This paper examines the digital convergence process that led to the development of the smartphone sector and the dynamics of entry, exit and innovation over the industry life cycle. We have verified, by a historical-longitudinal study, if several empirical regularities that characterize the evolution of firms and industries over time have distinguished also an industry born from a sectoral convergence process. From the analysis it emerged that the evolution of market sales and of product innovation in the smartphone industry, as well as firms entry and exit dynamics, are consistent with the evolutionary model identified by technology management and industry life cycle studies. It has also been found that the convergence process has favored the entry and the survival of new entrants, compared to the incumbent firms, coming from the native converging sectors – that of Personal digital assistants and of Mobile (feature) phones – from which the smartphone industry originated. Keywords: industry convergence, industry life cycle, entry and exit, innovation processes, smartphones 1. Introduction It is now generally recognized in the academic literature that the structural and competitive characteristics of industries vary over time. The results of numerous empirical studies have shown here that the sectors tend mainly to evolve following a life cycle characterized by a series of empirical regularities concerning how entry, exit, market structure, and technological change vary from the birth of industries through to maturity (Klepper, 1996). A full understanding of the mechanisms underlying the evolutionary dynamics at the sectoral level require the use of different study perspectives, which provided complementary reading keys. Over time, we have witnessed a strong rapprochement between research on the subject carried out in the field of evolutionary economics (Nelson & Winter, 1982; Gort & Klepper, 1982; Klepper, 1996, 1997) and technology management studies (Abernathy, 1978; Abernathy & Utterback, 1978; Utterback & Suarez, 1993; Tushman & Anderson, 1986, Anderson & Tushman, 1990; Audretsch, 1991, 1995, 1997). Although there are some interpretative differences between the two perspectives, especially as regards to the notion of dominant design (Klepper, 1996; Klepper & Simon, 1996), their integrated use has allowed us to understand that the typology of knowledge and skills that fuel the industrial innovation processes influence in a decisive way the evolution of the industrial demography and of the sectoral competitive dynamics (Breschi, Malerba, & Orsenigo, 2000; Agarwal, Sarkar, & Echambadi, 2002; Garavaglia, 2004). It is in particular with the introduction of the concept of ‘industry technological regime’ (Nelson & Winter, 1982) – which refers to the knowledge environment in which firms operate – that firmly states in the literature an evolutionary model based on the idea that the specific pattern of innovative activities in an industry are closely r
这是指产业融合的现象，它导致了许多独立市场的融合和合并，特别是在数字部门(Yoffie, 1997)。事实上，趋同过程在许多领域决定了生产和技术架构的重大突破，往往导致对趋同部门的结构特征的重新定义，从而导致对相关行业生命周期曲线的重新定义(Hacklin, Marxt， & Fahrni, 2009;利德,2005)。在这方面，我们观察到，受趋同过程影响的行业所具有的技术和市场变化特征，确保了这些行业的行业生命周期曲线“形成一个相互趋同的纠缠维度空间”(Lind, 2005, p. 16)。处理分析趋同现象的管理文献，虽然研究了其对重新定义部门边界和公司战略的影响，但似乎没有充分深化工业趋同、创新过程和选择机制之间关系的一般主题，这些机制界定了参与这些过程的工业的演变。事实上，可以说，尽管整体行业融合随着时间的推移而增加，但对这一现象的理解仍然有限(Kim et al.， 2015)，这也是因为随着时间的推移，技术融合正在演变成一种更复杂和异构的形式(Jeong, Kim， & Choi, 2015)。因此，进一步的探索性和解释性研究有助于理解融合作为一种创新形式的后果及其对融合部门演变的影响(Hacklin et al.， 2009)。Hacklin (2008, p. 11)是第一批在趋同过程研究中采用基于对工业技术随时间变化的分析的进化视角的学者之一，他在这方面观察到，工业和技术趋同一直是在成长阶段或成熟阶段进行研究的，“但对趋同过程的综合、全面的看法”。这可以被用来理解和管理未来类似的创新轨迹，可以被视为仍然缺失”。他还指出，对趋同发展达到一定成熟程度的行业(例如信通技术宏观部门的行业)的研究，回顾起来可以作为理解受趋同现象影响的其他部门的演变动态的基础。本研究工作在这一方向上作出了原创性的贡献。事实上，它分析了近年来受数字融合过程影响最大的部门之一——移动电话的演变。这一过程带来了一个新的相关部门的创建，即智能手机，导致了一系列相关部门的结构和竞争特征的根本变化，具有不同的强度和时间，从这一过程的影响。因此，这项工作的总体目标是分析数字融合的处理阶段，这些阶段决定了智能手机行业的诞生和发展，以及行业生命周期中进入、退出和创新的动态。基于对20多年来导致智能手机行业出现和发展的历史事件序列的研究，使用纵向分析方法，使我们能够验证企业和行业随时间演变的一些经验规律是否也具有行业融合过程中诞生的行业演变的特征。这是一个相关的研究问题。正如Giachetti和Marchi(2010)所观察到的，研究实际上是必要的，以填补经典的行业生命周期模型的空白，特别是当行业演变受到破坏性事件的影响时，如那些由技术融合驱动的事件，就像过去几年在手机行业发生的那样。在这个方向上，本研究提供了几个具体的贡献。首先，我们研究了智能手机行业的演变，以销售数据为基础，以验证它是否符合从产品和行业生命周期研究中出现的进化模型。其次，我们分析了智能手机行业生命周期内的进入和退出过程，并验证了为这个新的融合行业的发展创造条件的技术不连续性是否有利于新进入者的进入、生存和竞争定位，与来自本地融合行业的现有公司相比。第三，我们分析了智能手机行业产品创新随时间的演变，以验证它是否与标准ijbm.ccsenet一致。
{"title":"Entry, Exit and Innovation over the Industry Life Cycle in Converging Sectors: An Analysis of the Smartphone Industry","authors":"Paolo Calvosa","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p151","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the digital convergence process that led to the development of the smartphone sector and the dynamics of entry, exit and innovation over the industry life cycle. We have verified, by a historical-longitudinal study, if several empirical regularities that characterize the evolution of firms and industries over time have distinguished also an industry born from a sectoral convergence process. From the analysis it emerged that the evolution of market sales and of product innovation in the smartphone industry, as well as firms entry and exit dynamics, are consistent with the evolutionary model identified by technology management and industry life cycle studies. It has also been found that the convergence process has favored the entry and the survival of new entrants, compared to the incumbent firms, coming from the native converging sectors – that of Personal digital assistants and of Mobile (feature) phones – from which the smartphone industry originated. Keywords: industry convergence, industry life cycle, entry and exit, innovation processes, smartphones 1. Introduction It is now generally recognized in the academic literature that the structural and competitive characteristics of industries vary over time. The results of numerous empirical studies have shown here that the sectors tend mainly to evolve following a life cycle characterized by a series of empirical regularities concerning how entry, exit, market structure, and technological change vary from the birth of industries through to maturity (Klepper, 1996). A full understanding of the mechanisms underlying the evolutionary dynamics at the sectoral level require the use of different study perspectives, which provided complementary reading keys. Over time, we have witnessed a strong rapprochement between research on the subject carried out in the field of evolutionary economics (Nelson & Winter, 1982; Gort & Klepper, 1982; Klepper, 1996, 1997) and technology management studies (Abernathy, 1978; Abernathy & Utterback, 1978; Utterback & Suarez, 1993; Tushman & Anderson, 1986, Anderson & Tushman, 1990; Audretsch, 1991, 1995, 1997). Although there are some interpretative differences between the two perspectives, especially as regards to the notion of dominant design (Klepper, 1996; Klepper & Simon, 1996), their integrated use has allowed us to understand that the typology of knowledge and skills that fuel the industrial innovation processes influence in a decisive way the evolution of the industrial demography and of the sectoral competitive dynamics (Breschi, Malerba, & Orsenigo, 2000; Agarwal, Sarkar, & Echambadi, 2002; Garavaglia, 2004). It is in particular with the introduction of the concept of ‘industry technological regime’ (Nelson & Winter, 1982) – which refers to the knowledge environment in which firms operate – that firmly states in the literature an evolutionary model based on the idea that the specific pattern of innovative activities in an industry are closely r","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"7 1","pages":"151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89339946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to investigate the mediating role of knowledge management between organizational culture, structure, strategy, and employee and organisational performance. There is a significant research work on Knowledge Management (KM) globally; however, there is a dearth of research in contextualizing the concept in the Middle East. Therefore, adopting a multiple case-based approach, this paper conducted 478 surveys in five public organizations in Kuwait. The results suggested that KM could mediate the impact of organizational strategy and HRD structure. Surprisingly, organizational culture emerged as the only construct that remained uninfluenced by knowledge management practices. This research makes a vital contribution to the under-researched knowledge management concept in the region and the relevant cognitive understanding of social practice in relation to the HRD. It, therefore, proposes an integrative framework which specifies the conceptual linkages between organization characteristics and potential performance.
{"title":"Explaining the Mediating Role of Knowledge Management between Organisation’s Characteristics and Employee’s Performance: A Public Sector Perspective","authors":"Adnan A. S. Al-Ali, Jarrah Al-Mansour","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p132","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to investigate the mediating role of knowledge management between organizational culture, structure, strategy, and employee and organisational performance. There is a significant research work on Knowledge Management (KM) globally; however, there is a dearth of research in contextualizing the concept in the Middle East. Therefore, adopting a multiple case-based approach, this paper conducted 478 surveys in five public organizations in Kuwait. The results suggested that KM could mediate the impact of organizational strategy and HRD structure. Surprisingly, organizational culture emerged as the only construct that remained uninfluenced by knowledge management practices. This research makes a vital contribution to the under-researched knowledge management concept in the region and the relevant cognitive understanding of social practice in relation to the HRD. It, therefore, proposes an integrative framework which specifies the conceptual linkages between organization characteristics and potential performance.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"80 1","pages":"132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81069843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Jahiruddin, Mir Sohrab Hossain, Mehedi Rahman, Shahanaz Akter
This study investigates employees’ attitudes towards women managers in different types of organizations in the context of Bangladesh. Two groups of respondents – supervisors of the women managers and other employees who report to the women managers were selected for data collection through a multistage procedure. The study found that employees, on the whole, have an indifferent attitude towards women managers at the workplace. Among different aspects pertinent to women's leadership, the employees demonstrated a favorable attitude about the women managers’ knowledge and skill, while the employees feel that maternity and other feminine issues make women less desirable in the managerial positions. As the differences were investigated among the respondents of different demographic groups, significant differences were found among various groups based on gender, age, and sectors of employment. However, no significant difference was found among the employees based on their reporting relation with (supervisor and sub-ordinate) the women managers.
{"title":"Gender Role Perception in Society and Attitude towards Women Managers in Bangladesh","authors":"A. Jahiruddin, Mir Sohrab Hossain, Mehedi Rahman, Shahanaz Akter","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p122","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates employees’ attitudes towards women managers in different types of organizations in the context of Bangladesh. Two groups of respondents – supervisors of the women managers and other employees who report to the women managers were selected for data collection through a multistage procedure. The study found that employees, on the whole, have an indifferent attitude towards women managers at the workplace. Among different aspects pertinent to women's leadership, the employees demonstrated a favorable attitude about the women managers’ knowledge and skill, while the employees feel that maternity and other feminine issues make women less desirable in the managerial positions. As the differences were investigated among the respondents of different demographic groups, significant differences were found among various groups based on gender, age, and sectors of employment. However, no significant difference was found among the employees based on their reporting relation with (supervisor and sub-ordinate) the women managers.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"83 1","pages":"122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77153981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pham My Linh, N. Hương, Nguyen Ngoc Ha, Nguyen Minh Hanh
Vietnam is getting deeper and wider in its intergation with international economy, especially after becoming official member of World Trade Organization. This affiliation has benefited Vietnamese enterprises in being treated fairly on worldwide playground. Recently, they have realized there are a lot of oppotunities foreign direct investment. They also cooperate in adjusting Vietnamese State’s conception of offshore funding. This article concentrates in analyzing the fact of foreign direct investment of Vietnamese businesses, points out its achievements, disadvantages and reasons for limits, thus, makes an offer for the promomtion of Vietnamese enterprises to invest abroad directly in the context of world economic integration.
{"title":"The Promotion of Vietnam Foreign Direct Investment","authors":"Pham My Linh, N. Hương, Nguyen Ngoc Ha, Nguyen Minh Hanh","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p62","url":null,"abstract":"Vietnam is getting deeper and wider in its intergation with international economy, especially after becoming official member of World Trade Organization. This affiliation has benefited Vietnamese enterprises in being treated fairly on worldwide playground. Recently, they have realized there are a lot of oppotunities foreign direct investment. They also cooperate in adjusting Vietnamese State’s conception of offshore funding. This article concentrates in analyzing the fact of foreign direct investment of Vietnamese businesses, points out its achievements, disadvantages and reasons for limits, thus, makes an offer for the promomtion of Vietnamese enterprises to invest abroad directly in the context of world economic integration.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"12 1","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79075860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study aims to study the actual use of the AI (Artificial intelligence) among small businesses in Saudi Arabia, and the effect of this use and the knowledge on the advanced entrepreneurship in these businesses. The actual use and knowledge were measured, along with the effect of these variables on the advanced entrepreneurship. The sample chosen was 204 small businesses and startups from three main cities in KSA. The sample was mostly of technology related businesses 45%, and others as of service related and manufacturing simple products. The results show a lack of both the actual use of AI technology and knowledge of this technology. The results also show this lack is affecting the entrepreneurship of theses business and their abilities to grow with a sense of creativity in the local market. The research demonstrates the need for AI technology to strength the entrepreneurship among small business in Saudi Arabia. The research results close a gap in the available literature of small business use of technology and demonstrating advanced entrepreneurship in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Further research is needed to understand the reasons of the lack of the use of AI among these businesses in Saudi Arabia.
{"title":"The Effect of the Use and Knowledge of AI on the Advanced Entrepreneurship in Saudis Small Business and Startups","authors":"Reem M. Mashat","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p35","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to study the actual use of the AI (Artificial intelligence) among small businesses in Saudi Arabia, and the effect of this use and the knowledge on the advanced entrepreneurship in these businesses. The actual use and knowledge were measured, along with the effect of these variables on the advanced entrepreneurship. The sample chosen was 204 small businesses and startups from three main cities in KSA. The sample was mostly of technology related businesses 45%, and others as of service related and manufacturing simple products. The results show a lack of both the actual use of AI technology and knowledge of this technology. The results also show this lack is affecting the entrepreneurship of theses business and their abilities to grow with a sense of creativity in the local market. The research demonstrates the need for AI technology to strength the entrepreneurship among small business in Saudi Arabia. The research results close a gap in the available literature of small business use of technology and demonstrating advanced entrepreneurship in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Further research is needed to understand the reasons of the lack of the use of AI among these businesses in Saudi Arabia.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"87 1 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90971397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In March 2018, the ECB published “Addendum to the ECB Guidance to banks on non-performing loans: supervisory expectations for prudential provisioning of non-performing exposures” in which it required non-performing loans originated after 1 April 2018 to be fully written down after 7 years, with unsecured loans to be written offer after only 2 years. In practice, this approach implies the use of a null value: i) after seven years for secured non-performing loans and ii) after two years for unsecured loans, with an accounting provision for an equivalent amount. European Banking Authority (EBA) statistics for 2019 show that provisions for non-performing loans in Europe were 44.9% (Note 1), corresponding to an NPL valuation of 55.1%, which is higher than the implicit value in the prudential provisions recommended by the ECB. The ECB's new guidelines on provision levels and the implicit value of such provisions creates serious doubt about banks' estimated fair values of NPLs, as per what they book in their accounts. This article aims to use the disclosures provided by listed Italian banks in their notes to the accounts from 2009 to 2019 to determine if the fair value for NPLs, as divided between the secured part and the unsecured part, is value relevant and the amount of any discount/premium applied by the financial market compared to the actual fair value that is booked. The results highlight the excessively prudential nature of completely writing off non-performing loans and justify a review of the approach adopted by the European Council and Parliament in August 2019 (and subsequently adopted by the European Central Bank) in which unsecured NPLs should be fully written off after 3 years (compared to 2 years before), NPLs secured by real estate after 9 years (compared to 7 years before) and NPLs secured by non-real estate guarantees after 7 years (confirming the previous approach) for all loans originated after 26 April 2019.
{"title":"Valuation of Non-Performing Loans under Discussion","authors":"Emanuel Bagna","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p25","url":null,"abstract":"In March 2018, the ECB published “Addendum to the ECB Guidance to banks on non-performing loans: supervisory expectations for prudential provisioning of non-performing exposures” in which it required non-performing loans originated after 1 April 2018 to be fully written down after 7 years, with unsecured loans to be written offer after only 2 years. In practice, this approach implies the use of a null value: i) after seven years for secured non-performing loans and ii) after two years for unsecured loans, with an accounting provision for an equivalent amount. European Banking Authority (EBA) statistics for 2019 show that provisions for non-performing loans in Europe were 44.9% (Note 1), corresponding to an NPL valuation of 55.1%, which is higher than the implicit value in the prudential provisions recommended by the ECB. The ECB's new guidelines on provision levels and the implicit value of such provisions creates serious doubt about banks' estimated fair values of NPLs, as per what they book in their accounts. This article aims to use the disclosures provided by listed Italian banks in their notes to the accounts from 2009 to 2019 to determine if the fair value for NPLs, as divided between the secured part and the unsecured part, is value relevant and the amount of any discount/premium applied by the financial market compared to the actual fair value that is booked. The results highlight the excessively prudential nature of completely writing off non-performing loans and justify a review of the approach adopted by the European Council and Parliament in August 2019 (and subsequently adopted by the European Central Bank) in which unsecured NPLs should be fully written off after 3 years (compared to 2 years before), NPLs secured by real estate after 9 years (compared to 7 years before) and NPLs secured by non-real estate guarantees after 7 years (confirming the previous approach) for all loans originated after 26 April 2019.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"12 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85303908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on the management of expatriates and inpatriates’ international assignments within MNCs, such as tasks that include issues expatriates and inpatriates face in different environments. This study verified the challenges of managing expatriates and inpatriates within MNCs in an IHRM field. A qualitative semi-structured interview approach was used with 15 participants (professional engineer’s senior’s, juniors, and management staff, who held international assignments or worked in abroad positions within MNC (organisation A). The study results that expatriates and inpatriates management in cross-culture diversity allowed them to build their career aspirations. The study described cross-cultural career progression for expatriates and inpatriates management.
{"title":"Managing International Assignments (Expatriates and Inpatriates): Effect of Cultural Diversity","authors":"Amal. M. Jawad","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p78","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the management of expatriates and inpatriates’ international assignments within MNCs, such as tasks that include issues expatriates and inpatriates face in different environments. This study verified the challenges of managing expatriates and inpatriates within MNCs in an IHRM field. A qualitative semi-structured interview approach was used with 15 participants (professional engineer’s senior’s, juniors, and management staff, who held international assignments or worked in abroad positions within MNC (organisation A). The study results that expatriates and inpatriates management in cross-culture diversity allowed them to build their career aspirations. The study described cross-cultural career progression for expatriates and inpatriates management.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"101 1","pages":"78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81804160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Gazzola, S. Amelio, D. Grechi, Fragkoulis Papagiannis
By adopting mainly the “principal-agent theory”, the study analyses how non-profit organizations (NPOs) corporate governance structure could increase the trust of the donors and therefore affect their ability to receive donations from taxpayers. Starting from a literature review we concentrated our attention on the non-profit sector where NGOs represent the largest category. In Italy, starting from 2006, all NPOs could receive funding deriving from taxes paid by citizens when making tax returns with the so called ‘5 per thousand’ of the personal income tax. We analyzed the corporate governance disclosure practices of the first Italian 100 NPOs that received the highest donations from 5 per thousand. In particular, we elaborated a CGI index that includes governance and informativeness. This paper shows how an efficient and transparent corporate governance structure motivates the donors to donate 5 per thousand to NPOs that demonstrate good corporate governance. The findings suggest that taxpayers are inclined to allocate 5 per thousand to organizations where the information level, from a governance point of view, is high, easily available and clear about the purpose in the specified field of research.
{"title":"NPO Funding in Italy: The Role and the Contribution of Corporate Governance","authors":"P. Gazzola, S. Amelio, D. Grechi, Fragkoulis Papagiannis","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p1","url":null,"abstract":"By adopting mainly the “principal-agent theory”, the study analyses how non-profit organizations (NPOs) corporate governance structure could increase the trust of the donors and therefore affect their ability to receive donations from taxpayers. Starting from a literature review we concentrated our attention on the non-profit sector where NGOs represent the largest category. In Italy, starting from 2006, all NPOs could receive funding deriving from taxes paid by citizens when making tax returns with the so called ‘5 per thousand’ of the personal income tax. We analyzed the corporate governance disclosure practices of the first Italian 100 NPOs that received the highest donations from 5 per thousand. In particular, we elaborated a CGI index that includes governance and informativeness. This paper shows how an efficient and transparent corporate governance structure motivates the donors to donate 5 per thousand to NPOs that demonstrate good corporate governance. The findings suggest that taxpayers are inclined to allocate 5 per thousand to organizations where the information level, from a governance point of view, is high, easily available and clear about the purpose in the specified field of research.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"2 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83809598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bader Mustafa Al-Sharif, Talal M. Bataineh, Khaled M. Abo Aliqah
This study provides evidence on the effect of cash flows extracted from operating, investing, and financing activities attributed to the net profit, total assets or liabilities on the return per share for Jordan Islamic Bank, International Islamic Arab Bank, and Al-Rajhi Islamic Bank. The methodology is based on panel regression analyses of annual report data for Jordan listed Islamic Banks for the year from 2005 to 2019. The return on a stock plays an important role in investing and financing operations. Thus, the cash flows are weak in the short term and quickly increase in the long run. Results show a negative relationship between cash flow and return on a stock, except for cash flows from operating activities, which have a positive relationship with the return on a stock in the second and third models. The reason for this positive relationship is either the increase in operations from untapped money does not increase the size of assets or liabilities or the decrease in operations leads to an increase in profits and thus an increase in the return on the stock. This association indicates moderation in maintaining the amount of cash. Any risk facing the bank from withdrawals or financing operations is covered without affecting the size of the bank’s profits until the turnout by investors increases and the profit increases.
{"title":"Cash Flows and Earnings for Share in Islamic Banks: Jordanian Evidence","authors":"Bader Mustafa Al-Sharif, Talal M. Bataineh, Khaled M. Abo Aliqah","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p15","url":null,"abstract":"This study provides evidence on the effect of cash flows extracted from operating, investing, and financing activities attributed to the net profit, total assets or liabilities on the return per share for Jordan Islamic Bank, International Islamic Arab Bank, and Al-Rajhi Islamic Bank. The methodology is based on panel regression analyses of annual report data for Jordan listed Islamic Banks for the year from 2005 to 2019. The return on a stock plays an important role in investing and financing operations. Thus, the cash flows are weak in the short term and quickly increase in the long run. Results show a negative relationship between cash flow and return on a stock, except for cash flows from operating activities, which have a positive relationship with the return on a stock in the second and third models. The reason for this positive relationship is either the increase in operations from untapped money does not increase the size of assets or liabilities or the decrease in operations leads to an increase in profits and thus an increase in the return on the stock. This association indicates moderation in maintaining the amount of cash. Any risk facing the bank from withdrawals or financing operations is covered without affecting the size of the bank’s profits until the turnout by investors increases and the profit increases.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"124 1","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88040610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the data of China's listed banks from 2010 to 2018, this paper uses panel data model and threshold model to examine the impact of profitability on credit risk of commercial banks. The results show that: (1) After controlling the influence of bank size, the growth rate of net profit is negatively correlated with credit risk; (2) With the same growth rate of net profit, the larger the bank scale, the smaller the credit risk. At the same time, with the decrease of the growth rate of net profit, the influence of bank size on credit risk increases; (3) When the bank scale is large enough, the growth rate of net profit is positively correlated with the credit risk of the bank. This paper discusses the interaction between bank size and profitability and credit risk, which is of guiding significance to banks’ risk management.
{"title":"Does The Enhancement of Profitability Necessarily Reduce Bank Credit Risk?","authors":"Lijing Wang","doi":"10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n12p93","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the data of China's listed banks from 2010 to 2018, this paper uses panel data model and threshold model to examine the impact of profitability on credit risk of commercial banks. The results show that: (1) After controlling the influence of bank size, the growth rate of net profit is negatively correlated with credit risk; (2) With the same growth rate of net profit, the larger the bank scale, the smaller the credit risk. At the same time, with the decrease of the growth rate of net profit, the influence of bank size on credit risk increases; (3) When the bank scale is large enough, the growth rate of net profit is positively correlated with the credit risk of the bank. This paper discusses the interaction between bank size and profitability and credit risk, which is of guiding significance to banks’ risk management.","PeriodicalId":54064,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometrics","volume":"24 1","pages":"93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78136149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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