This paper investigates the morphology, syntax, and semantics of five non-interrogative constructions that involve wh-expressions in Kaqchikel, a Mayan language of the K’ichean branch spoken in Guatemala. We focus on the properties of maximal free relative clauses, existential free relative clauses, ever free relative clauses, free choice items and negative indefinites. We show that the interpretive properties of these constructions are strikingly similar to those found in a number of unrelated languages.
{"title":"Indeterminate pronouns in Kaqchikel","authors":"P. T. Duncan, Harold Torrence, Pedro Mateo Pedro","doi":"10.1075/lv.22012.dun","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.22012.dun","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper investigates the morphology, syntax, and semantics of five non-interrogative constructions that involve\u0000 wh-expressions in Kaqchikel, a Mayan language of the K’ichean branch spoken in Guatemala. We focus on the properties of maximal\u0000 free relative clauses, existential free relative clauses, ever free relative clauses, free choice items and\u0000 negative indefinites. We show that the interpretive properties of these constructions are strikingly similar to those found in a\u0000 number of unrelated languages.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139532607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The starting point of the present article is the usage of mass nouns with indefinite articles, known from modern Bavarian and neighbouring dialects. Our analysis is dedicated to the use of the indefinite article varying with bare nouns in a historical perspective, based on a cookbook handwritten in 1556 in the East Swabian variety of Augsburg, containing about 900 instances of mass nouns with and without articles. Like in modern Bavarian, the readings OBJECT and QUALITY can be distinguished. A comparison with the de-nominals in Old Spanish recipes shows that the indefinite articles appear in equivalent positions with mass nouns mostly denoting non-specific regular objects as instantiations of the kind. The discussion of quantifiers and measuring expressions shows a special syntactic and semantic behaviour of ain wenig ‘a little’. The final discussion leads to the assumption that the indefinite article does not formally express a partitive relation, but, at most, produces partitive effects.
本文的出发点是现代巴伐利亚方言和邻近方言中带有不定冠词的大量名词的用法。我们以 1556 年奥格斯堡东施瓦本方言手抄食谱为基础，从历史角度分析了不定状语与光名词的不同用法，其中包含约 900 个带状语和不带状语的大量名词。与现代巴伐利亚语一样，可以区分 "物 "和 "质 "这两种读法。通过与古西班牙语食谱中的去名词进行比较，可以发现不定冠词出现在与大众名词相当的位置上，大众名词大多表示作为同类实例的非特定常规对象。对量词和量词表达式的讨论显示了 ain wenig "一点 "的特殊句法和语义行为。最后的讨论得出了这样的假设：不定冠词并不正式表示偏正关系，但最多产生偏正效果。
{"title":"Bare nouns, indefinite articles and partitivity in an Early New High German cookbook","authors":"Elvira Glaser","doi":"10.1075/lv.23045.gla","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.23045.gla","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The starting point of the present article is the usage of mass nouns with indefinite articles, known from modern\u0000 Bavarian and neighbouring dialects. Our analysis is dedicated to the use of the indefinite article varying with bare nouns in a\u0000 historical perspective, based on a cookbook handwritten in 1556 in the East Swabian variety of Augsburg, containing about 900\u0000 instances of mass nouns with and without articles. Like in modern Bavarian, the readings OBJECT and QUALITY can be distinguished.\u0000 A comparison with the de-nominals in Old Spanish recipes shows that the indefinite articles appear in equivalent\u0000 positions with mass nouns mostly denoting non-specific regular objects as instantiations of the kind. The discussion of\u0000 quantifiers and measuring expressions shows a special syntactic and semantic behaviour of ain wenig ‘a little’.\u0000 The final discussion leads to the assumption that the indefinite article does not formally express a partitive relation, but, at\u0000 most, produces partitive effects.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Roberts (2017; 2021): The Oxford Handbook of Universal Grammar","authors":"Yanxiao Ma","doi":"10.1075/lv.23037.ma","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.23037.ma","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42889726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper offers novel insights on articlelessness in noun phrases in Dutch and German headlines. Modified noun phrases that lack a determiner in headlines exhibit adjectival agreement that cannot be explained if one assumes an article that is phonologically null or that has been PF-deleted. We describe the pattern, consider different analytical options and eventually conclude that the interpretation, distribution as well as the observed adjectival agreement characteristic of articlelessness noun phrases calls for an account in which the article is never projected to begin with.
{"title":"Missing and not found","authors":"A. Lipták, R. Sybesma","doi":"10.1075/lv.22001.lip","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.22001.lip","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers novel insights on articlelessness in noun phrases in Dutch and German headlines. Modified noun phrases that lack a determiner in headlines exhibit adjectival agreement that cannot be explained if one assumes an article that is phonologically null or that has been PF-deleted. We describe the pattern, consider different analytical options and eventually conclude that the interpretation, distribution as well as the observed adjectival agreement characteristic of articlelessness noun phrases calls for an account in which the article is never projected to begin with.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45349562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite an increasing interest in German dialect syntax, the study of article use in Upper German (Alemannic and Bavarian) remains a desideratum. This is true in particular for Austrian varieties. The present study focusses on article variation and change in Austrian Upper German and discusses the status of article grammaticalization. To that effect, ‘radical’ cases of article use in Upper German are analysed, i.e. cases considered incorrect in standard German: the use of indefinite articles before mass nouns, of definite articles before proper nouns, and of indefinite articles in the plural. These phenomena are investigated by means of a comprehensive dialect survey (3,599 dialect translations by 163 dialect speakers from 40 research locations). The analysis examines inner-linguistic factors (lexis, semantics, syntax) as well as extra-linguistic factors (dialect areas, age group). The findings reveal a surprisingly high variability and a relatively advanced stage of grammaticalization in some areas, especially Central Bavarian dialects.
{"title":"Article use in Upper German – a ‘radical’ stage of grammaticalization?","authors":"Philip C. Vergeiner, Konstantin Niehaus","doi":"10.1075/lv.21014.ver","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.21014.ver","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite an increasing interest in German dialect syntax, the study of article use in Upper German (Alemannic and\u0000 Bavarian) remains a desideratum. This is true in particular for Austrian varieties. The present study focusses on article\u0000 variation and change in Austrian Upper German and discusses the status of article grammaticalization. To that effect, ‘radical’\u0000 cases of article use in Upper German are analysed, i.e. cases considered incorrect in standard German: the use of indefinite\u0000 articles before mass nouns, of definite articles before proper nouns, and of indefinite articles in the plural. These phenomena\u0000 are investigated by means of a comprehensive dialect survey (3,599 dialect translations by 163 dialect speakers from 40 research\u0000 locations). The analysis examines inner-linguistic factors (lexis, semantics, syntax) as well as extra-linguistic factors (dialect\u0000 areas, age group). The findings reveal a surprisingly high variability and a relatively advanced stage of grammaticalization in\u0000 some areas, especially Central Bavarian dialects.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42694624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Besides its main use as a form of the movement verb ir ‘to go’, the Spanish form vaya (lit. go) is also used as a verbal discourse marker. Here we trace this transition from a purely verbal form to a discourse marker by searching a historical corpus of documents in Spanish, which reveals the increasing use over time of vaya in exclamatives to replace a presentational construction. We focus on vaya in isolation and in combination with an indefinite DP or a bare NP. We analyze the meaning of vaya as an epistemic discourse marker, by means of which the speaker expresses a judgment, a subjective epistemic and evidential evaluation of a proposition accessible from context. We postulate that these constructions sit in a Judgment Phrase at the syntactic-pragmatic interface (Krifka 2020), a position to which vaya also moves when its meaning is that of an expressive intensifier that directly modifies over one or more (contextually salient) properties of the noun contained in the DP/NP.
{"title":"From a movement verb to an epistemic discourse marker","authors":"M. Espinal, C. Real-Puigdollers, Xavier Villalba","doi":"10.1075/lv.22006.esp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.22006.esp","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Besides its main use as a form of the movement verb ir ‘to go’, the Spanish form vaya (lit. go) is also used as a verbal discourse marker. Here we trace this transition from a purely verbal form to a discourse marker by searching a historical corpus of documents in Spanish, which reveals the increasing use over time of vaya in exclamatives to replace a presentational construction. We focus on vaya in isolation and in combination with an indefinite DP or a bare NP. We analyze the meaning of vaya as an epistemic discourse marker, by means of which the speaker expresses a judgment, a subjective epistemic and evidential evaluation of a proposition accessible from context. We postulate that these constructions sit in a Judgment Phrase at the syntactic-pragmatic interface (Krifka 2020), a position to which vaya also moves when its meaning is that of an expressive intensifier that directly modifies over one or more (contextually salient) properties of the noun contained in the DP/NP.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45858070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article sketches a new analysis of the diachronic development found in many West Germanic languages from a hybrid VO-OV order to a rigid OV or VO order. The discussion departs from the discussions in Struik & Van Kemenade (2020/2022) and Struik & Schoenmakers (to appear) on the diachronic development of English/Dutch, which focus on the role of object shift and information structure. My interpretation of their data will be based on an earlier analysis of the Germanic OV and VO languages in Broekhuis (2008: § 2.4; 2011). The main conclusions are the following. First, the change from the historical hybrid VO-OV systems to the rigid OV and VO systems of the present-day languages is due to changing the “setting” [±V‑to‑v] to the more categorical ones [−V-to-v] or [+V-to-v]. Second, the role of object shift in the diachronic development is modest; it is not involved in the development of the OV-languages at all and involves only the (partial) loss of object shift in the VO-languages (contra Struik et al.). Third, the encoding of the information-structural new-given distinction remains constant in that the interpretation of (un)scrambled nominal objects does not change over time (contra Struik & Schoenmakers).
本文对许多西日耳曼语言从混合VO-OV顺序到刚性OV或VO顺序的历时发展进行了新的分析。该讨论偏离了Struik&Van Kemenade（2020/2022）和Struik＆Schoenmakers（即将出现）关于英语/荷兰语历时发展的讨论，这些讨论侧重于对象转换和信息结构的作用。我对他们数据的解释将基于Broekhuis早期对日耳曼OV和VO语言的分析（2008年：§2.4；2011）。主要结论如下。首先，从历史上的混合VO-OV系统到当今语言的刚性OV和VO系统的变化是由于将“设置”[±V‑to‑V]改为更具类别性的[−V to V]或[+V to V'。第二，客体转换在历时发展中的作用是适度的；它根本不涉及OV语言的发展，只涉及VO语言中对象移位的（部分）损失（contra Struik et al.）。
{"title":"VO or OV","authors":"Hans Broekhuis","doi":"10.1075/lv.22005.bro","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.22005.bro","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article sketches a new analysis of the diachronic development found in many West Germanic languages from a\u0000 hybrid VO-OV order to a rigid OV or VO order. The discussion departs from the discussions in Struik & Van Kemenade (2020/2022) and Struik & Schoenmakers (to appear) on the diachronic development of English/Dutch, which focus on the\u0000 role of object shift and information structure. My interpretation of their data will be based on an earlier analysis of the\u0000 Germanic OV and VO languages in Broekhuis (2008: § 2.4; 2011). The main conclusions are the following. First, the change from the historical hybrid VO-OV systems\u0000 to the rigid OV and VO systems of the present-day languages is due to changing the “setting” [±V‑to‑v] to the\u0000 more categorical ones [−V-to-v] or [+V-to-v]. Second, the role of object shift in the diachronic\u0000 development is modest; it is not involved in the development of the OV-languages at all and involves only the (partial) loss of\u0000 object shift in the VO-languages (contra Struik et al.). Third, the encoding of the information-structural\u0000 new-given distinction remains constant in that the interpretation of (un)scrambled nominal objects does not\u0000 change over time (contra Struik & Schoenmakers).","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42279216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present article is dedicated to conative animal calls (CACs) in a Kalahari Khoe language, Tjwao. By using a prototype approach to categorization, the authors test the Tjwao CACs for their compliance with the prototype of CACs posited recently in scholarly literature. The authors conclude that Tjwao CACs largely conform to the pragma-semantic, phonetic, and morphological properties associated with CACs across languages. In light of the Tjwao data, a few refinements are also proposed. These concern the potential prevalence of whistles as the most common sounds not included in the International Phonetic Alphabet, the correlation of summonses with replication and repetitions as well as front and/or close vowels, the higher frequency of summonses and dispersals among all semantic types of CACs, and the lesser extent of monosemy than previously claimed.
{"title":"Talking to animals in a moribund language","authors":"A. Andrason, Admire Phiri","doi":"10.1075/lv.22008.and","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.22008.and","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present article is dedicated to conative animal calls (CACs) in a Kalahari Khoe language, Tjwao. By using a\u0000 prototype approach to categorization, the authors test the Tjwao CACs for their compliance with the prototype of CACs posited\u0000 recently in scholarly literature. The authors conclude that Tjwao CACs largely conform to the pragma-semantic, phonetic, and\u0000 morphological properties associated with CACs across languages. In light of the Tjwao data, a few refinements are also proposed.\u0000 These concern the potential prevalence of whistles as the most common sounds not included in the International Phonetic Alphabet,\u0000 the correlation of summonses with replication and repetitions as well as front and/or close vowels, the higher frequency of\u0000 summonses and dispersals among all semantic types of CACs, and the lesser extent of monosemy than previously claimed.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42396814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The second person pronouns in Spanish have exhibited numerous variants along its history, not only regarding its stressed forms, but also the agreement that emerges in the inflecting elements that anchor these stressed pronouns. Despite the quantity of studies carried out about voseo, tuteo and ustedeo, none of them has argued what grammatical reasons underlie for so much variation, since they have focused on pragmatic and sociolinguistic patterns without going any further than a mere description. In this article, I aim to account for the linguistic features that have triggered all variants and person disagreements, for every case has undergone the same grammatical process.
{"title":"The emergence and history of tuteo, voseo and ustedeo","authors":"Víctor Lara Bermejo","doi":"10.1075/lv.21016.lar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.21016.lar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The second person pronouns in Spanish have exhibited numerous variants along its history, not only regarding its stressed forms, but also the agreement that emerges in the inflecting elements that anchor these stressed pronouns. Despite the quantity of studies carried out about voseo, tuteo and ustedeo, none of them has argued what grammatical reasons underlie for so much variation, since they have focused on pragmatic and sociolinguistic patterns without going any further than a mere description. In this article, I aim to account for the linguistic features that have triggered all variants and person disagreements, for every case has undergone the same grammatical process.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44069417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The contrastive connector pero ‘but’ is rigidly sentence-initial in most Spanish varieties. However, at least three Spanish dialects allow locating it at the end of a sentence. This paper discusses the properties of final pero as attested in the dialect spoken in Bahia Blanca (Argentina), i.e., the so-called pero bahiense. First, I demonstrate that pero bahiense cannot be reduced to superficially similar phenomena in Spanish. Then, I offer a comparison between pero bahiense and its sentence-initial counterpart showing that they share a number of non-trivial characteristics but also differ in relevant regards. Based on these properties, I advance an account of the pero bahiense phenomenon according to which instances of pero that express concessivity may optionally attract the CP projection to their left. While the analysis does not cover all properties of pero bahiense, it highlights aspects of the syntax of connective particles that require further investigation.
{"title":"Towards a syntactic understanding of connective particles","authors":"Carlos Muñoz Pérez","doi":"10.1075/lv.20015.mun","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.20015.mun","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The contrastive connector pero ‘but’ is rigidly sentence-initial in most Spanish varieties. However, at least three Spanish dialects allow locating it at the end of a sentence. This paper discusses the properties of final pero as attested in the dialect spoken in Bahia Blanca (Argentina), i.e., the so-called pero bahiense. First, I demonstrate that pero bahiense cannot be reduced to superficially similar phenomena in Spanish. Then, I offer a comparison between pero bahiense and its sentence-initial counterpart showing that they share a number of non-trivial characteristics but also differ in relevant regards. Based on these properties, I advance an account of the pero bahiense phenomenon according to which instances of pero that express concessivity may optionally attract the CP projection to their left. While the analysis does not cover all properties of pero bahiense, it highlights aspects of the syntax of connective particles that require further investigation.","PeriodicalId":53947,"journal":{"name":"Linguistic Variation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45318855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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