Luis F. Burguete-Castillejos, F. A. Domínguez-Pacheco, C. L. Martínez-González
Psychiatric disorders, particularly related to depression and anxiety, are emerging as the most disabling diseases of the new era. Finding different intervention methods to treat these conditions is a public health challenge. Thus, exploring the results obtained by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is critical since this neurostimulation technique could position itself as a blunt alternative to manage anxiety pathologies. In this review, a systematic search for TMS use in anxiety disorders was carried out based on the PRISMA criteria. It was found that the most effective protocol for TMS treatment for anxiety disorders is performed with low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz), with 110% of the motor threshold. Furthermore, repeated TMS has proven its effectiveness in different psychiatric disorders — not only as a therapeutic alternative but also in the search for neurolo-gical biomarkers—. TMS favors neuromodulation through the generation of action potentials, which facilitates the treatment of pathologies related to emotional components, such as anxiety. However, further research is needed to specify the neurobiological mechanisms present in the improvement of symptoms.
{"title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of anxiety disorders: A systematic review of the state-of-the-art","authors":"Luis F. Burguete-Castillejos, F. A. Domínguez-Pacheco, C. L. Martínez-González","doi":"10.24875/rmn.20000130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.20000130","url":null,"abstract":"Psychiatric disorders, particularly related to depression and anxiety, are emerging as the most disabling diseases of the new era. Finding different intervention methods to treat these conditions is a public health challenge. Thus, exploring the results obtained by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is critical since this neurostimulation technique could position itself as a blunt alternative to manage anxiety pathologies. In this review, a systematic search for TMS use in anxiety disorders was carried out based on the PRISMA criteria. It was found that the most effective protocol for TMS treatment for anxiety disorders is performed with low-frequency stimulation (1 Hz), with 110% of the motor threshold. Furthermore, repeated TMS has proven its effectiveness in different psychiatric disorders — not only as a therapeutic alternative but also in the search for neurolo-gical biomarkers—. TMS favors neuromodulation through the generation of action potentials, which facilitates the treatment of pathologies related to emotional components, such as anxiety. However, further research is needed to specify the neurobiological mechanisms present in the improvement of symptoms.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45263694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. R. Lerma-Castaño, Mónica V. Chanaga-Gelves, José M. Llanos-Mosquera, Laura E. Castro-Serrato, L. Romaña-Cabrera
Background: Virtual reality (VR) is one of the newest and most used methods in rehabilitation processes, reporting favorable effects. Materials and methods: To know the effects of VR, in the processes of gait rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy (CP), research in publications of the past 10 years was carried out, in databases of the area of health, science, and technology: ScienceDirect, Nature, Oxford Journals, Sage Publishing, Sage Knowledge, Springer Link Magazines, Taylor and Francis Journals, EBSCO Host, Health and Wellness, ProQuest, PEDro PubMed, and Cochrane Library. The established search criteria were articles with longitudinal designs, controlled clinical trials, case studies, and systematic reviews with/without meta-analysis, which used VR as an intervention in gait rehabilitation in children with CP. Results: A total of 250 articles were found that prove the effectiveness of VR in children with CP. Conclusions: VR can be a complementary strategy for gait rehabilitation in this population.
背景:虚拟现实(VR)技术是目前应用最广泛、最新的康复技术之一。材料和方法:为了了解VR在脑瘫(CP)儿童步态康复过程中的作用，我们在健康、科学和技术领域的数据库中对过去10年的出版物进行了研究:ScienceDirect、Nature、Oxford Journals、Sage Publishing、Sage Knowledge、施普林格Link杂志、Taylor and Francis期刊、EBSCO Host、health and Wellness、ProQuest、PEDro PubMed和Cochrane Library。已建立的检索标准是采用纵向设计、对照临床试验、病例研究和有/没有荟萃分析的系统综述的文章，这些文章将VR作为CP儿童步态康复的干预措施。结果:共发现250篇文章证明VR在CP儿童中的有效性。结论:VR可以作为该人群步态康复的补充策略。
{"title":"Virtual reality in gait rehabilitation in children with spastic cerebral palsy","authors":"P. R. Lerma-Castaño, Mónica V. Chanaga-Gelves, José M. Llanos-Mosquera, Laura E. Castro-Serrato, L. Romaña-Cabrera","doi":"10.24875/rmn.21000001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.21000001","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Virtual reality (VR) is one of the newest and most used methods in rehabilitation processes, reporting favorable effects. Materials and methods: To know the effects of VR, in the processes of gait rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy (CP), research in publications of the past 10 years was carried out, in databases of the area of health, science, and technology: ScienceDirect, Nature, Oxford Journals, Sage Publishing, Sage Knowledge, Springer Link Magazines, Taylor and Francis Journals, EBSCO Host, Health and Wellness, ProQuest, PEDro PubMed, and Cochrane Library. The established search criteria were articles with longitudinal designs, controlled clinical trials, case studies, and systematic reviews with/without meta-analysis, which used VR as an intervention in gait rehabilitation in children with CP. Results: A total of 250 articles were found that prove the effectiveness of VR in children with CP. Conclusions: VR can be a complementary strategy for gait rehabilitation in this population.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46094496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Repeated head trauma associated with sports activities can cause subtle cognitive alterations in amateur players, but these are difficult to detect. objective: The objective of this pilot study was to determine if there is an association between executive functions performance and different sports practice variables in a sample of amateur American football players. Methods: A pilot transversal study with amateur American football male players without previous neurological or psychiatric illnesses, drug abuse, or consumption of psychotropic medications were carried out and evaluated executive functions performance using automated test. In addition, the levels of stress, impulsivity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated, as well as multiple variables related to sports practice such as previous concussions, time of sports practice, weekly training time, and position within the game. results: Fourteen men players were assessed, with an average age of 20.57 (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.61) years, played 7 (50%) in an offensive position, 7 (50%) in defensive position, and 3 (21%) presented previous sport-related brain trauma. The average time of practice football was of 35.07 (SD ± 43.10) months, starting age of football playing 17.71 (SD ± 3.64), and hours of training during the week 5.75 (SD ± 2.83). There was no association between cognitive performance and any sports practice variable, however, the offensive position showed significant association with impairments in the highest span of visual working memory task (β = 0.53, SE = 0.16, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that executive tasks with high cognitive demand may reveal alterations in the short term in amateur American football players.
背景:与体育活动相关的反复头部创伤可引起业余运动员微妙的认知改变，但这些很难检测到。目的:本初步研究的目的是确定在美国业余足球运动员的样本中，执行功能表现和不同的运动练习变量之间是否存在关联。方法:对没有神经或精神疾病、滥用药物或服用精神药物的业余美式足球男性运动员进行了一项试点横向研究，并使用自动化测试评估了执行功能的表现。此外，还评估了压力、冲动、焦虑和抑郁症状的水平，以及与体育锻炼相关的多个变量，如以前的脑震荡、体育锻炼时间、每周训练时间和在比赛中的位置。结果:14名男性球员被评估，平均年龄为20.57(标准差[SD]±1.61)岁，7名(50%)在进攻位置，7名(50%)在防守位置，3名(21%)有运动相关脑损伤。平均足球训练时间为35.07 (SD±43.10)个月，开始踢球年龄为17.71 (SD±3.64)个月，周训练时间为5.75 (SD±2.83)个小时。运动训练变量与认知表现无显著相关性，而进攻体位与视觉工作记忆任务最高跨距的损伤有显著相关性(β = 0.53, SE = 0.16, p = 0.001)。结论:高认知需求的执行任务可能在短期内揭示业余美式橄榄球运动员的改变。
{"title":"Hoping for a better future","authors":"Ildefonso Rodríguez-Leyva","doi":"10.24875/rmn.m21000084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.m21000084","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Repeated head trauma associated with sports activities can cause subtle cognitive alterations in amateur players, but these are difficult to detect. objective: The objective of this pilot study was to determine if there is an association between executive functions performance and different sports practice variables in a sample of amateur American football players. Methods: A pilot transversal study with amateur American football male players without previous neurological or psychiatric illnesses, drug abuse, or consumption of psychotropic medications were carried out and evaluated executive functions performance using automated test. In addition, the levels of stress, impulsivity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated, as well as multiple variables related to sports practice such as previous concussions, time of sports practice, weekly training time, and position within the game. results: Fourteen men players were assessed, with an average age of 20.57 (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.61) years, played 7 (50%) in an offensive position, 7 (50%) in defensive position, and 3 (21%) presented previous sport-related brain trauma. The average time of practice football was of 35.07 (SD ± 43.10) months, starting age of football playing 17.71 (SD ± 3.64), and hours of training during the week 5.75 (SD ± 2.83). There was no association between cognitive performance and any sports practice variable, however, the offensive position showed significant association with impairments in the highest span of visual working memory task (β = 0.53, SE = 0.16, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that executive tasks with high cognitive demand may reveal alterations in the short term in amateur American football players.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42598812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandro Checa, Eliana Navas, V. Valencia, Jessica Alcívar
Background: HIV can cause neurotoxicity and neuronal apoptosis, hence the importance of neuropathogenesis mechanisms in HIV. People in AIDS phase with CD4 count under 250, may be at greater risk of suffering from depression. Objective: Eva-luate whether there is a relationship between T-CD4 lymphocyte count and depression in people living with HIV but have not started antiretroviral treatment. Method: This was a cross-sectional cohort study conducted between October 2020 and January 2021 in the HIV Unit of the Eugenio Espejo Hospital in Quito. A CD4 test was performed, and the Hamilton Depression Scale was used in patients after 1 month of being diagnosed with HIV but before receiving antiretroviral treatment. Results: A total of 108 subjects were recruited, mainly men (79.6%), of which 82.4% were between 18 and 45 years old. The subjects in the AIDS phase were 25% of which 92.6% presented depression (p = 0.000), it was noted that the older the age, the prevalence of depression increases (p = 0.007). As for the female sex, it seems to have a risk of practically double with respect to men of suffering from depression (p = 0.005). Conclusions: In our cohort study, at PLWH in Ecuador, patients in AIDS phase present a considerable risk of suffering from depression; at the same time, as the age increases, the probability of presenting depression is greater. As well as, female sex is a risk factor. Therefore, the follow-up of these patients is an essential part of care and treatment process.
{"title":"Depression is associated with CD4 levels in people living with HIV in Ecuador","authors":"Alejandro Checa, Eliana Navas, V. Valencia, Jessica Alcívar","doi":"10.24875/rmn.21000032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.21000032","url":null,"abstract":"Background: HIV can cause neurotoxicity and neuronal apoptosis, hence the importance of neuropathogenesis mechanisms in HIV. People in AIDS phase with CD4 count under 250, may be at greater risk of suffering from depression. Objective: Eva-luate whether there is a relationship between T-CD4 lymphocyte count and depression in people living with HIV but have not started antiretroviral treatment. Method: This was a cross-sectional cohort study conducted between October 2020 and January 2021 in the HIV Unit of the Eugenio Espejo Hospital in Quito. A CD4 test was performed, and the Hamilton Depression Scale was used in patients after 1 month of being diagnosed with HIV but before receiving antiretroviral treatment. Results: A total of 108 subjects were recruited, mainly men (79.6%), of which 82.4% were between 18 and 45 years old. The subjects in the AIDS phase were 25% of which 92.6% presented depression (p = 0.000), it was noted that the older the age, the prevalence of depression increases (p = 0.007). As for the female sex, it seems to have a risk of practically double with respect to men of suffering from depression (p = 0.005). Conclusions: In our cohort study, at PLWH in Ecuador, patients in AIDS phase present a considerable risk of suffering from depression; at the same time, as the age increases, the probability of presenting depression is greater. As well as, female sex is a risk factor. Therefore, the follow-up of these patients is an essential part of care and treatment process.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45557725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Carrillo-Mora, Vania Aldrete-Cortez, J. A. Guzmán-Cortés, G. S. García-de la Torre, L. Tirado-Gómez, Luz Navarro, María Soto-Lara, Kenia F. Franyutti-Prado, Karina G. Barajas-Martínez
Background: Repeated head trauma associated with sports activities can cause subtle cognitive alterations in amateur players, but these are difficult to detect. Objective: The objective of this pilot study was to determine if there is an association between executive functions performance and different sports practice variables in a sample of amateur American football players. Methods: A pilot transversal study with amateur American football male players without previous neurological or psychiatric illnesses, drug abuse, or consumption of psychotropic medications were carried out and evaluated executive functions performance using automated test. In addition, the levels of stress, impulsivity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated, as well as multiple variables related to sports practice such as previous concussions, time of sports practice, weekly training time, and position within the game. Results: Fourteen men players were assessed, with an average age of 20.57 (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.61) years, played 7 (50%) in an offensive position, 7 (50%) in defensive position, and 3 (21%) presented previous sport-related brain trauma. The average time of practice football was of 35.07 (SD ± 43.10) months, starting age of football playing 17.71 (SD ± 3.64), and hours of training during the week 5.75 (SD ± 2.83). There was no association between cognitive performance and any sports practice variable, however, the offensive position showed significant association with impairments in the highest span of visual working memory task (β = 0.53, SE = 0.16, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that executive tasks with high cognitive demand may reveal alterations in the short term in amateur American football players.
{"title":"High cognitive demand tasks may detect mild alterations in executive functions in American football players: A pilot study","authors":"P. Carrillo-Mora, Vania Aldrete-Cortez, J. A. Guzmán-Cortés, G. S. García-de la Torre, L. Tirado-Gómez, Luz Navarro, María Soto-Lara, Kenia F. Franyutti-Prado, Karina G. Barajas-Martínez","doi":"10.24875/rmn.21000035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.21000035","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Repeated head trauma associated with sports activities can cause subtle cognitive alterations in amateur players, but these are difficult to detect. Objective: The objective of this pilot study was to determine if there is an association between executive functions performance and different sports practice variables in a sample of amateur American football players. Methods: A pilot transversal study with amateur American football male players without previous neurological or psychiatric illnesses, drug abuse, or consumption of psychotropic medications were carried out and evaluated executive functions performance using automated test. In addition, the levels of stress, impulsivity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated, as well as multiple variables related to sports practice such as previous concussions, time of sports practice, weekly training time, and position within the game. Results: Fourteen men players were assessed, with an average age of 20.57 (standard deviation [SD] ± 1.61) years, played 7 (50%) in an offensive position, 7 (50%) in defensive position, and 3 (21%) presented previous sport-related brain trauma. The average time of practice football was of 35.07 (SD ± 43.10) months, starting age of football playing 17.71 (SD ± 3.64), and hours of training during the week 5.75 (SD ± 2.83). There was no association between cognitive performance and any sports practice variable, however, the offensive position showed significant association with impairments in the highest span of visual working memory task (β = 0.53, SE = 0.16, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that executive tasks with high cognitive demand may reveal alterations in the short term in amateur American football players.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42499649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandro Aparecido-Kanzler, F. Cidral-filho, R. Prediger
This systematic review is dedicated to deepening the study of two phenomena: binaural beats and isochronic tones. Data from the scientific literature suggest the existence of a promising therapeutic potential in neurology and psychophysiology due to their influence on specific frequencies of brain waves and their implications for mental health and homeostasis of brain neurotransmitters. Prolonged audio stimuli in repetitive and synchronized manner may induce changes in brain waves patterns and, consequently, modulating neurophysiological, and behavioral responses. The literature review was conducted using PUBMED, MEDLINE, LILLACS, and SCIENCE DIRECT online platforms using the search words: “audio brain entrainment,” “auditory beat stimulation, ” “binaural beats,” “brainwave entrainment (BWE),” and “isochronic tones.” The search yielded 674 studies, of which 49 were in duplicate, and 592 were out of the scope of this review, and, therefore, were excluded from the study. The remaining studies were analyzed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews, resulting in 33 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were then evaluated by the Jadad scale. From that, 17 studies obtained a score of three points or more on the Jadad scale. These studies were fully read and critically analyzed. Binaural beats were used in 15 studies (88.25%), whereas isochronic tones were used only in two studies (11.76%). Although most of the studies reviewed here indicated audio BWE effectiveness, some positive outcomes may require further investigation, with more refined and appropriate evaluation tools, better suited for each specific type of intervention and/or therapeutic target. Considering these limitations, the performance of additional studies with more adequate experimental design and data analysis is recommended, particularly focusing on the neurophysiological and behavioral effects of brain wave entrainment on mental states.
{"title":"Effects of binaural beats and isochronic tones on brain wave modulation: Literature review","authors":"Sandro Aparecido-Kanzler, F. Cidral-filho, R. Prediger","doi":"10.24875/rmn.20000100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.20000100","url":null,"abstract":"This systematic review is dedicated to deepening the study of two phenomena: binaural beats and isochronic tones. Data from the scientific literature suggest the existence of a promising therapeutic potential in neurology and psychophysiology due to their influence on specific frequencies of brain waves and their implications for mental health and homeostasis of brain neurotransmitters. Prolonged audio stimuli in repetitive and synchronized manner may induce changes in brain waves patterns and, consequently, modulating neurophysiological, and behavioral responses. The literature review was conducted using PUBMED, MEDLINE, LILLACS, and SCIENCE DIRECT online platforms using the search words: “audio brain entrainment,” “auditory beat stimulation, ” “binaural beats,” “brainwave entrainment (BWE),” and “isochronic tones.” The search yielded 674 studies, of which 49 were in duplicate, and 592 were out of the scope of this review, and, therefore, were excluded from the study. The remaining studies were analyzed according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews, resulting in 33 randomized, controlled clinical trials that were then evaluated by the Jadad scale. From that, 17 studies obtained a score of three points or more on the Jadad scale. These studies were fully read and critically analyzed. Binaural beats were used in 15 studies (88.25%), whereas isochronic tones were used only in two studies (11.76%). Although most of the studies reviewed here indicated audio BWE effectiveness, some positive outcomes may require further investigation, with more refined and appropriate evaluation tools, better suited for each specific type of intervention and/or therapeutic target. Considering these limitations, the performance of additional studies with more adequate experimental design and data analysis is recommended, particularly focusing on the neurophysiological and behavioral effects of brain wave entrainment on mental states.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42873856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Silvia D. Pérez-Villalva, Teresita Villaseñor-Cabrera, M. G. Ramírez-Contreras, Genoveva Rizo-Curiel, J. Ruiz-Sandoval
Stroke is the leading cause of motor and neuropsychological disability in adults worldwide, requiring a primary caregiver (PC) during rehabilitation. The relationship between PC and a patient with cerebrovascular sequelae (PC-PCVD) is complex and bidirectional. Indeed, literature shows a serious deterioration in the PC’s quality of life during the follow-up. Through a narrative review of articles published in the last 20 years, this study aims to know the quality of life of PC-CVD, analyze the determinants of the vulnerability of PC-PCVD, and identify the most used test. PC-PCVD was found to have a lower-than-expected quality of life in physical and emotional domains. Being a woman, single, of mayor age, 3 h of daily care, limited income, and symptoms of anxiety or depression were the main risk factors associated with lower quality of life among PCs. The main assessment tools of quality of life were the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF and the SF-36
{"title":"Quality of life in primary caregivers of patients with cerebrovascular disease","authors":"Silvia D. Pérez-Villalva, Teresita Villaseñor-Cabrera, M. G. Ramírez-Contreras, Genoveva Rizo-Curiel, J. Ruiz-Sandoval","doi":"10.24875/rmn.20000101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.20000101","url":null,"abstract":"Stroke is the leading cause of motor and neuropsychological disability in adults worldwide, requiring a primary caregiver (PC) during rehabilitation. The relationship between PC and a patient with cerebrovascular sequelae (PC-PCVD) is complex and bidirectional. Indeed, literature shows a serious deterioration in the PC’s quality of life during the follow-up. Through a narrative review of articles published in the last 20 years, this study aims to know the quality of life of PC-CVD, analyze the determinants of the vulnerability of PC-PCVD, and identify the most used test. PC-PCVD was found to have a lower-than-expected quality of life in physical and emotional domains. Being a woman, single, of mayor age, 3 h of daily care, limited income, and symptoms of anxiety or depression were the main risk factors associated with lower quality of life among PCs. The main assessment tools of quality of life were the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF and the SF-36","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43195419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beatriz Sanabria-Barradas, Libna S. Gallardo-Beatriz, J. A. Palma-Jacinto, A. Calderón-Garcidueñas
This manuscript reviews the mechanisms that contribute to the production of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especial-ly the genetic and immunological components. Knowing the participating elements and mechanisms are essential to establish preventive measures and look for early markers. The ASD can have subtle or devastating manifestations, and exerting immunomodulatory actions could be useful in the management of these patients. There seems to be different environmental insults that may act as triggers in genetically predisposed subjects; these insults can promote an inflammatory response in which interleukin-6 could participate actively at the level of neural stem cells and progenitors. The degree of involvement in neurogenesis and astrogenesis, and therefore, the observed clinical spectrum will depend on two facts that alter the neural circuits, including the brain region that loses proper input or output connectivity due to abnormal migration of a group of neurons, and the astrocytic survival.
{"title":"The pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder","authors":"Beatriz Sanabria-Barradas, Libna S. Gallardo-Beatriz, J. A. Palma-Jacinto, A. Calderón-Garcidueñas","doi":"10.24875/rmn.20000129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.20000129","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript reviews the mechanisms that contribute to the production of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especial-ly the genetic and immunological components. Knowing the participating elements and mechanisms are essential to establish preventive measures and look for early markers. The ASD can have subtle or devastating manifestations, and exerting immunomodulatory actions could be useful in the management of these patients. There seems to be different environmental insults that may act as triggers in genetically predisposed subjects; these insults can promote an inflammatory response in which interleukin-6 could participate actively at the level of neural stem cells and progenitors. The degree of involvement in neurogenesis and astrogenesis, and therefore, the observed clinical spectrum will depend on two facts that alter the neural circuits, including the brain region that loses proper input or output connectivity due to abnormal migration of a group of neurons, and the astrocytic survival.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48295359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ruiz-León, Marco A. Sánchez-Torres, S. L. Anda, Mónica Salmerón-Mercado, J. Ruiz-Sandoval
Eating epilepsy (EE) is rare reflex epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by mechanisms related to the eating process. In this narrative review, we analyzed case series and case reports found in the literature and describe sociodemographic, se-miological, and radiological characteristics of patients with EE in the general population. Our analysis revealed that this epilepsy is more common in male patients and usually presents with focal onset seizures. There is wide variability in clinical presentation and there is not enough evidence to affirm that there is a specific food or diet that triggers the seizures. Temporolimbic and suprasylvian areas of the frontal and temporal lobes, particularly the insular and opercular cortex, play an important role in the pathophysiology of EE as found in neuroradiological and neurosurgical studies. As for the treatment, there is a high prevalence of pharmacoresistance and clobazam was the most used antiepileptic drug, usually as an add-on therapy.
{"title":"Eating epilepsy. A narrative review","authors":"M. Ruiz-León, Marco A. Sánchez-Torres, S. L. Anda, Mónica Salmerón-Mercado, J. Ruiz-Sandoval","doi":"10.24875/rmn.21000005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.21000005","url":null,"abstract":"Eating epilepsy (EE) is rare reflex epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by mechanisms related to the eating process. In this narrative review, we analyzed case series and case reports found in the literature and describe sociodemographic, se-miological, and radiological characteristics of patients with EE in the general population. Our analysis revealed that this epilepsy is more common in male patients and usually presents with focal onset seizures. There is wide variability in clinical presentation and there is not enough evidence to affirm that there is a specific food or diet that triggers the seizures. Temporolimbic and suprasylvian areas of the frontal and temporal lobes, particularly the insular and opercular cortex, play an important role in the pathophysiology of EE as found in neuroradiological and neurosurgical studies. As for the treatment, there is a high prevalence of pharmacoresistance and clobazam was the most used antiepileptic drug, usually as an add-on therapy.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46424230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karla Aketzalli Hernández-Contreras, M. Hernández-Aguilar, D. Herrera-Covarrubias, F. Rojas-Durán, G. Aranda-Abreu
Considered a neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves a physiopathological process characterized by the presence of the beta-amyloid peptide, hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, and neuroinflammation. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disease characterized by insulin resistance, where decreased production of this hormone causes a constant state of hyperglycemia. Although it is recognized that DM is a risk factor for the development of AD, the compression of the mechanisms involved is not completely understood. The present review evaluates the information acquired from primary and secondary sources, focusing on the alterations in gene expression associated with AD as well as the alterations in gene expression associated with DM, to later highlight the influence that these types of alterations developed in patients with DM can have on both the development and progression of AD. Finally, we point out those alterations that impact the phospha-tidyl Inositol 3 Kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway, which seems to intervene in the physiopathological process of both diseases, considering that the compression of these gene alterations can help us understand the intricate link between DM and AD.
{"title":"Alterations in diabetes mellitus gene expression in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease: The PI3K/Akt pathway link","authors":"Karla Aketzalli Hernández-Contreras, M. Hernández-Aguilar, D. Herrera-Covarrubias, F. Rojas-Durán, G. Aranda-Abreu","doi":"10.24875/rmn.20000087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24875/rmn.20000087","url":null,"abstract":"Considered a neurodegenerative disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves a physiopathological process characterized by the presence of the beta-amyloid peptide, hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, and neuroinflammation. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disease characterized by insulin resistance, where decreased production of this hormone causes a constant state of hyperglycemia. Although it is recognized that DM is a risk factor for the development of AD, the compression of the mechanisms involved is not completely understood. The present review evaluates the information acquired from primary and secondary sources, focusing on the alterations in gene expression associated with AD as well as the alterations in gene expression associated with DM, to later highlight the influence that these types of alterations developed in patients with DM can have on both the development and progression of AD. Finally, we point out those alterations that impact the phospha-tidyl Inositol 3 Kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway, which seems to intervene in the physiopathological process of both diseases, considering that the compression of these gene alterations can help us understand the intricate link between DM and AD.","PeriodicalId":53921,"journal":{"name":"Revista Mexicana de Neurociencia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47379442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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