Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-05413-8
Shukla Neha, Neelancherry Remya
Microwave (MW) pyrolysis showed a promising and efficient mean of deriving energy from food waste (FW). This study evaluated the thermal decomposition characteristics of FW and commingled FW (FW mixed with low density polyethylene; LDPE (87:13)) using the thermogravimetric analyzer and the MW copyrolysis reactor. Thermograms of commingled FW (up to 892 K) using different MW susceptors (Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Cement, Silica gel, Flyash, and Biochar) demonstrated complete devolatilization within 700–1100 s of heating time. A maximum weight reduction of 89.3 wt% was achieved for the commingle FW at 753 ± 1 K within 700 s using GAC as the MW susceptor. The MW absorptive capacity of different MW susceptors strongly influenced the thermal decomposition characteristics of FW and LDPE, and the activation energy of the MW copyrolysis; accordingly, the activation energy varied 7.01–12.03 kJ/mol with different MW susceptors. Thermal decomposition of commingled FW in MW copyrolysis could be best represented with the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method (R2 = 0.85–0.95). Gibbs free energy (104.60–148.15 kJ/mol), free entropy (600.520–601.662 J/mol/K), free enthalpy (1.055–6.412 kJ/mol) showed non-spontaneity, low randomness and endothermic behaviour of the process. Overall, the low activation energy of the MW copyrolysis process (7.01 kJ/mol) achieved with the biochar as the MW susceptor showed a promising future for MW copyrolysis in developing efficient, environmental-friendly and sustainable conversion technology for commingled FW processing.
{"title":"Thermal decomposition behaviour and kinetics of food waste and low density polyethylene during microwave copyrolysis","authors":"Shukla Neha, Neelancherry Remya","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05413-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05413-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microwave (MW) pyrolysis showed a promising and efficient mean of deriving energy from food waste (FW). This study evaluated the thermal decomposition characteristics of FW and commingled FW (FW mixed with low density polyethylene; LDPE (87:13)) using the thermogravimetric analyzer and the MW copyrolysis reactor. Thermograms of commingled FW (up to 892 K) using different MW susceptors (Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Cement, Silica gel, Flyash, and Biochar) demonstrated complete devolatilization within 700–1100 s of heating time. A maximum weight reduction of 89.3 wt% was achieved for the commingle FW at 753 ± 1 K within 700 s using GAC as the MW susceptor. The MW absorptive capacity of different MW susceptors strongly influenced the thermal decomposition characteristics of FW and LDPE, and the activation energy of the MW copyrolysis; accordingly, the activation energy varied 7.01–12.03 kJ/mol with different MW susceptors. Thermal decomposition of commingled FW in MW copyrolysis could be best represented with the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.85–0.95). Gibbs free energy (104.60–148.15 kJ/mol), free entropy (600.520–601.662 J/mol/K), free enthalpy (1.055–6.412 kJ/mol) showed non-spontaneity, low randomness and endothermic behaviour of the process. Overall, the low activation energy of the MW copyrolysis process (7.01 kJ/mol) achieved with the biochar as the MW susceptor showed a promising future for MW copyrolysis in developing efficient, environmental-friendly and sustainable conversion technology for commingled FW processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-05386-8
Saeid Ghassemi, Yaghoub Raei
An experiment was conducted in 2018 to investigate the effect of polyamine and biochar treatments on physiological traits of garlic under saline conditions. Salinity increased the activities of the enzymes (2.38-166.66%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (3.72–8.32%) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (7.88–9.85%) radical scavenging activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) (32-59.15%), proline (21.39–45.29%) and soluble sugars contents (35.58–71.67%), ion leakage (22.95–62.01%) and also leaf temperature (LT) (13.18–39.37), but decreased leaf water content (LWC) (2.17–14.90%), chlorophylls (Chl a (32–45%), Chl b (26–54%) and chlorophyll index (CCI)) contents (10.67–21.78%), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) (9.06–16.44%) and total phenolic concentration (33.19–64.24%). Application of biochar and polyamines decreased LT, MDA and proline contents, ion leakage, soluble sugars and enzymes activities, but increased the Chl a, Chl b and CCI contents, Fv/Fm and total phenolic concentration. Also, application of biochar enhanced the LWC (1.97–3.88%) and carotenoid (6.23–14.19%) contents. Climate change had caused many threats soil ecosystem, among them, soil salinity. Salinity is one of the widespread and main challenges in the recent era that hinders environmental sustainability and global food security. Thus several strategies are suggested to mitigate this issue. In this context, biochar and polyamines are known as potent amendments able to alleviate the salt stress on the crops. Application of biochar and polyamines alleviated the harmful effects of soil salinity on physiological performance of plants such as garlic and also application of putrescine and 20% of biochar were superior treatments compared to other treatments. Our findings suggest a valuable starting point for developing crop management strategies based on biochar and polyamine applications to enhance plant performance under saline conditions and reduce freshwater dependence in agriculture.
2018年进行了一项实验,研究多胺和生物炭处理对盐碱条件下大蒜生理性状的影响。盐分增加了大蒜的酶活性(2.38-166.66%)、2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼(DPPH)活性(3.72-8.32%)和2,2′-偶氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)活性(7.88-9.85%)自由基清除活性、丙二醛(MDA)(32-59.15%)、脯氨酸(21.39-45.29%)和可溶性糖含量(35.58-71.67%)、离子泄漏(22.95-62.01%)以及叶温(LT)(13.18-39.37),但叶片含水量(LWC)(2.17-14.90%)、叶绿素(叶绿素 a(32-45%)、叶绿素 b(26-54%)和叶绿素指数(CCI))含量(10.67-21.78%)、叶绿素荧光(Fv/Fm)(9.06-16.44%)和总酚浓度(33.19-64.24%)。施用生物炭和多胺降低了 LT、MDA 和脯氨酸含量、离子渗漏、可溶性糖和酶活性,但提高了 Chl a、Chl b 和 CCI 含量、Fv/Fm 和总酚浓度。此外,施用生物炭还提高了 LWC(1.97-3.88%)和类胡萝卜素(6.23-14.19%)的含量。气候变化对土壤生态系统造成了许多威胁,其中包括土壤盐渍化。盐碱化是近代普遍存在的主要挑战之一,阻碍了环境的可持续发展和全球粮食安全。因此,人们提出了几种策略来缓解这一问题。在这种情况下,生物炭和多胺是众所周知的能够减轻作物盐胁迫的有效添加剂。施用生物炭和多胺可以减轻土壤盐分对大蒜等植物生理表现的有害影响,而且施用腐胺和 20% 的生物炭的处理效果优于其他处理。我们的研究结果为制定基于生物炭和多胺应用的作物管理策略提供了一个宝贵的起点,从而提高植物在盐碱条件下的表现,减少农业对淡水的依赖。
{"title":"How can biochar and polyamine treatments mitigate salt toxicity by changing the physiological traits in garlic plants?","authors":"Saeid Ghassemi, Yaghoub Raei","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05386-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05386-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An experiment was conducted in 2018 to investigate the effect of polyamine and biochar treatments on physiological traits of garlic under saline conditions. Salinity increased the activities of the enzymes (2.38-166.66%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (3.72–8.32%) and 2,2<sup>′</sup>-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) (7.88–9.85%) radical scavenging activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) (32-59.15%), proline (21.39–45.29%) and soluble sugars contents (35.58–71.67%), ion leakage (22.95–62.01%) and also leaf temperature (LT) (13.18–39.37), but decreased leaf water content (LWC) (2.17–14.90%), chlorophylls (Chl a (32–45%), Chl b (26–54%) and chlorophyll index (CCI)) contents (10.67–21.78%), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) (9.06–16.44%) and total phenolic concentration (33.19–64.24%). Application of biochar and polyamines decreased LT, MDA and proline contents, ion leakage, soluble sugars and enzymes activities, but increased the Chl a, Chl b and CCI contents, Fv/Fm and total phenolic concentration. Also, application of biochar enhanced the LWC (1.97–3.88%) and carotenoid (6.23–14.19%) contents. Climate change had caused many threats soil ecosystem, among them, soil salinity. Salinity is one of the widespread and main challenges in the recent era that hinders environmental sustainability and global food security. Thus several strategies are suggested to mitigate this issue. In this context, biochar and polyamines are known as potent amendments able to alleviate the salt stress on the crops. Application of biochar and polyamines alleviated the harmful effects of soil salinity on physiological performance of plants such as garlic and also application of putrescine and 20% of biochar were superior treatments compared to other treatments. Our findings suggest a valuable starting point for developing crop management strategies based on biochar and polyamine applications to enhance plant performance under saline conditions and reduce freshwater dependence in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-15DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-05399-3
Azar Fathi Heli Abadi, Abbas Raad, Alireza Motameni, Davood Talebi
Enhancing the management of working capital in supply chains due to fluctuations in demand necessitates the utilization of financial resources such as loans and trade credit. Small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries often face financial challenges and lack the necessary credit history to secure bank loans. Consequently, trade credit has emerged as a viable debt-based financing alternative. This article presents a two-objective mathematical model for a three-level, multi-period, multi-product supply chain network, in which suppliers provide trade credit to plants for raw material procurement. Furthermore, plants offer trade credit to distribution centers, a novel approach absent from previous studies. The primary objective is to maximize the net present value of shareholders' wealth at the end of the planning horizon, while the secondary objective focuses on maximizing the fill rate. The AEC method and CPLEX solver were employed to solve the model in small dimensions. Given the model's categorization as NP-hard, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization metaheuristic algorithms were utilized for solving the model in large dimensions. Additionally, the model's validity was investigated through real-world applications.
{"title":"Trade credit and loan in capital-constrained supply chain network design model","authors":"Azar Fathi Heli Abadi, Abbas Raad, Alireza Motameni, Davood Talebi","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05399-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05399-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enhancing the management of working capital in supply chains due to fluctuations in demand necessitates the utilization of financial resources such as loans and trade credit. Small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries often face financial challenges and lack the necessary credit history to secure bank loans. Consequently, trade credit has emerged as a viable debt-based financing alternative. This article presents a two-objective mathematical model for a three-level, multi-period, multi-product supply chain network, in which suppliers provide trade credit to plants for raw material procurement. Furthermore, plants offer trade credit to distribution centers, a novel approach absent from previous studies. The primary objective is to maximize the net present value of shareholders' wealth at the end of the planning horizon, while the secondary objective focuses on maximizing the fill rate. The AEC method and CPLEX solver were employed to solve the model in small dimensions. Given the model's categorization as NP-hard, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization metaheuristic algorithms were utilized for solving the model in large dimensions. Additionally, the model's validity was investigated through real-world applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-05392-w
Namrata Barik, Puja Padhi
The study aims to identify the determinants of the transition of rural households from dirty to mixed fuels instead of clean fuels as energy sources in India. Cleaner energy choices are critical to sustainable economic development, improved public health, and addressing environmental concerns, especially among rural households. Understanding the key factors that lead to the transition from dirty to mixed fuel instead of clean fuel is imperative for policymakers to promote cleaner energy choices in rural areas. To aid this understanding, the current study uses a balanced panel constructed from the data of the Indian Human Development Survey for the years 2005 and 2012. A fuel choice transition matrix is then constructed to analyze the energy transition at the household level. Finally, the multinomial logit model is employed to reveal the key factors that affect the change in energy usage among households using dirty fuels in 2005 to their status in 2012-persistent use of dirty fuel, shift to mixed fuels, or adoption of clean fuels. The findings confirm that apart from income, the level of education and gender of household heads play a vital role in the transition of energy sources. This research emphasizes the need for targeted policies addressing the diverse socio-economic and educational barriers obstructing the shift to cleaner fuels in rural areas.
{"title":"The determinants of household cooking fuel transition: evidence from rural India","authors":"Namrata Barik, Puja Padhi","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05392-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05392-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study aims to identify the determinants of the transition of rural households from dirty to mixed fuels instead of clean fuels as energy sources in India. Cleaner energy choices are critical to sustainable economic development, improved public health, and addressing environmental concerns, especially among rural households. Understanding the key factors that lead to the transition from dirty to mixed fuel instead of clean fuel is imperative for policymakers to promote cleaner energy choices in rural areas. To aid this understanding, the current study uses a balanced panel constructed from the data of the Indian Human Development Survey for the years 2005 and 2012. A fuel choice transition matrix is then constructed to analyze the energy transition at the household level. Finally, the multinomial logit model is employed to reveal the key factors that affect the change in energy usage among households using dirty fuels in 2005 to their status in 2012-persistent use of dirty fuel, shift to mixed fuels, or adoption of clean fuels. The findings confirm that apart from income, the level of education and gender of household heads play a vital role in the transition of energy sources. This research emphasizes the need for targeted policies addressing the diverse socio-economic and educational barriers obstructing the shift to cleaner fuels in rural areas.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spatial prediction of debris flows in terms of susceptibility mapping is the first and foremost requirement for disaster mitigation. In the present study, a comparative evaluation of machine learning and statistical approaches for debris flow susceptibility zonation (DFSZ) mapping has been attempted using 10 causative thematic layers (slope, aspect, elevation, plan curvature, profile curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, geology, proximity to streams, normalized difference vegetation index) and a debris flow inventory containing 85 debris flow locations. The employed machine learning (ML) approaches include random forest (RF), naïve Bayes (NB), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models whereas statistical models include the weight of evidence (WoE) and index of entropy (IoE). The results indicated that in all 5 DFSZ maps, about 21.20–47.98% of the area is very highly and highly susceptible to debris flows. It is observed that the major debris flows as well as high susceptible zones are distributed along the river Alakananda and its tributaries and at the vicinity of the NH-58. Among the statistical models, the DFSZ map prepared using the weight of evidence (WoE) model provides higher accuracy in terms of the success rate and the prediction rate compared to that prepared using the index of entropy model (IoE). Among the machine learning-based models, both the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and random forest (RF) models give better accuracy and are more efficient than the Naïve Bayes (NB) model. It is also observed that the ML models perform better than the statistical models for a part of Chamoli district, Uttarakhand state (India). The novelty of the present study lies in the spatial prediction of one of the most destructive forms of mass movement (debris flow) in the Indian Himalayas using statistical and ML models and establishing the superiority of the ML Random Forest & XGBoost model over other ML and statistical models for the present case. This study will help make decisions on the suitability of developmental activities and human settlement in the area under consideration. The present study is one among the few studies focused on the DFSZ mapping in Indian Himalayas and can be replicated in other debris flow prone regions worldwide.
绘制泥石流易发区地图对泥石流进行空间预测是减灾的首要要求。在本研究中,尝试使用 10 个成因专题层(坡度、坡向、海拔、平面曲率、剖面曲率、地形湿润指数、溪流动力指数、地质、溪流邻近度、归一化差异植被指数)和包含 85 个泥石流位置的泥石流清单,对机器学习和统计方法进行比较评估,以绘制泥石流易发区(DFSZ)图。采用的机器学习(ML)方法包括随机森林(RF)、天真贝叶斯(NB)和极端梯度提升(XGBoost)模型,而统计模型包括证据权重(WoE)和熵指数(IoE)。结果表明,在所有 5 幅 DFSZ 地图中,约有 21.20%-47.98% 的区域极易发生泥石流。据观察,主要的泥石流和高易受区分布在阿拉卡南达河及其支流沿岸和 NH-58 公路附近。在统计模型中,使用证据权重模型(WoE)绘制的泥石流易发区地图在成功率和预测率方面都比使用熵指数模型(IoE)绘制的地图更准确。在基于机器学习的模型中,极梯度提升模型(XGBoost)和随机森林模型(RF)都比奈夫贝叶斯模型(NB)更准确、更高效。此外,在印度北阿坎德邦 Chamoli 地区的部分地区,ML 模型的表现也优于统计模型。本研究的新颖之处在于利用统计和 ML 模型对印度喜马拉雅山脉最具破坏性的大规模运动(泥石流)之一进行空间预测,并在本案例中确定了 ML 随机森林 & XGBoost 模型优于其他 ML 和统计模型。这项研究将有助于对所考虑地区的开发活动和人类定居的适宜性做出决策。本研究是为数不多的侧重于印度喜马拉雅山 DFSZ 地图绘制的研究之一,可在全球其他泥石流易发地区推广。
{"title":"A comparative evaluation of statistical and machine learning approaches for debris flow susceptibility zonation mapping in the Indian Himalayas","authors":"Rajesh Kumar Dash, Neha Gupta, Philips Omowumi Falae, Rajashree Pati, Debi Prasanna Kanungo","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05398-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05398-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spatial prediction of debris flows in terms of susceptibility mapping is the first and foremost requirement for disaster mitigation. In the present study, a comparative evaluation of machine learning and statistical approaches for debris flow susceptibility zonation (DFSZ) mapping has been attempted using 10 causative thematic layers (slope, aspect, elevation, plan curvature, profile curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index, geology, proximity to streams, normalized difference vegetation index) and a debris flow inventory containing 85 debris flow locations. The employed machine learning (ML) approaches include random forest (RF), naïve Bayes (NB), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models whereas statistical models include the weight of evidence (WoE) and index of entropy (IoE). The results indicated that in all 5 DFSZ maps, about 21.20–47.98% of the area is very highly and highly susceptible to debris flows. It is observed that the major debris flows as well as high susceptible zones are distributed along the river Alakananda and its tributaries and at the vicinity of the NH-58. Among the statistical models, the DFSZ map prepared using the weight of evidence (WoE) model provides higher accuracy in terms of the success rate and the prediction rate compared to that prepared using the index of entropy model (IoE). Among the machine learning-based models, both the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and random forest (RF) models give better accuracy and are more efficient than the Naïve Bayes (NB) model. It is also observed that the ML models perform better than the statistical models for a part of Chamoli district, Uttarakhand state (India). The novelty of the present study lies in the spatial prediction of one of the most destructive forms of mass movement (debris flow) in the Indian Himalayas using statistical and ML models and establishing the superiority of the ML Random Forest & XGBoost model over other ML and statistical models for the present case. This study will help make decisions on the suitability of developmental activities and human settlement in the area under consideration. The present study is one among the few studies focused on the DFSZ mapping in Indian Himalayas and can be replicated in other debris flow prone regions worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The widespread use of coal as a primary source of commercial energy in India resulting in substantial waste production from power plants, including fly ash and bottom ash. Inappropriate disposal of these waste by-products poses a range of environmental challenges and hence requires proper attention. The current work examines the physico-chemical nature of coal and ash characteristics of the power plant in Rupnagar, India. A combined approach using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to characterize the samples. As a result, the total moisture content of the feed coal exhibited a range of 7.09–9.75%, while the fly ash and bottom ash varied from 4.19–6.28% and 2.16–5.12%, respectively. The air-dried ash and air-dried moisture content in coal varied between 5.95–6.39% and 39.5–44.81%. The volatile matter in the feed coal samples showed variability within the range of 19.71–21.34%. The coal’s gross calorific value was measured in the range of 14.23–15.87 MJ kg−1 having carbon and sulfur content of 39–43% and 0.35–0.48%, respectively. Further, XRD analysis showed quartz, mullite, kaolinite, and hematite in feed coal, fly ash, and bottom ash. Morphologically, fly ash was characterized by fine spherical particles compared to bottom ash, which were observed as large carbon particles with a high abundance of Si and Al in chemical composition. Furthermore, the fly ash samples exhibited higher concentrations of various heavy metals, particularly Zn (80.67 mg kg−1), Cu (25.66 mg kg−1), and Pb (16.7 mg kg−1) compared to bottom ash and the feed coal. FTIR analysis showed the Al–O and Si–O due to the large kaolinite and quartz particles. By examining coal, fly ash, and bottom ash, this research aims to provide important insights into coal combustion products and reduce the environmental impact of waste generation from power plants.
{"title":"Physico-chemical characterization of coal combustion by-products derived from thermoelectric power plants","authors":"Suman Mor, Nitasha Vig, Surinder Kumar Mehta, Khaiwal Ravindra","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05317-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05317-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The widespread use of coal as a primary source of commercial energy in India resulting in substantial waste production from power plants, including fly ash and bottom ash. Inappropriate disposal of these waste by-products poses a range of environmental challenges and hence requires proper attention. The current work examines the physico-chemical nature of coal and ash characteristics of the power plant in Rupnagar, India. A combined approach using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to characterize the samples. As a result, the total moisture content of the feed coal exhibited a range of 7.09–9.75%, while the fly ash and bottom ash varied from 4.19–6.28% and 2.16–5.12%, respectively. The air-dried ash and air-dried moisture content in coal varied between 5.95–6.39% and 39.5–44.81%. The volatile matter in the feed coal samples showed variability within the range of 19.71–21.34%. The coal’s gross calorific value was measured in the range of 14.23–15.87 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup> having carbon and sulfur content of 39–43% and 0.35–0.48%, respectively. Further, XRD analysis showed quartz, mullite, kaolinite, and hematite in feed coal, fly ash, and bottom ash. Morphologically, fly ash was characterized by fine spherical particles compared to bottom ash, which were observed as large carbon particles with a high abundance of Si and Al in chemical composition. Furthermore, the fly ash samples exhibited higher concentrations of various heavy metals, particularly Zn (80.67 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), Cu (25.66 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), and Pb (16.7 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) compared to bottom ash and the feed coal. FTIR analysis showed the Al–O and Si–O due to the large kaolinite and quartz particles. By examining coal, fly ash, and bottom ash, this research aims to provide important insights into coal combustion products and reduce the environmental impact of waste generation from power plants.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The city of Chandigarh has been urbanizing and expanding at an aggressive rate. Despite the urban expansion being mostly planned in nature has shown underlying indications of deteriorating ecological health in the city and its abutting natural resources. Changing migration patterns and decreasing vegetation cover are just few of the indicators raising the need to analyse the ecological quality of the region. Ecological quality can be seen as a measure of the health of an environment to sustain life. Remote sensing can be used to monitor the land surface over varied spatiotemporal extents. This study uses the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI) to study the spatiotemporal changes in the environmental quality of the city of Chandigarh over four decades. Four factors i.e., greenness, wetness, dryness, and heat that affect environmental quality are analysed using principal component analysis to calculate RSEI. The contribution of each of the indicators to RSEI and the spatial correlation of results are studied using correlation analysis and Moran’s Index. Landcover maps are developed using Cart classifier to understand the growth patterns and establish relation to changes in ecological index values. The change in RSEI for individual land cover categories shows the degradation of ecological health in natural resources. The RSEI values of vegetation and surface water show a deteriorating trend from 1991 to 2020. Furthermore, the study area shows intense degradation of RSEI values in the city outskirts where a major shift to built-up landcover has taken place. The association of landcover change and its impact on ecological quality can assist planners in adopting suitable strategies to assure that ecological health is integrated when urban expansion is carried out. This study provides insights into the development strategies and their impact on the ecological resources of the city that may otherwise not be identified by overall RSEI value and landcover assessment.
{"title":"Identifying the impact of urban development on abutting ecology in Chandigarh using remote sensing based ecological index","authors":"Nirwan Nirwan, Kavichelvan Kanagavel, Asfa Siddiqui","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05369-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05369-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The city of Chandigarh has been urbanizing and expanding at an aggressive rate. Despite the urban expansion being mostly planned in nature has shown underlying indications of deteriorating ecological health in the city and its abutting natural resources. Changing migration patterns and decreasing vegetation cover are just few of the indicators raising the need to analyse the ecological quality of the region. Ecological quality can be seen as a measure of the health of an environment to sustain life. Remote sensing can be used to monitor the land surface over varied spatiotemporal extents. This study uses the Remote Sensing-based Ecological Index (RSEI) to study the spatiotemporal changes in the environmental quality of the city of Chandigarh over four decades. Four factors i.e., greenness, wetness, dryness, and heat that affect environmental quality are analysed using principal component analysis to calculate RSEI. The contribution of each of the indicators to RSEI and the spatial correlation of results are studied using correlation analysis and Moran’s Index. Landcover maps are developed using Cart classifier to understand the growth patterns and establish relation to changes in ecological index values. The change in RSEI for individual land cover categories shows the degradation of ecological health in natural resources. The RSEI values of vegetation and surface water show a deteriorating trend from 1991 to 2020. Furthermore, the study area shows intense degradation of RSEI values in the city outskirts where a major shift to built-up landcover has taken place. The association of landcover change and its impact on ecological quality can assist planners in adopting suitable strategies to assure that ecological health is integrated when urban expansion is carried out. This study provides insights into the development strategies and their impact on the ecological resources of the city that may otherwise not be identified by overall RSEI value and landcover assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-05380-0
Shuyang Chen
Owing to real constraints, a first-best climate policy is rarely socioeconomically optimal; therefore, policymakers may prefer a second-best or mixed policy, where revenue recycling (RR) is usually implemented as a complementary policy to the first-best policy. Unfortunately, how different RR policies affect equality and efficiency during first-best policy implementation remains to be researched. This paper attempts to narrow the research gap by designing and evaluating the RR policies for the emission trading scheme (ETS) simulating the Chinese National Emission Trading Scheme (CNETS). To achieve this research target, we have employed a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze how the designed RR policies complement the ETS effects on emission abatement and economic growth. The results of the CGE model have confirmed the existence of a tradeoff between equality and efficiency. RR for income tax reduction is beneficial to emission abatement, but it has the worst performances on equality, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and household welfare. RR for subsidizing renewable energy causes the lowest GDP loss, but it adversely impacts emission abatement owing to the induced economic boom. Lump-sum income transfer to low-income households is the best RR option because it is the most equitable way to use ETS revenues and induces the highest household welfare with satisfactory performances on emission abatement and GDP. Hence, ETS revenues are recommended to be transferred to low-income households.
由于实际制约因素,第一最优的气候政策在社会经济学上很少是最优的;因此,政策制定者可能更倾向于第二最优或混合政策,其中收入循环(RR)通常作为第一最优政策的补充政策来实施。遗憾的是,不同的收入再循环政策如何影响第一最优政策实施过程中的平等和效率仍有待研究。本文试图通过设计和评估模拟中国国家排放交易计划(CNETS)的排放交易计划(ETS)的 RR 政策来缩小研究差距。为实现这一研究目标,我们采用了动态递归可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,分析了所设计的减排政策如何补充排放交易计划对减排和经济增长的影响。CGE 模型的结果证实了平等与效率之间存在权衡。减少所得税的 RR 有利于减排,但在平等、国内生产总值(GDP)和家庭福利方面的表现最差。用于补贴可再生能源的 RR 造成的 GDP 损失最小,但由于诱发了经济繁荣,对减排产生了不利影响。对低收入家庭的一次性收入转移是最佳的 RR 方案,因为它是使用排放交易计划收入的最公平方式,并能带来最高的家庭福利,同时在减排和 GDP 方面也有令人满意的表现。因此,建议将排放交易计划收入转移给低收入家庭。
{"title":"Equality and efficiency tradeoffs in revenue recycling of emission trading scheme: a case study on the recent chinese national ETS market","authors":"Shuyang Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05380-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05380-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Owing to real constraints, a first-best climate policy is rarely socioeconomically optimal; therefore, policymakers may prefer a second-best or mixed policy, where revenue recycling (RR) is usually implemented as a complementary policy to the first-best policy. Unfortunately, how different RR policies affect equality and efficiency during first-best policy implementation remains to be researched. This paper attempts to narrow the research gap by designing and evaluating the RR policies for the emission trading scheme (ETS) simulating the Chinese National Emission Trading Scheme (CNETS). To achieve this research target, we have employed a dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyze how the designed RR policies complement the ETS effects on emission abatement and economic growth. The results of the CGE model have confirmed the existence of a tradeoff between equality and efficiency. RR for income tax reduction is beneficial to emission abatement, but it has the worst performances on equality, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and household welfare. RR for subsidizing renewable energy causes the lowest GDP loss, but it adversely impacts emission abatement owing to the induced economic boom. Lump-sum income transfer to low-income households is the best RR option because it is the most equitable way to use ETS revenues and induces the highest household welfare with satisfactory performances on emission abatement and GDP. Hence, ETS revenues are recommended to be transferred to low-income households.</p>","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-05360-4
Swati Sharma
This study analyses how public attitudes toward climate actions have changed over time in some of the biggest CO2-emitter countries representing two categories of economies: the rich and developed vs. emerging. Using the World Value Survey data and two-sample tests of proportions, an exploratory analysis is conducted to understand the change in climate change attitudes in China, the United States, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, and South Korea over the last three decades. The study finds initial evidence of divergence in public opinion for climate actions across countries. The findings show that people in emerging economies (such as China and India) have cultivated more favorable views toward environmental protection and climate actions over time. They have started demanding better environmental policies and shown willingness to contribute to environmental protection both monetarily and symbolically. However, people in the developed and rich world are gradually moving towards less favorable climate opinions. Such startling changes in public attitude have the potential to impact future national and global treaties on climate change disparagingly.
{"title":"Climate change attitudes and the world’s biggest CO2 emitters","authors":"Swati Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05360-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05360-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study analyses how public attitudes toward climate actions have changed over time in some of the biggest CO<sub>2</sub>-emitter countries representing two categories of economies: the rich and developed vs. emerging. Using the World Value Survey data and two-sample tests of proportions, an exploratory analysis is conducted to understand the change in climate change attitudes in China, the United States, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, and South Korea over the last three decades. The study finds initial evidence of divergence in public opinion for climate actions across countries. The findings show that people in emerging economies (such as China and India) have cultivated more favorable views toward environmental protection and climate actions over time. They have started demanding better environmental policies and shown willingness to contribute to environmental protection both monetarily and symbolically. However, people in the developed and rich world are gradually moving towards less favorable climate opinions. Such startling changes in public attitude have the potential to impact future national and global treaties on climate change disparagingly.</p>","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-13DOI: 10.1007/s10668-024-05373-z
Wentao Wang, Dezhi Li, Shenghua Zhou, Zizhe Han
To realize low-carbon transition and pursue sustainable development, China’s central government formulated the low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) policy. Current studies focus primarily on the effect of the policy at the macro level of the cities, including economic, industrial, technological, environmental dimensions. So far, few has looked at the effect of the LCCP policy on residents’ welfare. To address this gap, this study treats the LCCP policy as an exogenous policy shock and employs the Difference-in-Differences model to examine its influence on residents’ welfare from the perspective of ecological welfare performance (EWP). Additionally, this study integrates the concept of quality of life into the EWP evaluation system to provide a comprehensive reflection of residents’ welfare. The results demonstrate that the LCCP policy significantly increase EWP in pilot cities, with a series of robustness tests support this finding. Besides, mechanism examination indicates that the LCCP policy enhances EWP through optimizing industrial structure, promoting low-carbon technological innovation, and increasing digital economy. Moreover, heterogeneous results reveal a significant increase of EWP in eastern cities, non-resource-based cities, and cities with high government environmental governance intensity due to the LCCP policy. This study empirically confirms the positive role of the LCCP policy in improving residents’ welfare, provides evidence for synergistic development of other countries seeking to advance low-carbon transition alongside improvements in residents’ welfare.
{"title":"Towards sustainable development: assessing the effects of low-carbon city pilot policy on residents’ welfare","authors":"Wentao Wang, Dezhi Li, Shenghua Zhou, Zizhe Han","doi":"10.1007/s10668-024-05373-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05373-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To realize low-carbon transition and pursue sustainable development, China’s central government formulated the low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) policy. Current studies focus primarily on the effect of the policy at the macro level of the cities, including economic, industrial, technological, environmental dimensions. So far, few has looked at the effect of the LCCP policy on residents’ welfare. To address this gap, this study treats the LCCP policy as an exogenous policy shock and employs the Difference-in-Differences model to examine its influence on residents’ welfare from the perspective of ecological welfare performance (EWP). Additionally, this study integrates the concept of quality of life into the EWP evaluation system to provide a comprehensive reflection of residents’ welfare. The results demonstrate that the LCCP policy significantly increase EWP in pilot cities, with a series of robustness tests support this finding. Besides, mechanism examination indicates that the LCCP policy enhances EWP through optimizing industrial structure, promoting low-carbon technological innovation, and increasing digital economy. Moreover, heterogeneous results reveal a significant increase of EWP in eastern cities, non-resource-based cities, and cities with high government environmental governance intensity due to the LCCP policy. This study empirically confirms the positive role of the LCCP policy in improving residents’ welfare, provides evidence for synergistic development of other countries seeking to advance low-carbon transition alongside improvements in residents’ welfare.</p>","PeriodicalId":540,"journal":{"name":"Environment, Development and Sustainability","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142268655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}