This article attempts to ascertain the nature of the financial institutions fashioned diachronically to ensure the orderly operation of the Byzantine economy, encompassing the currency in circulation, credit availability, and the nexus of financial services; to analyze their role and evolution over time; to examine their ability to make rational use of the available financial resources; and ultimately to assess their contribution in ensuring the effective functioning of the marketplace and the economy in the 10th–12th centuries. Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of the monetary system in providing the requisite liquidity to meet the needs of the productive sectors of the economy; the determining factors of money supply and its sectorial penetration; the measures taken to prevent hoarding and alleviate the gold-dependence of the fiscus; the functional distinction between money-changing and moneylending and its rationale; the rules established for the orderly conduct of currency transactions to prevent unsavory practices; the participants involved in lending operations and the extent of market competition; the importance of credit (and hence debt) financing in promoting agriculture, manufacturing, and trade; and the role of the state in safeguarding the soundness of the monetary system, banking services, deals in precious metals and valuables, and in the pricing of capital. Moreover, the paper addresses collateral issues in dispute providing more cogent answers, identifies misinterpreted sources and unsupported assertions, and fills in lacunae. It is hoped that the searching examination of the design and operation of the enacted financial institutional arrangements will provide valuable insights as to their genesis, adaptation over time, and likely performance in light of the Byzantine economic, social and political realities.
{"title":"The impact of financial institutions on the development of the Byzantine economy (10th-12th centuries)","authors":"C. Maniatis","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653101M","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653101M","url":null,"abstract":"This article attempts to ascertain the nature of the financial institutions fashioned diachronically to ensure the orderly operation of the Byzantine economy, encompassing the currency in circulation, credit availability, and the nexus of financial services; to analyze their role and evolution over time; to examine their ability to make rational use of the available financial resources; and ultimately to assess their contribution in ensuring the effective functioning of the marketplace and the economy in the 10th–12th centuries. Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of the monetary system in providing the requisite liquidity to meet the needs of the productive sectors of the economy; the determining factors of money supply and its sectorial penetration; the measures taken to prevent hoarding and alleviate the gold-dependence of the fiscus; the functional distinction between money-changing and moneylending and its rationale; the rules established for the orderly conduct of currency transactions to prevent unsavory practices; the participants involved in lending operations and the extent of market competition; the importance of credit (and hence debt) financing in promoting agriculture, manufacturing, and trade; and the role of the state in safeguarding the soundness of the monetary system, banking services, deals in precious metals and valuables, and in the pricing of capital. Moreover, the paper addresses collateral issues in dispute providing more cogent answers, identifies misinterpreted sources and unsupported assertions, and fills in lacunae. It is hoped that the searching examination of the design and operation of the enacted financial institutional arrangements will provide valuable insights as to their genesis, adaptation over time, and likely performance in light of the Byzantine economic, social and political realities.","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"119 1","pages":"101-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85317926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Between the seventh and the ninth century holy men acquired a new role. They no longer just exorcised demons and healed diseases but also foretold people when they would die. This development was caused by a shift in religious belief. Under the influence of relentless preaching, people had come to think that salvation or damnation was determined by the state in which one found oneself at the moment of death. What was feared was a sudden death, which would not leave time for the necessary preparation through repentance and almsgiving. Contemporary holy men responded to this fear by offering their services as prophets. These activities incurred the criticism of coenobitic monks who were opposed to them for moral and metaphysical reasons.
{"title":"Can human beings know the hour of their own death or of the death of others? A ninth-century controversy and its historical context","authors":"Dirk Krausmüller","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653063K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653063K","url":null,"abstract":"Between the seventh and the ninth century holy men acquired a new role. They no longer just exorcised demons and healed diseases but also foretold people when they would die. This development was caused by a shift in religious belief. Under the influence of relentless preaching, people had come to think that salvation or damnation was determined by the state in which one found oneself at the moment of death. What was feared was a sudden death, which would not leave time for the necessary preparation through repentance and almsgiving. Contemporary holy men responded to this fear by offering their services as prophets. These activities incurred the criticism of coenobitic monks who were opposed to them for moral and metaphysical reasons.","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"26 1","pages":"63-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88753227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The church complex of the monastery at Peć achieved its final form with the projects undertaken by archbishop Danilo II (1324–1337). He began with the church of the Virgin Hodegetria (circa 1330) that would house his tomb. His sarcophagus was placed in the northwestern corner of the church below the vault of a small, elongated space. A shared narthex was added to the three monastery churches included in the Peć complex in the early 1330s. The western façade of the church of Hodegetria displays a monumental image of the Mother of God above the entrance that leads from the narthex to the interior. The iconography of the Virgin in Peć has been compared to that of the Virgin as the Fountain of Life as well as with that of the icon of the Mother of God Zoodochos Pege from the homonymous monastery in Constantinople. Such imagery was not, however, associated with the sacrament of baptism and its role in salvation and resurrection. This paper argues that a shared association with the rite of baptism links the image of the Virgin Mary with the funerary function of the church and the tomb of Danilo II, reflecting Danilo II’s personal concern with the Last Judgment and salvation.
{"title":"The path to redemption: Reconsidering the role of the image of the virgin above the entrance to the church of the Virgin Hodegetria at the Peć Monastery","authors":"Ljubomir Milanovic","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653237M","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653237M","url":null,"abstract":"The church complex of the monastery at Peć achieved its final form with the projects undertaken by archbishop Danilo II (1324–1337). He began with the church of the Virgin Hodegetria (circa 1330) that would house his tomb. His sarcophagus was placed in the northwestern corner of the church below the vault of a small, elongated space. A shared narthex was added to the three monastery churches included in the Peć complex in the early 1330s. The western façade of the church of Hodegetria displays a monumental image of the Mother of God above the entrance that leads from the narthex to the interior. The iconography of the Virgin in Peć has been compared to that of the Virgin as the Fountain of Life as well as with that of the icon of the Mother of God Zoodochos Pege from the homonymous monastery in Constantinople. Such imagery was not, however, associated with the sacrament of baptism and its role in salvation and resurrection. This paper argues that a shared association with the rite of baptism links the image of the Virgin Mary with the funerary function of the church and the tomb of Danilo II, reflecting Danilo II’s personal concern with the Last Judgment and salvation.","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"45 1","pages":"237-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74345409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The reform of Byzantine military and territorial organization under Justinian II","authors":"M. Cvetković","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653017C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653017C","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"91 1","pages":"17-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85668000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the military competences of the logothetes tou dromou in the 8th century","authors":"Bojana Krsmanović","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653047K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653047K","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"66 1","pages":"47-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81066549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Greek emperor Alexios in the first vitae of St Simeon Nemanja","authors":"Srdjan Pirivatric","doi":"10.2298/zrvi1653161p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/zrvi1653161p","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"26 1","pages":"161-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74789141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Greek charter of the Hungarian King Stephen I","authors":"Boris Stojkovski","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653127S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653127S","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"17 1","pages":"127-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74022908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theodore the Studite’s eschatological vision (Hilandar 387) in the ktetor hagiography of the Typikon of the Studenica Monastery (IX H 8 [S 10])","authors":"Archimandrite Rakicevic Tikhon","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653179R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653179R","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"17 1","pages":"179-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87953384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The joint charter of the Brankovic brothers and the magnate chancery in the Nemanjic state","authors":"S. Bojanin","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653275B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653275B","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"5 1","pages":"275-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83662387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Hilandar manuscript of the eight parts of speech - translation from Serbian Slavonic and commentaries","authors":"G. Jovanović, Miroslav Vukelic","doi":"10.2298/ZRVI1653293J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2298/ZRVI1653293J","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53859,"journal":{"name":"Zbornik Radova Vizantoloskog Instituta","volume":"1 1","pages":"293-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88748381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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