacy protection failures in post-merger data integration, companies need to assess data sharing that may be carried out as part of a risk assessment. Regarding the rights of data subjects, The company needs to provide notification to the data subject regarding the Merger and Acquisition (M & A) given the data subject's right to refuse and guarantee that the M & A process will not violate the right to privacy of the customer's dataKeywords: Competition Law; Digital Platform; Merger Menilai Penggabungan Perusahaan Platform Online: Apakah Mengakibatkan Monopoli atau Hanya Ekspansi Bisnis? (Analisis Penggabungan GoTo)AbstrakDua perusahaan platform digital besar, Gojek dan Tokopedia, resmi bergabung membentuk holding company bernama GoTo Group yang dinilai memiliki perilaku anti persaingan dan berpotensi monopoli data. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis respon yang memadai terhadap potensi pelanggaran Peraturan Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat serta masalah hukum terkait masalah monopoli data konsumen. Artikel ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan penelitian konseptual dan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya mendefinisikan “pasar relevan” dan “produk substitusi” untuk mengetahui adanya persaingan usaha tidak sehat dalam merger Gojek-Tokopedia. Hal ini membutuhkan analisis perilaku konsumen di pasar lain selain Tokopedia; ketika konsumen tidak “lari” ke Gojek, berarti mereka tidak berada di pasar yang sama. Untuk mencegah kegagalan perlindungan privasi dalam integrasi data pasca-merger, perusahaan perlu menilai pembagian data yang mungkin dilakukan sebagai bagian dari penilaian risiko. Mengenai hak subjek data, Perusahaan perlu memberikan pemberitahuan kepada subjek data mengenai Merger dan Akuisisi (M&A) mengingat hak subjek data untuk menolak dan menjamin bahwa proses M&A tidak akan melanggar hak privasi data pelangganKata Kunci: Hukum Persaingan Usaha; Platform Digital; PenggabunganОценка слияний компаний онлайн-платформ: приведет ли это к монополии или просто к расширению бизнеса? (Анализ слияний GoTo
两家大型数字平台公司Gojek和Tokopedia正式合并，成立了一家名为GoTo集团的控股公司，该公司被认为存在反竞争行为，并可能垄断数据。本文旨在分析充分应对潜在的违反《禁止垄断行为和不正当商业竞争条例》的行为以及与消费者数据垄断问题相关的法律问题。本文采用规范法研究、概念研究和成文法研究相结合的方法。研究结果表明，确定Gojek-Tokopedia合并中是否存在不正当商业竞争，需要界定“相关市场”和“替代产品”。它需要分析Tokopedia以外的其他市场的消费者行为;当消费者不“跑”到Gojek时，就意味着他们不在同一个市场。为了防止合并后数据整合中的隐私保护失败，公司需要评估可能作为风险评估的一部分进行的数据共享。关于数据主体的权利，在数据主体有拒绝权的情况下，公司需要向数据主体提供并购通知，并保证并购过程不会侵犯客户的数据隐私权。关键词:竞争法;数字平台;合并Menilai Penggabungan Perusahaan平台在线:Apakah Mengakibatkan Monopoli atau Hanya Ekspansi Bisnis?(分析Penggabungan GoTo) AbstrakDua perusahaan平台数字大的丹•Tokopedia Gojek resmi bergabung membentuk控股公司记者GoTo集团杨dinilai memiliki perilaku反persaingan丹berpotensi monopoli数据。文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章摘要:文章翻译为:文章翻译为:文章翻译为:文章翻译为:文章翻译为:Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya mendefinisikan“pasar relevan”和“product substitute”untuk mengetahui adanya persaiingand usaha tidak sehat dalam合并Gojek-Tokopedia。《现代百科全书》中对危险消费行为的分析;ketika konsumen tidak " lari " ke Gojek, berarti mereka tidak berada di pasar yang sama。Untuk menegah kegagalan perlindungan privasi dalam integrasi data pasca-merger, perusahaan perlu menilai pembagian data yang mungkin dilakukan sebagai bagian dari penilaivisiko。并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(M&A)的并购交易(pe)的并购交易(pe)的并购交易(pe)的并购交易(pe)的并购交易(pe)平台数字;PenggabunganОценкаслиянийкомпанийонлайн——платформ:приведетлиэтокмонополииилипростокрасширениюбизнеса?(АнализслиянийGoTo (GojekиTokopedia)АннотацияДвекрупныекомпани,изанимающиесяцифровымиплатформами,GojekиTokopedia,официальнообъединилисвоиусилия,чтобысформироватьхолдинговуюкомпаниюGoTo集团которая,каксчитается,ведетантиконкурентнуюполитикуиможетмонополизироватьданные。ДаннаястатьянаправленанаанализадекватногореагированиянавозможныенарушенияПоложенияозапрещениимонополистическойпрактикиинедобросовестнойконкуренци,иатакженаправовыевопросы,связанныеспроблемоймонополиинаданныепотребителей。Вданнойстатьеиспользуетсянормативн——поравовоеисследованиесконцептуальнымиправовымисследовательскимподходом。Результатыисследованияуказываютнанеобходимостьопределить«соответствующиерынки»и«продукты——заменители»,чтобыопределитьналичиенедобросовестнойделовойконкуренциивслиянииGojek-Tokopedia。Этотребуетанализаповеденияпотребителейнарынках,отличныхотTokopedia;когдапотребителине«бегут»вGojek,этоозначает,чтоониненаходятсянаодинаковомрынке。Чтобыпредотвратитьсбоивзащитеконфиденциальностиприинтеграцииданныхпослеслияния,компаниямнеобходимооценитьвозможноесовместноеиспользованиеданныхврамкахоценкирисков。Чтокасаетсяправсубъектаданных,Компаниядолжнауведомитьсубъектданныхослиянииипоглощении(并购),учитываяправосубъектаданныхотказатьсяигарантировать,чтопроцес并购нсенарушитправанаконфиденциальностьданныхклиента。Ключевые слова: Закон * деловой конкуренции;цифровыеплатформы;слияние
{"title":"Assesing the Merger of Online Platform Companies: Does it Lead to Monopoly or just Business Expansion? (Analysis of The Merged Company of GoTo)","authors":"S. Sukarmi, Sholahuddin Al-Fatih, Kukuh Tejomurti, Moch. Zairul Alam","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.21667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.21667","url":null,"abstract":"Two large digital platform companies, Gojek and Tokopedia, officially merged to form a holding company called the GoTo Group that is considered to have anti-competitive behavior and potentially data monopoly. This article aimed to analyze the adequate response to potential violations of the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition Regulation and legal issues related to consumer data monopoly issues. This article uses normative legal research with the conceptual research and statute approach. The result shows that it is necessary to define “relevant markets” and the “substituted products” to determine the existence of unfair business competition in the Gojek-Tokopedia merger. It requires analyzing the consumer behavior in other marketplaces other than Tokopedia; when consumers do not \"run\" to Gojek, it means they are not in the same market. To prevent privacy protection failures in post-merger data integration, companies need to assess data sharing that may be carried out as part of a risk assessment. Regarding the rights of data subjects, The company needs to provide notification to the data subject regarding the Merger and Acquisition (M & A) given the data subject's right to refuse and guarantee that the M & A process will not violate the right to privacy of the customer's dataKeywords: Competition Law; Digital Platform; Merger Menilai Penggabungan Perusahaan Platform Online: Apakah Mengakibatkan Monopoli atau Hanya Ekspansi Bisnis? (Analisis Penggabungan GoTo)AbstrakDua perusahaan platform digital besar, Gojek dan Tokopedia, resmi bergabung membentuk holding company bernama GoTo Group yang dinilai memiliki perilaku anti persaingan dan berpotensi monopoli data. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis respon yang memadai terhadap potensi pelanggaran Peraturan Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat serta masalah hukum terkait masalah monopoli data konsumen. Artikel ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan penelitian konseptual dan undang-undang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya mendefinisikan “pasar relevan” dan “produk substitusi” untuk mengetahui adanya persaingan usaha tidak sehat dalam merger Gojek-Tokopedia. Hal ini membutuhkan analisis perilaku konsumen di pasar lain selain Tokopedia; ketika konsumen tidak “lari” ke Gojek, berarti mereka tidak berada di pasar yang sama. Untuk mencegah kegagalan perlindungan privasi dalam integrasi data pasca-merger, perusahaan perlu menilai pembagian data yang mungkin dilakukan sebagai bagian dari penilaian risiko. Mengenai hak subjek data, Perusahaan perlu memberikan pemberitahuan kepada subjek data mengenai Merger dan Akuisisi (M&A) mengingat hak subjek data untuk menolak dan menjamin bahwa proses M&A tidak akan melanggar hak privasi data pelangganKata Kunci: Hukum Persaingan Usaha; Platform Digital; PenggabunganОценка слияний компаний онлайн-платформ: приведет ли это к монополии или просто к расширению бизнеса? (Анализ слияний GoTo","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47966610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additional quotas for hajj have not been resolved, particularly in regard to the financing of hajj, which requires subsidies. The state's goal of distributing subsidies to those who are unable to afford them has not been met, and the state's concept of welfare democracy has not been realized. Accordingly, this investigation employs normative legal research in order to focus on government policies as well as developing issues related to Hajj financing. A constitutional practice that has gradually become law is revealed in this study, namely the existence of subsidies created by the existence of benefit value instruments and the practice of subsidies that have been carried out previously in an indirect manner by the Minister with agreement from the DPR in determining BPIH by applying a 50% discount to the real cost of the hajj. As long as the constitutional practice is carried out in order to complete, perfect, and revitalize the legislation, this is normal. A formal legislative body or statutory regulation is required if there are any actual or potential constitutional issues with the practice of constitutional law.Keywords: Open Legal Policy, Hajj Financing, Non-Subsidized Hajj, Hajj Category. Kebijakan Hukum Pembiayaan Haji Non Subsidi di Indonesia Abstrak.Banyaknya tambahan kuota haji belum teratasi, terutama perihal pembiayaan haji yang memerlukan subsidi. Target subsidi yang seharusnya menjangkau masyarakat yang tidak mampu secara finacial dan konsep demokrasi kesejahteraan melalui instrumen subsidi yang digunakan oleh negara dalam hal ini belum terpenuhi. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan kasus sehingga analisis penelitian lebih menekankan kepada kebijakan pemerintah dan permasalahan yang berkembang mengenai pembiayaan haji. Temuan penelitian ini yakni, keberadaan subsidi yang tercipta dengan adanya instrumen nilai manfaat dan praktik subsidi yang secara tidak langsung, telah dilakukan sebelumnya melalui penetapan BPIH dengan besaran 50% dari real cost biaya haji yang dilakukan oleh Menteri dengan kesepakatan DPR, secara tidak langsung menjadi kebiasaan yang praktik ketatanegaraan yang telah berangsur-angsur lama menjadi hukum. Hal ini adalah lumrah, karena selama kebiasaan ketatanegaraan dilakukan demi melengkapi, menyempurnakan, menghidupkan kaidah-kaidah hukum perundang-undangan, hal tersebut konstitusional. Namun jika praktik ketatanegaraan tersebut justru mengalami permasalahan atau potensi konstitusional, maka hal tersebut harus dipertegas dalam sebuah legis formal atau peraturan perundang-undangan.Kata Kunci: Open Legal Policy, Pembiayaan Haji, Haji Non Subsidi, Kategori Haji. Правовая политика для не субсидируемых Финансирование хаджа в Индонезии Абстрактный.Дополнительные квоты на хадж не решены, особенно в отношении финансирования хаджа, который требует субсидий. Задача государства по распределению субсидий среди тех, кто не может их себе позволить, не была достигну
{"title":"Legal Policies for Non-Subsidized Hajj Financing in Indonesia","authors":"A. Aji, M. Helmi","doi":"10.15408/jch.v9i3.23686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23686","url":null,"abstract":"Additional quotas for hajj have not been resolved, particularly in regard to the financing of hajj, which requires subsidies. The state's goal of distributing subsidies to those who are unable to afford them has not been met, and the state's concept of welfare democracy has not been realized. Accordingly, this investigation employs normative legal research in order to focus on government policies as well as developing issues related to Hajj financing. A constitutional practice that has gradually become law is revealed in this study, namely the existence of subsidies created by the existence of benefit value instruments and the practice of subsidies that have been carried out previously in an indirect manner by the Minister with agreement from the DPR in determining BPIH by applying a 50% discount to the real cost of the hajj. As long as the constitutional practice is carried out in order to complete, perfect, and revitalize the legislation, this is normal. A formal legislative body or statutory regulation is required if there are any actual or potential constitutional issues with the practice of constitutional law.Keywords: Open Legal Policy, Hajj Financing, Non-Subsidized Hajj, Hajj Category. Kebijakan Hukum Pembiayaan Haji Non Subsidi di Indonesia Abstrak.Banyaknya tambahan kuota haji belum teratasi, terutama perihal pembiayaan haji yang memerlukan subsidi. Target subsidi yang seharusnya menjangkau masyarakat yang tidak mampu secara finacial dan konsep demokrasi kesejahteraan melalui instrumen subsidi yang digunakan oleh negara dalam hal ini belum terpenuhi. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan kasus sehingga analisis penelitian lebih menekankan kepada kebijakan pemerintah dan permasalahan yang berkembang mengenai pembiayaan haji. Temuan penelitian ini yakni, keberadaan subsidi yang tercipta dengan adanya instrumen nilai manfaat dan praktik subsidi yang secara tidak langsung, telah dilakukan sebelumnya melalui penetapan BPIH dengan besaran 50% dari real cost biaya haji yang dilakukan oleh Menteri dengan kesepakatan DPR, secara tidak langsung menjadi kebiasaan yang praktik ketatanegaraan yang telah berangsur-angsur lama menjadi hukum. Hal ini adalah lumrah, karena selama kebiasaan ketatanegaraan dilakukan demi melengkapi, menyempurnakan, menghidupkan kaidah-kaidah hukum perundang-undangan, hal tersebut konstitusional. Namun jika praktik ketatanegaraan tersebut justru mengalami permasalahan atau potensi konstitusional, maka hal tersebut harus dipertegas dalam sebuah legis formal atau peraturan perundang-undangan.Kata Kunci: Open Legal Policy, Pembiayaan Haji, Haji Non Subsidi, Kategori Haji. Правовая политика для не субсидируемых Финансирование хаджа в Индонезии Абстрактный.Дополнительные квоты на хадж не решены, особенно в отношении финансирования хаджа, который требует субсидий. Задача государства по распределению субсидий среди тех, кто не может их себе позволить, не была достигну","PeriodicalId":53726,"journal":{"name":"Jurnal Cita Hukum-Indonesian Law Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49385680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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