Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2282202
Ellen Sharman
In 1550, Cardinal Ippolito II d’Este (one of the wealthiest men in Early Modern Rome) was appointed governor of Tivoli. Here, he commissioned the famous humanist Pirro Ligorio to design a magnifice...
1550 年，红衣主教伊波利托二世-达斯特（Ippolito II d'Este，现代罗马早期最富有的人之一）被任命为蒂沃利的总督。在这里，他委托著名的人文学者皮罗-利戈里奥（Pirro Ligorio）设计一座宏伟的...
{"title":"Cultivating masculinity: self-fashioning and the expression of a masculine identity in Cardinal Ippolito II’s Renaissance Garden at Villa d’Este, 1550-72","authors":"Ellen Sharman","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2282202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2282202","url":null,"abstract":"In 1550, Cardinal Ippolito II d’Este (one of the wealthiest men in Early Modern Rome) was appointed governor of Tivoli. Here, he commissioned the famous humanist Pirro Ligorio to design a magnifice...","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138547398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2289792
Ron Henderson, Hong Wu
{"title":"Special issue on Chinese gardens and landscapes","authors":"Ron Henderson, Hong Wu","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2289792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2289792","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"34 1","pages":"251 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139324242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2275977
Guangsi Lin
Abstract Fangta Park in Shanghai is a widely admired Chinese modern park and a representative work by Professor Feng Jizhong. A literature review is first used to explain the construction process of Fangta Park, its design philosophy, master plan, and detailed design, followed by an analysis of the park’s design. Previous studies have shown how Feng Jizhong ‘deconstructed’ Western architectural forms using traditional Chinese space concepts, thus generating novel Chinese architectural forms underpinned by Western construction concepts. He adapted rhetorical devices of Chinese traditional poetry and used them in the spatial arrangement and landscape design of Fangta Park, a modern landscape and architectural masterpiece with distinctive Chinese characteristics. Feng Jizhong promoted blending Chinese culture with modern landscape design and illustrated the process of ‘space-time transformation’ with ‘conative space’. Through the design of Fangta Park, he exhibited his individuality and profound scholarship, charting a unique course for modern landscape architecture in China.
{"title":"A milestone in the history of Chinese modern landscape design: the Fangta Park in Shanghai","authors":"Guangsi Lin","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2275977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2275977","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fangta Park in Shanghai is a widely admired Chinese modern park and a representative work by Professor Feng Jizhong. A literature review is first used to explain the construction process of Fangta Park, its design philosophy, master plan, and detailed design, followed by an analysis of the park’s design. Previous studies have shown how Feng Jizhong ‘deconstructed’ Western architectural forms using traditional Chinese space concepts, thus generating novel Chinese architectural forms underpinned by Western construction concepts. He adapted rhetorical devices of Chinese traditional poetry and used them in the spatial arrangement and landscape design of Fangta Park, a modern landscape and architectural masterpiece with distinctive Chinese characteristics. Feng Jizhong promoted blending Chinese culture with modern landscape design and illustrated the process of ‘space-time transformation’ with ‘conative space’. Through the design of Fangta Park, he exhibited his individuality and profound scholarship, charting a unique course for modern landscape architecture in China.","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"43 1","pages":"319 - 333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139324557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2270363
Duncan M. Campbell
Abstract It seems inconceivable for a garden in China (or a Chinese garden elsewhere) not to feature bamboo, serving a variety of aesthetic, practical, and metaphoric purposes. This paper offers both a translation of a set of some of the most famous celebrations of the bamboo, in prose and poetry, from the Book of Odes (Shijing 詩經) down to the late imperial period, and a discussion of the role of this particular plant in the design and life of the Chinese garden and the levels of symbolic meaning it brings to these gardens.
{"title":"Bamboo in the gardens of China","authors":"Duncan M. Campbell","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2270363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2270363","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It seems inconceivable for a garden in China (or a Chinese garden elsewhere) not to feature bamboo, serving a variety of aesthetic, practical, and metaphoric purposes. This paper offers both a translation of a set of some of the most famous celebrations of the bamboo, in prose and poetry, from the Book of Odes (Shijing 詩經) down to the late imperial period, and a discussion of the role of this particular plant in the design and life of the Chinese garden and the levels of symbolic meaning it brings to these gardens.","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"7 1","pages":"352 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139324189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2267375
Xin Wang, Hong Wu, L.J. Gorenflo, Chengzhao Wu
Abstract The UNESCO World Heritage Site of West Lake, in Hangzhou, China, also is a human-made lake managed since the ninth century CE to maintain selected ecological functions and visual integrity. Using perspectives of cultural and political ecology to examine historical data, we explore the ecosystem services of West Lake and management strategies to maintain these services at different governance levels over five broad periods. Results indicate that West Lake provided varying key ecosystem services to Hangzhou over time. Cultural services, such as recreation and tourism, began to replace provisional services and today are the most important contributions of the site. National, regional, and local policies directly and indirectly enhanced and undermined different ecosystem services over time. The perspectives of cultural and political ecology help understand strategies of creating and guiding long-term change of a managed landscape, providing important implications for sustaining future ecosystem services.
{"title":"Exploring 1800 years of ecosystem services from West Lake, Hangzhou, China","authors":"Xin Wang, Hong Wu, L.J. Gorenflo, Chengzhao Wu","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2267375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2267375","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The UNESCO World Heritage Site of West Lake, in Hangzhou, China, also is a human-made lake managed since the ninth century CE to maintain selected ecological functions and visual integrity. Using perspectives of cultural and political ecology to examine historical data, we explore the ecosystem services of West Lake and management strategies to maintain these services at different governance levels over five broad periods. Results indicate that West Lake provided varying key ecosystem services to Hangzhou over time. Cultural services, such as recreation and tourism, began to replace provisional services and today are the most important contributions of the site. National, regional, and local policies directly and indirectly enhanced and undermined different ecosystem services over time. The perspectives of cultural and political ecology help understand strategies of creating and guiding long-term change of a managed landscape, providing important implications for sustaining future ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"14 1","pages":"279 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139324836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2292466
Fang Wei, Ron Henderson
Abstract The landscape architect Zhu Yufan interrogates the legacy of Chinese painting and historic garden design in the context of twenty-first-century post-industrial sites, material culture, and human experiences. This paper examines three projects completed in the past 15 years that extend traditional scholarly principles into contemporary public landscapes. At the Qinghai Atomic Memorial, Zhu explores multiple attributes of ‘threshold’ among other topics. At Chenshan Quarry Garden, he explores shanshui principles, including ‘near and far’ (proximity and distance) and ‘spirit resonance’. At Shougang Qunming Lake Park, he draws from the horizontal unfolding and interstitial spaces of hand scrolls. In these three projects, Zhu challenges a designer’s a priori projections onto a site with a conceptual framework for design that, conversely, expresses the landscape through reading the site. Beauty arrives not only by virtue of painterly space or analytical rationality but also from the agency that the site itself reveals.
{"title":"Revealing sites: three post-industrial landscapes of Zhu Yufan","authors":"Fang Wei, Ron Henderson","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2292466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2292466","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The landscape architect Zhu Yufan interrogates the legacy of Chinese painting and historic garden design in the context of twenty-first-century post-industrial sites, material culture, and human experiences. This paper examines three projects completed in the past 15 years that extend traditional scholarly principles into contemporary public landscapes. At the Qinghai Atomic Memorial, Zhu explores multiple attributes of ‘threshold’ among other topics. At Chenshan Quarry Garden, he explores shanshui principles, including ‘near and far’ (proximity and distance) and ‘spirit resonance’. At Shougang Qunming Lake Park, he draws from the horizontal unfolding and interstitial spaces of hand scrolls. In these three projects, Zhu challenges a designer’s a priori projections onto a site with a conceptual framework for design that, conversely, expresses the landscape through reading the site. Beauty arrives not only by virtue of painterly space or analytical rationality but also from the agency that the site itself reveals.","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"9 1","pages":"334 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139324750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2284615
Jie Zhang
Abstract Ancient Chinese civilization was deeply rooted in a profound understanding of the environment. This understanding formed the primitive worship and unique culture of mountains and rivers, which found expression in both official and folk contexts. This essay delves into the significant influence of mountains and rivers on the site selection, positioning, and composition of ancient Chinese settlements. Through an in-depth analysis of cases, this study demonstrates that iconic mountain and river elements served as the foundation for determining the spatial locations of ancient Chinese settlements and the core references for designed landscapes. The settlement and surrounding mountains and rivers form a well-conceived integrated spatial composition, which threads the whole planning and construction process. As the determining factors for the spatial axes and forms of settlements, mountains and rivers also became the central objects of the feng shui theory. Therefore, the human geography of ancient China is not only a reflection of functions but also the result of the builders’ diligent pursuit of spatial and cultural layouts. The study of the cultural genes allows for a deeper understanding of the cultural landscape of ancient China, leading to a commitment to protecting traditional settlements and their intact environmental systems.
{"title":"Pilgrimaging mountains and rivers: the spatial layout of ancient Chinese settlements and their environments","authors":"Jie Zhang","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2284615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2284615","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Ancient Chinese civilization was deeply rooted in a profound understanding of the environment. This understanding formed the primitive worship and unique culture of mountains and rivers, which found expression in both official and folk contexts. This essay delves into the significant influence of mountains and rivers on the site selection, positioning, and composition of ancient Chinese settlements. Through an in-depth analysis of cases, this study demonstrates that iconic mountain and river elements served as the foundation for determining the spatial locations of ancient Chinese settlements and the core references for designed landscapes. The settlement and surrounding mountains and rivers form a well-conceived integrated spatial composition, which threads the whole planning and construction process. As the determining factors for the spatial axes and forms of settlements, mountains and rivers also became the central objects of the feng shui theory. Therefore, the human geography of ancient China is not only a reflection of functions but also the result of the builders’ diligent pursuit of spatial and cultural layouts. The study of the cultural genes allows for a deeper understanding of the cultural landscape of ancient China, leading to a commitment to protecting traditional settlements and their intact environmental systems.","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"258 1","pages":"254 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139324389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2231772
Marilisa Biscione, Federica Gaspari, Giuseppe Romagnoli, Nicola Masini
The Ponte dell’Elce site has a long and interesting history. Its peculiarities are the continuous exploitation of the natural resources and the significant changes of use since the Middle Ages. Compared to previous studies, this research has improved the study of the topographic-archaeological context of the entire site and the study of the historical artistic and vegetational/botanical aspects of the historical garden. Finally, the state of abandonment and degradation and the exposure to thefts and damages of the architectural and sculptural heritage require us to reflect on the conservation issues.
{"title":"A late 16th century garden in Ponte dell’Elce (Viterbo, Italy): research improvement and conservation issues","authors":"Marilisa Biscione, Federica Gaspari, Giuseppe Romagnoli, Nicola Masini","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2231772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2231772","url":null,"abstract":"The Ponte dell’Elce site has a long and interesting history. Its peculiarities are the continuous exploitation of the natural resources and the significant changes of use since the Middle Ages. Compared to previous studies, this research has improved the study of the topographic-archaeological context of the entire site and the study of the historical artistic and vegetational/botanical aspects of the historical garden. Finally, the state of abandonment and degradation and the exposure to thefts and damages of the architectural and sculptural heritage require us to reflect on the conservation issues.","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135717881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2247276
Michael Fowler
The landscape features of the karetaki or dry waterfall, and karesansui or dry garden style have been well codified in Japanese garden design since at least the appearance of the 11th century treatise Sakuteiki (Records of garden making) by Tachibana Toshitsuna (1028–1094). Numerous contemporary scholars have suggested how encounters with these features literally evoke the sound of water even though they exist in the absence of water and are constructed primarily from carefully selected stones and gravel. In this article, I develop an interpretive semantics of these features by drawing on the influence of Buddhist philosophy on Japanese garden design. This semantic framework emerges from a non-canonic utilization of the logic of the catuṣkoṭi (Jp. shiku) or tetralemma — a series of four propositions that is most famously associated to the Mahāyāna Buddhist thinker Nāgārjuna (c. 150–c. 250 CE). I introduce examples in Zen discourses on sound and then use the catuṣkoṭi as a novel reasoning tool to investigate the ontology of sound as it pertains to the relationship between sound-images and landscape forms in the karetaki and karesansui.
{"title":"‘Seeing forms and hearing sounds’ in Japanese garden design","authors":"Michael Fowler","doi":"10.1080/14601176.2023.2247276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14601176.2023.2247276","url":null,"abstract":"The landscape features of the karetaki or dry waterfall, and karesansui or dry garden style have been well codified in Japanese garden design since at least the appearance of the 11th century treatise Sakuteiki (Records of garden making) by Tachibana Toshitsuna (1028–1094). Numerous contemporary scholars have suggested how encounters with these features literally evoke the sound of water even though they exist in the absence of water and are constructed primarily from carefully selected stones and gravel. In this article, I develop an interpretive semantics of these features by drawing on the influence of Buddhist philosophy on Japanese garden design. This semantic framework emerges from a non-canonic utilization of the logic of the catuṣkoṭi (Jp. shiku) or tetralemma — a series of four propositions that is most famously associated to the Mahāyāna Buddhist thinker Nāgārjuna (c. 150–c. 250 CE). I introduce examples in Zen discourses on sound and then use the catuṣkoṭi as a novel reasoning tool to investigate the ontology of sound as it pertains to the relationship between sound-images and landscape forms in the karetaki and karesansui.","PeriodicalId":53992,"journal":{"name":"STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF GARDENS & DESIGNED LANDSCAPES","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135717880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1080/14601176.2023.2255499
Miranda Mote
AbstractBotanical Beehive describes and interprets an example of a relationship between belief, imagination, reading, writing, and the art of gardening in colonial Pennsylvania. The religious symbolism and poetic significance of a garden and plants in the day-to-day lives of many German and Dutch immigrants in Pennsylvania was distinct from English, Quaker, garden design. A poetic botanical language evolved from the confluence of multiple European languages, German early modern botany, and German Pietist beliefs of Germantown colonists. This language was a basis of an art of gardening that influenced the ordering and meaning of ornamental and productive garden culture in Germantown. Evidence of this art can be found in the writings and botanical illuminations of Germantown settler Francis Pastorius. His writing documents a garden of over two hundred and twenty species of exotic, ornamental, culinary, and medicinal plants that he cultivated in his garden, orchard, vineyard, and fields. This art influenced the development of the botanical fractur typography and illuminations of the monastic brothers and sisters of Ephrata Cloister. What you will find in this art is an imaginative and productive relationship with plants and language that formed a foundation of Philadelphia’s 18th-century transatlantic horticultural influence.Keywords: Botanypoetrynature printingpietism AcknowledgmentsI would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of many people in the development of this this article: Sonja Dümpelmann, Chantel White, Meredith Hacking, John Pollack, Peter Stallybrass, James Duffin, Joel Fry, and Mandy Katz of Bartram’s Garden. The garden, which is the subject of this article, was made on traditional territory of the Lenni-Lenape, called “Lenapehoking.” The Lenape People lived in harmony with one another upon Pennsylvania territory for thousands of years. During the colonial era and early federal period, many were removed west and north. I honor the Lenni-Lenape as the original people of Germantown and Pennsylvania, their continuing relationship with their territory, and everlasting presence and influence in the making of gardens in North America.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Pastorius, ‘Beehive, Bee-Stock’, 140–141, V1.2. His manuscripts and letters are held in the collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Library Company of Philadelphia and Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts at University of Pennsylvania.3. Witt was Pastorius’ neighbor, a member of the Women of the Wilderness Pietist group, physician, and active gardener who regularly corresponded with John Bartram and Peter Collinson. Pastorius taught Zachary philosophy, language, and nature printing. Zachary later practiced as a physician and was a founder of Pennsylvania Hospital and University of Pennsylvania.4. For more about Witt, see: Hocker, Edward W. A Doctor of Colonial Germa
【摘要】《植物学蜂巢》描述并阐释了宾夕法尼亚州殖民地时期信仰、想象、阅读、写作和园艺艺术之间关系的一个例子。在宾夕法尼亚州的许多德国和荷兰移民的日常生活中，花园和植物的宗教象征和诗歌意义与英国贵格会的花园设计截然不同。一种诗意的植物语言是从多种欧洲语言、德国早期现代植物学和日耳曼殖民者的德国虔诚主义信仰的融合中演变而来的。这种语言是园艺艺术的基础，影响了日耳曼城观赏和生产性花园文化的秩序和意义。这种艺术的证据可以在日耳曼镇定居者弗朗西斯·帕斯托里乌斯的著作和植物插图中找到。他的作品记录了他在自己的花园、果园、葡萄园和田地里种植的超过220种外来、观赏、烹饪和药用植物的花园。这种艺术影响了埃弗拉塔修道院的修士兄弟姐妹们的植物学印刷和照明的发展。在这种艺术中，你会发现植物和语言之间富有想象力和生产力的关系，这是费城18世纪跨大西洋园艺影响的基础。致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢致谢这篇文章的主题花园是在Lenni-Lenape的传统领土上建造的，被称为“Lenapehoking”。莱纳佩人在宾夕法尼亚州的领土上和睦相处了几千年。在殖民时期和早期联邦时期，许多人被迁移到西部和北部。我尊敬莱尼-莱纳佩人，他们是日耳曼敦和宾夕法尼亚州的原住民，他们与自己的领土保持着持续的关系，他们在北美园林建设中永远存在并发挥着影响。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。帕斯托里乌斯，“蜂巢，蜜蜂-股票”，140-141,V1.2。他的手稿和信件被宾夕法尼亚历史学会、费城图书馆公司和宾夕法尼亚大学基斯拉克特别收藏、珍本和手稿中心收藏。维特是帕斯托瑞斯的邻居，是荒野虔信派妇女组织的成员，医生，活跃的园丁，经常与约翰·巴特拉姆和彼得·科林森通信。帕斯托瑞斯教授扎卡里哲学、语言和自然印刷。Zachary后来成为一名医生，并且是宾夕法尼亚医院和宾夕法尼亚大学的创始人。有关维特的更多信息，请参阅:霍克，爱德华W.殖民日耳曼敦的医生:克里斯托弗维特，医生，神秘主义者和真理后的寻求者。第8版。卷二。日耳曼敦历史。费城:日耳曼敦历史学会，1948。有关凯尔皮乌斯和荒野妇女协会的更多信息，请参阅:雷曼，克里斯蒂安和约瑟夫雷曼。摘自马蒂亚斯·齐默尔曼1746年6月26日原稿的《日耳曼和克里萨姆市镇的土地和地段的原始位置和总体规划草图及其中若干地区和分区的解释》，部分摘自以前的草图原件，部分摘自实际测量图。(1766年7月28日)日耳曼敦历史学会。玛丽·巴西尔·麦克丹尼尔，“移民与迁移(殖民时代)”，载于《大费城百科全书》，2014.7。威特是一个古怪的英国人，住在德国虔诚派的荒野妇女社区，是弗朗西斯·帕斯托里乌斯的邻居。维特还与英国的彼得·科林森通信。威特花园的细节尚不完全清楚，但很明显，他在大西洋中部地区经营着一个大花园，直到1765.8年他生命的尽头。海伦渡边-奥凯利，编辑，“早期现代时期(1450-1720)，”在德国文学史的剑桥(英国剑桥:剑桥大学出版社，1997)，92-5。“人文主义”和“路德人文主义”是用来描述这些文化和思想运动的历史术语。梅尔基奥·亚当·帕斯托利斯小时候是罗马天主教徒，在罗马的耶稣会大学接受教育，但在年轻时皈依了路德教。他的转变很可能是政治上的，因为这使他获得了在萨默豪森和温德斯海姆镇参议院的任命，并使他和家人过上了富裕的生活。弗朗兹·丹尼尔·帕斯托里乌斯(1651-c)。 [美国国家美术馆视觉艺术高级研究中心;纽黑文，[康涅狄格州]:与耶鲁大学出版社合作，2010。， n.d)， 370.69。勃兰特，《困惑与快乐:德裔美国版画店、家与心灵中的盖斯特利希·伊尔花园》，第14-15.70页。布兰德,17.71。特雷弗·卡尔·勃兰特:“困惑与快乐:德裔美国版画店、家与心灵中的Geistlicher Irrgarten Broadsides”(硕士论文，特拉华大学，2017)，第72页。这个结论是基于勃兰特，也是我自己的经验设置类型。用传统的方法将字体设置成迷宫，需要仔细的规划、校准、经验和技巧，以实现多个方向的对齐和易读性。那些印刷文本迷宫的人是印刷大师。布兰德,116.74。奥斯卡·基利安和维特鲁德·西蒂格·康沃尔，“康拉德·贝塞尔(1691-1768):宾夕法尼亚州埃夫拉塔修道院的创始人，第1部分”，巴赫7号。3(1976年7月):27-28.75。奥斯卡·基利安，“康拉德·贝塞尔(1691-1768):宾夕法尼亚州修道院的创始人，第二部分”，巴赫7号。4(1976年10月):34.76。亨利希·奥托，“精神迷宫(Geistlicher Irrgarten)”(凸版印刷，埃弗拉塔，宾夕法尼亚州，1785)。翻译，费城自由图书馆，第77页。勃兰特，《困惑与快乐:德裔美国版画店、家与心灵中的盖斯特利尔花园》，第2.78页。Erben, Brophy, and Lambert, Francis Daniel Pastorius的读本，一位早期美国博学家的著作，300.79。《圣经》，包含旧约和新约[电子资源](牛津:约翰·巴斯克特印刷，1719年)，赛58:11,http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017.12/159988.80。勃兰特，“困惑与快乐:德裔美国人版画店、家和心灵中的盖斯特利尔花园壁画”，第3.81页。布兰德,3 - 4.82。佩内洛普·里德·杜布，《从古典到中世纪的迷宫思想》(伊蒂卡，伦敦:康奈尔大学出版社，1990)，第2.83章。杜布，第2.84章。圣经，包含旧约和新约[电子资源]，创世纪3:19.85。Erben, Brophy和Lambert，弗朗西斯·丹尼尔·帕斯托里乌斯读本，早期美国博学者著作，300.86。“更年期，Adj. and n.”，牛津在线(牛津大学出版社，2020年6月)，https://www-oed-com.proxy.library.upenn.edu/view/Entry/34310?redirectedFrom=climacterick(2020年6月12日访问)。“更年期”在这种用法中可以理解为“历史上、一个人的生活或事业中的关键时期或时刻”。
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