This article examines the role and use of social media in the ongoing movement for Catalan independence by focusing on two pro-independence civil society organizations, Feministes per la Independència (FxI) and Òmnium Cultural (OC). Drawing upon elite interview data with representatives from both organizations and Catalan parliamentarians, it posits that social media platforms serve as crucial vehicles for these civil society organizations, particularly in terms of empowerment, mobilization, organization, participation and resistance. The increasing salience of digital activism in Catalonia is such that social media platforms have become fundamental pillars of the independence movement, helping to overcome state-imposed institutional obstacles as well as internationalize the issue across transnational networks. The analysis, however, also reveals a darker side to engagement with social media including the proliferation of biased narratives, dissemination of misinformation and trolling. On the basis of these reflections, the article concludes that while engagement with social media entails risks, hitherto such platforms have proved to be highly effective and will continue to be pivotal in promoting and generating support for the independence cause.
{"title":"‘Independence 2.0’: Digital activism, social media and the Catalan independence movement","authors":"P. Anderson","doi":"10.1386/cjcs_00003_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00003_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the role and use of social media in the ongoing movement for Catalan independence by focusing on two pro-independence civil society organizations, Feministes per la Independència (FxI) and Òmnium Cultural (OC). Drawing upon elite interview data with\u0000 representatives from both organizations and Catalan parliamentarians, it posits that social media platforms serve as crucial vehicles for these civil society organizations, particularly in terms of empowerment, mobilization, organization, participation and resistance. The increasing salience\u0000 of digital activism in Catalonia is such that social media platforms have become fundamental pillars of the independence movement, helping to overcome state-imposed institutional obstacles as well as internationalize the issue across transnational networks. The analysis, however, also reveals\u0000 a darker side to engagement with social media including the proliferation of biased narratives, dissemination of misinformation and trolling. On the basis of these reflections, the article concludes that while engagement with social media entails risks, hitherto such platforms have proved\u0000 to be highly effective and will continue to be pivotal in promoting and generating support for the independence cause.","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44257491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to analyse the role that images have played in the Catalan conflict, using the pictures produced in the days surrounding the independence referendum in Barcelona as a case study. As part of an ongoing research agenda on the role of images in social media, our goal is to develop a framework for the analysis of visual practices on social media in the course of creating and re-signifying images. The pictures analysed were taken in the Ramon Llull Primary School during the days of 1 October 2017 and 3 October 2017.
{"title":"Image-sharing and iconicity on social media during the Catalan conflict (2017)","authors":"Gemma San Cornelio, Edgar Gómez Cruz","doi":"10.1386/cjcs_00008_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00008_1","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to analyse the role that images have played in the Catalan conflict, using the pictures produced in the days surrounding the independence referendum in Barcelona as a case study. As part of an ongoing research agenda on the role of images in social media,\u0000 our goal is to develop a framework for the analysis of visual practices on social media in the course of creating and re-signifying images. The pictures analysed were taken in the Ramon Llull Primary School during the days of 1 October 2017 and 3 October 2017.","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43991434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Gagnon, Marta Montagut, Carlota M. Moragas-Fernández
{"title":"Discourses, actors and citizens in the communicative construction of conflicts: The Catalan case","authors":"A. Gagnon, Marta Montagut, Carlota M. Moragas-Fernández","doi":"10.1386/cjcs_00001_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00001_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43505849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Pont-Sorribes, Cristina Perales-García, Marcel Mauri-Ríos, C. Tulloch
The Catalan sovereignty process has been a topic of interest in the mass media worldwide in recent years. We analysed nearly 900 stories, published between 10 June 2010 and 4 October 2017 by the main newspapers of France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States, for content in terms of genres, frames and journalistic sources. We also conducted in-depth interviews with the newspaper foreign correspondents to Spain. A main conclusion is that all the newspapers framed the sovereignty process as a conflict between the Spanish and Catalan governments, in which the EU, according to the newspapers analysed, should mediate.
{"title":"The coverage of the international press in framing the Catalan sovereignty process: Analysis of ten leading EU and US newspapers 2010–17","authors":"C. Pont-Sorribes, Cristina Perales-García, Marcel Mauri-Ríos, C. Tulloch","doi":"10.1386/cjcs_00004_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00004_1","url":null,"abstract":"The Catalan sovereignty process has been a topic of interest in the mass media worldwide in recent years. We analysed nearly 900 stories, published between 10 June 2010 and 4 October 2017 by the main newspapers of France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States, for\u0000 content in terms of genres, frames and journalistic sources. We also conducted in-depth interviews with the newspaper foreign correspondents to Spain. A main conclusion is that all the newspapers framed the sovereignty process as a conflict between the Spanish and Catalan governments, in which\u0000 the EU, according to the newspapers analysed, should mediate.","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41483092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A repeated argument to invalidate the legitimacy of a debate on Catalonia’s independence is the existence of a spiral of silence affecting unionist supporters. However, we find inconclusive empirical evidence to sustain this claim. Although survey data show that willingness to talk about secession is higher among pro-independence supporters both in face-to-face and online environments, multivariate regression models – taking into account the perception of the opinion climate – reveal a different and more complex picture. Pro-independence supporters are highly mobilized particularly in like-minded and private environments, but this enthusiasm decreases when they perceive their ideas not to be shared by the majority, whereas unionist supporters show a more stable pattern irrespective of the opinion climate. In publicly exposed arenas like social media, where activists abound, willingness to talk is lower and differences between both sides are minimal. Overall, the results are hardly consistent with the patterns of behaviour that would be expected in a spiral of silence.
{"title":"We need to talk: Willingness to speak out about Catalonia’s secession","authors":"J. Balcells, Albert Padró-Solanet","doi":"10.1386/cjcs_00002_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00002_1","url":null,"abstract":"A repeated argument to invalidate the legitimacy of a debate on Catalonia’s independence is the existence of a spiral of silence affecting unionist supporters. However, we find inconclusive empirical evidence to sustain this claim. Although survey data show that willingness to\u0000 talk about secession is higher among pro-independence supporters both in face-to-face and online environments, multivariate regression models – taking into account the perception of the opinion climate – reveal a different and more complex picture. Pro-independence supporters are\u0000 highly mobilized particularly in like-minded and private environments, but this enthusiasm decreases when they perceive their ideas not to be shared by the majority, whereas unionist supporters show a more stable pattern irrespective of the opinion climate. In publicly exposed arenas like\u0000 social media, where activists abound, willingness to talk is lower and differences between both sides are minimal. Overall, the results are hardly consistent with the patterns of behaviour that would be expected in a spiral of silence.","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42995240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article assesses the media treatment of the Catalan referendum on independence (October 2017) in the Québec context. By conducting a quantitative and deductive content analysis of articles published in the four major Québec newspapers, we analyse how Québec newspapers frames the conflict regarding their historical editorial position about the Québec independence project. In addition, we examine how the comparison between Québec and Catalonia fit into the media coverage. Our results confirm the dominant use of the conflict frame for media coverage of political issues. They also point out the importance of internal and institutional factors like the importance of press agencies or the presence of correspondent on the ground as features influencing frames. In terms of editorial position, data suggest that similar issues between two stateless nations do not automatically involve a similar media treatment. We suggest the concept of ‘projection effect’ to bring nuances to the ‘mirror effect’ proposed in the literature.
{"title":"Framing Catalonia: Evidence from Québec media","authors":"P. Dubois, Katryne Villeneuve-Siconnelly","doi":"10.1386/cjcs_00005_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00005_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article assesses the media treatment of the Catalan referendum on independence (October 2017) in the Québec context. By conducting a quantitative and deductive content analysis of articles published in the four major Québec newspapers, we analyse how Québec\u0000 newspapers frames the conflict regarding their historical editorial position about the Québec independence project. In addition, we examine how the comparison between Québec and Catalonia fit into the media coverage. Our results confirm the dominant use of the conflict frame\u0000 for media coverage of political issues. They also point out the importance of internal and institutional factors like the importance of press agencies or the presence of correspondent on the ground as features influencing frames. In terms of editorial position, data suggest that similar issues\u0000 between two stateless nations do not automatically involve a similar media treatment. We suggest the concept of ‘projection effect’ to bring nuances to the ‘mirror effect’ proposed in the literature.","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49434019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present article analyses the use of digital memes by the main Spanish newspapers taking the Catalan Referendum 1 October 2017 and the Catalan Regional Elections 21 December 2017 as a case study. Since these events took place, Spain is living a new wave of polarization, where the country is divided between those who support the Catalan goal of independence and those who protest against it. Therefore, Spanish Internet users have fervently positioned themselves for or against the Catalan pro-independence discourse, using humour as a weapon and, consequently, memes as the medium. These memes that have arisen can be labelled as pieces of anti-propagandistic critical discourse (ACD). Through a mixed quantitative-qualitative methodology, we propose to identify the features of the ACD in the memes about the Catalan independence that have been collected in the online edition of the main Spanish newspapers. In this way, our main goal is to point out memes as a powerful ideological tool for citizens and hence for the general media.
{"title":"Memes as an ideological tool: The stance of the Spanish online newspapers regarding the Catalan Referendum and Catalan Regional Elections 2017","authors":"Cristina Algaba, Elena Bellido-Pérez","doi":"10.1386/cjcs_00007_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00007_1","url":null,"abstract":"The present article analyses the use of digital memes by the main Spanish newspapers taking the Catalan Referendum 1 October 2017 and the Catalan Regional Elections 21 December 2017 as a case study. Since these events took place, Spain is living a new wave of polarization, where the\u0000 country is divided between those who support the Catalan goal of independence and those who protest against it. Therefore, Spanish Internet users have fervently positioned themselves for or against the Catalan pro-independence discourse, using humour as a weapon and, consequently, memes as\u0000 the medium. These memes that have arisen can be labelled as pieces of anti-propagandistic critical discourse (ACD). Through a mixed quantitative-qualitative methodology, we propose to identify the features of the ACD in the memes about the Catalan independence that have been collected in the\u0000 online edition of the main Spanish newspapers. In this way, our main goal is to point out memes as a powerful ideological tool for citizens and hence for the general media.","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1386/cjcs_00007_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48567883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is still true that defining problems is half the way to finding a solution. In this article I aim to explain how I see the Catalan conflict and, in so doing, do my best not to turn my preferences into prejudices and try to strike a balance between the descriptions of reality that seem to ignore the tensions and the descriptions that excessively dramatize the differences. In a context where political agents are more interested in proving the strength of their character and their convictions than in getting results and signing agreements, I defend that there is a procedure for reaching a solution that should respect three principles: representation, revisability and indeterminacy.
{"title":"An algorithm for Catalonia","authors":"Daniel Innerarity","doi":"10.1386/cjcs_00010_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/cjcs_00010_1","url":null,"abstract":"It is still true that defining problems is half the way to finding a solution. In this article I aim to explain how I see the Catalan conflict and, in so doing, do my best not to turn my preferences into prejudices and try to strike a balance between the descriptions of reality that\u0000 seem to ignore the tensions and the descriptions that excessively dramatize the differences. In a context where political agents are more interested in proving the strength of their character and their convictions than in getting results and signing agreements, I defend that there is a procedure\u0000 for reaching a solution that should respect three principles: representation, revisability and indeterminacy.","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45025835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the audio-visual industry it is increasingly common to find professional productions created with mobile devices, mobile journalism continues to grow, the smartphone market places increasing emphasis on camera quality and mobile cinema (created with smartphones) is more relevant every day. Yet despite this change at the industry level, the study ‘Apps4CAV’ reveals that future audio-visual creators receive no training in the use of mobile devices as part of their university courses. Communication and media students are aware of very few mobile applications for the production and distribution of audio-visual content and almost none for scriptwriting, pre-production and post-production. Moreover, they make scarce use of the wellknown apps and perceive mobile devices to be valid tools for audio-visual creation only in the personal sphere, but not for academic or professional work. Should our universities provide training to those future audio-visual professionals in the development of mobile creation skills?
{"title":"Mobile creation in communication studies and the challenge of its adoption in higher education","authors":"R. Suárez, Mariona Grané","doi":"10.1386/CJCS.11.1.123_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/CJCS.11.1.123_1","url":null,"abstract":"In the audio-visual industry it is increasingly common to find professional productions created with mobile devices, mobile journalism continues to grow, the smartphone market places increasing emphasis on camera quality and mobile cinema (created with smartphones) is more relevant every day. Yet despite this change at the industry level, the study ‘Apps4CAV’ reveals that future audio-visual creators receive no training in the use of mobile devices as part of their university courses. Communication and media students are aware of very few mobile applications for the production and distribution of audio-visual content and almost none for scriptwriting, pre-production and post-production. Moreover, they make scarce use of the wellknown apps and perceive mobile devices to be valid tools for audio-visual creation only in the personal sphere, but not for academic or professional work. Should our universities provide training to those future audio-visual professionals in the development of mobile creation skills?","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48520570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the media accountability instruments available in the area where the Basque language is spoken. After mapping out media accountability in the Basque Country focusing on instruments both internal and external to the media, it is discussed how the situation differs from other cases in Europe, such as Sweden or Catalonia. Despite the absence of strong institutional media accountability organizations, several media accountability instruments (MAI) have been launched in recent years. It is too early yet to affirm whether this is a passing trend or an indicator of deeper changes leading to a consensus on ethical standards with respect to the media.
{"title":"Mapping media accountability in a stateless nation: The case of the Basque Country","authors":"Aitor Zuberogoitia, E. Bidegain, Andres Gostin","doi":"10.1386/CJCS.11.1.59_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/CJCS.11.1.59_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the media accountability instruments available in the area where the Basque language is spoken. After mapping out media accountability in the Basque Country focusing on instruments both internal and external to the media, it is discussed how the situation differs from other cases in Europe, such as Sweden or Catalonia. Despite the absence of strong institutional media accountability organizations, several media accountability instruments (MAI) have been launched in recent years. It is too early yet to affirm whether this is a passing trend or an indicator of deeper changes leading to a consensus on ethical standards with respect to the media.","PeriodicalId":53977,"journal":{"name":"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46509566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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