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Ocean surface change detection from remote sensing image based on stochastic similarity measure 基于随机相似测度的遥感影像海洋表面变化检测
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220220093
Ian Henrique Teles Braga, Vinicius Pereira do Sacramento, Lígia Claudia Castro de Oliveira, F. N. S. Medeiros, F. A. Rodrigues
ABSTRACT Change detection based on remote sensing images, has attracted increasing attention from researchers throughout the world. The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images have become key resources for detecting changes on the land surface. However, due to the presence of speckle noise and its stochastic nature, SAR data require methodologies that consider these peculiarities. This article presents a similarity measure that considers the randomness present in SAR data. To retrieve the random component in the SAR data, we used the stochastic distance. The similarity measure is carefully elaborated as a function of the stochastic distance such that its variation space is the interval [0, 1], facilitating its interpretation. Our proposal shows promising results in two applications: contrast evaluation, ocean surface change detection and binary change map. It is noteworthy that the possible limitations of our proposal are investigated through simulations guided by a Monte Carlo experiment.
基于遥感影像的变化检测技术越来越受到国内外研究者的重视。合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像已成为探测地表变化的关键资源。然而,由于散斑噪声的存在及其随机性,SAR数据需要考虑这些特性的方法。本文提出了一种考虑SAR数据随机性的相似性度量方法。为了检索SAR数据中的随机分量,我们使用了随机距离。相似性测度被精心地描述为随机距离的函数,其变化空间为区间[0,1],便于解释。我们的方案在对比评价、海面变化检测和二值变化图这两个方面的应用都显示出良好的效果。值得注意的是,通过蒙特卡洛实验指导下的模拟研究了我们的建议可能存在的局限性。
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引用次数: 1
Experimental and representative watersheds as a training site of qualified professionals in water resources: a case study of Onça Creek Watershed (SP, Brazil) 作为水资源合格专业人员培训地点的试验性和代表性流域:onrada Creek流域案例研究(SP,巴西)
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220220040
A. Reis, Rubens Takeji Aoki Araujo Martins, L. E. Bertotto, Érick Rúbens Oliveira Cobalchini, Y. Ishizawa, E. Wendland
ABSTRACT This study aims to present how continuous and systematic monitoring in representative and experimental watersheds can help form high-level professionals and researchers in water resources, based on a case study of the Onça Creek Watershed (OCW). Through a historical survey of the monitoring network and the scientific studies carried out in the area, we identified people and map their geographical and professional location, to analyze the impact and importance of this area for the water resources community. We identified 90 scientific studies already developed at the OCW, which resulted in 22 masters and 4 Ph.D. students formed, involving another 33 external collaborators. We observed that 85% of the trained professionals continue to exercise functions related to water resources, in public and private institutions, throughout Brazil and abroad. We highlight the importance of financial support from research and development agencies, both for the monitoring network expansion and the training students' scholarships. We believe that the involvement of water resources graduate programs can be a way to increase the number of experimental and representative watersheds monitored in Brazil.
摘要:本研究旨在通过对on河流域(OCW)的案例研究,阐述代表性和实验性流域的连续和系统监测如何帮助培养高层次的水资源专业人才和研究人员。通过对监测网络的历史调查和在该地区开展的科学研究,我们确定了人员并绘制了他们的地理位置和专业位置,分析了该地区对水资源界的影响和重要性。我们确定了开放式课程已经开展的90项科学研究,形成了22名硕士和4名博士研究生,涉及另外33名外部合作者。我们观察到,85%的受过培训的专业人员继续在巴西和国外的公共和私营机构中行使与水资源有关的职能。我们强调来自研发机构的财政支持的重要性,无论是对监测网络的扩展还是培训学生的奖学金。我们认为,水资源研究生课程的参与可以成为增加巴西监测的实验性和代表性流域数量的一种方式。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of nonstationarity on reservoir storage-yield-reliability relationships 非平稳性对水库库容-产量-可靠性关系的影响
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220220043
Henrique Degraf, D. H. M. Detzel
ABSTRACT The reservoir storage-yield-reliability (S-Y-R) curve defines the required volume to meet a specific yield. It is typically obtained through the historical streamflow time series; however, as an effect of nonstationarity, the statistical properties of a streamflow series may vary, which might lead to a change in the reservoir’s operational risk. In this study we explore this issue by analyzing two sets of annual data: (i) natural energy flows to aggregated reservoirs, and (ii) streamflow time series of four hydropower plants currently in operation in Brazil. The study is supported by Monte Carlo simulations to account for the reliability of the S-Y-R curves. Results suggest that the time series from the Southern and Northeast regions exhibit upward and downward trends, respectively. Consequently, the regularization capacity of the Southern reservoir decreased, however only in relative terms. On the other hand, the Northeastern reservoir had an actual loss of its regularization capacity as an effect of lower average streamflow.
水库存储量-产量-可靠性(S-Y-R)曲线定义了满足特定产量所需的体积。它通常通过历史流时间序列获得;然而,由于非平稳性的影响,流量序列的统计特性可能会发生变化,从而导致水库运行风险的变化。在这项研究中,我们通过分析两组年度数据来探讨这个问题:(i)自然能量流向聚合水库,(ii)目前在巴西运行的四个水电站的流量时间序列。该研究得到了蒙特卡罗模拟的支持,以说明S-Y-R曲线的可靠性。结果表明,南方和东北地区的时间序列分别呈上升和下降趋势。因此,南部水库的正规化能力下降,但只是相对而言。另一方面,由于平均流量较低的影响,东北水库的正则化能力实际丧失。
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引用次数: 1
Prediction of leakage flow rate from upward water jets bursting at the ground 地面上向水射流破裂泄漏流量预测
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220210139
Luísa Ciríaco Silva de Oliveira, I. L. Lima Neto
Abstract This paper presents experimental studies to explore the behavior of upward water jets in granular beds. The test conditions included both the cavity and chimney regime. Combining our results with data available in the literature, it was possible to fit a linear relationship to describe the dimensionless upward water velocity at the bed surface (u/U) as a function of kFr, in which Fr is the Froude number and k is a fitting parameter that was linearly related with the medium particle diameter d. A threshold condition (kFr = 1) was also proposed to predict the onset of the chimney regime, which was consistent with published data. Finally, a simple equation based on d, D and H was derived to predict the real-scale leakage flow rate Q from upward water jets bursting at the ground. The results obtained will potentially help water utilities estimate the water loss from underground pipelines.
摘要本文对颗粒床中向上水射流的行为进行了实验研究。试验条件包括空腔和烟囱两种工况。将我们的结果与文献数据相结合,可以拟合线性关系来描述床面无因次向上的水速度(u/ u)作为kFr的函数,其中Fr是弗劳德数,k是与介质颗粒直径d线性相关的拟合参数。还提出了一个阈值条件(kFr = 1)来预测烟囱状态的开始,这与已发表的数据一致。最后,导出了基于d、d和H的简单方程,用于预测地面向上破裂水射流的实尺度泄漏流量Q。获得的结果将有可能帮助水务公司估计地下管道的水损失。
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引用次数: 1
Use of self organizing map to identify precipitation patterns and assess their impact on hydrographic basins in Brazil 利用自组织地图识别降水模式并评估其对巴西水文盆地的影响
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220220051
Yoshiaki Sakagami, Vinicius Nunes Folganes, C. A. Penz, Murilo Reolon Scuzziato, F.Y.K. Takigawa
ABSTRACT In this study, we used neural networks known as self-organizing maps (SOMs) to identify clusters of spatial synoptic precipitation patterns. These clusters were compared with the precipitation regime of the ten main hydrographic sub-basins in Brazil. Sixty years of daily precipitation data obtained from over 389 weather station in Brazil were used as input data for the SOMs, with a number of six clusters being prescribed as the optimal number according to the elbow and silhouette methods. The six precipitation patterns identified by the SOMs reflect the typical synoptic conditions associated mainly with the cold frontal systems (CF), South American Monsoon System (SAMS) and Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In conclusion, SOMs perform well using interpolated precipitation data as the input data to identify synoptic precipitation patterns, which could be used to monitor the spatial distribution of precipitation, which affects the hydrographic basins in Brazil and hence hydropower plant performance.
在这项研究中,我们使用自组织图(SOMs)神经网络来识别空间天气降水模式簇。这些集群与巴西10个主要水文子盆地的降水状况进行了比较。利用巴西389个气象站60年的日降水数据作为SOMs的输入数据,根据肘形法和廓形法确定了6个簇的数量作为最优数量。由SOMs识别的6种降水模式反映了主要与冷锋系统(CF)、南美季风系统(SAMS)和热带辐合带(ITCZ)有关的典型天气条件。综上所述,利用插值降水数据作为输入数据,SOMs可以很好地识别天气降水模式,这些模式可以用来监测降水的空间分布,从而影响巴西的水文流域,从而影响水电站的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Reservoir operation in the context of inter-basin water transfer 跨流域调水背景下的水库运行
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220220055
Maiara de Lemos Câmara, Joana Darc Freire de Medeiros, A. G. Maia
ABSTRACT Inter-basin water-transfer projects are used as a possible solution to increasing water scarcity in many regions, but these projects are often expensive and require large infrastructures, so their benefits need to be maximised and their costs reduced. In this context, this study’s objective was to define technical criteria to operate water reservoirs in the context of water transfer between river basins by using Brazil’s Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves (ARG) reservoir in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, one of the reservoirs receiving water from the São Francisco River Integration Project (PISF), as a case study. The results demonstrate that using hydrological conditions to define when and how much water to transfer is extremely important for water resource management, as it increases reservoir efficiency and reduces transferred volumes, thereby cutting costs.
跨流域调水工程是许多地区日益严重的水资源短缺问题的可能解决方案,但这些项目往往成本高昂,需要大型基础设施,因此需要最大限度地提高效益,降低成本。在此背景下,本研究的目标是通过巴西北里奥格兰德州的Armando Ribeiro gonalves (ARG)水库(其中一个从奥弗朗西斯科河一体化项目(PISF)接收水的水库)作为案例研究,确定在流域间调水背景下运行水库的技术标准。研究结果表明,利用水文条件确定调水时间和调水量对水资源管理极为重要,因为它可以提高水库效率,减少调水量,从而降低成本。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrological modeling using distributed rainfall data to represent the flow in urban watersheds 利用分布式降雨数据来表示城市流域流量的水文建模
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220220060
L. Amorim, A. Magalhães, JOSE RODOLFO SCARATI MARTINS, B. Duarte, F. Nogueira
ABSTRACT Hydrological models are one of the most effective ways of assessing water behavior and flood risk, although the quality of their results is determined by the input data representativity, especially rainfall. Normally, only rain gauge data is used, unable to represent rain spatial variability. Aiming to reduce the model’s uncertainties, hydrological model performance was evaluated in determining the runoff based on distributed rainfall data applied in an urban watershed with macro drainage structures. A distributed rainfall data, derived from a conditional merging of radar and field measurements, was used as the hydrological model’s input data, and led to very accurate runoff results. The analysis of the results demonstrated that to model urban watersheds with accuracy, distributed rainfall data is required, as well as knowledge about the sewage and drainage systems, reinforcing the need to use tools that are compatible with the site complexity.
水文模型是评估水行为和洪水风险的最有效方法之一,尽管其结果的质量取决于输入数据的代表性,特别是降雨量。通常,只使用雨量计数据,无法表示降雨的空间变异性。为了减少模型的不确定性,基于具有宏观排水结构的城市流域的分布式降雨数据,对水文模型在确定径流时的性能进行了评估。通过有条件地合并雷达和实地测量得到的分布式降雨数据被用作水文模型的输入数据,得出了非常准确的径流结果。对结果的分析表明,为了准确地模拟城市流域,需要分布式降雨数据,以及有关污水和排水系统的知识,这加强了使用与场地复杂性兼容的工具的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of hydrological stress in a river basin in northeastern Brazil 巴西东北部河流流域水文应力的测定
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220210118
Alexson Caetano da Silva, Edinilson de Castro Ferreira, J. Cabral, J. G. Azevedo
ABSTRACT This study determines the degree of hydrological stress (HS) on the Goiana River basin in Pernambuco, a state in northeastern Brazil. The hydrological stress index is obtained by comparing the values of the surface permits with the limits granted by the managers. The results pointed to a situation of “High” hydrological stress (HS) in the Nazaré da Mata sub-basin, with approximately 94.76% of the grantable flow being used. In the Caricé sub-basin, the degree of hydrological stress was considered “Medium,” with about 31.77% of available flow being granted. The other sub-basins had results considered to be “Low” hydrological stress (between 0% and 25%). Given these results, this study emphasizes the importance of constantly monitoring data on the demand for water use in the region and improving the criteria management bodies follow when granting permits.
摘要本研究确定了巴西东北部伯南布哥州Goiana河流域的水文应力(HS)程度。水文应力指数是通过将地表许可值与管理者授予的限值进行比较得到的。结果表明,nazar da Mata子流域处于“高”水文应力(HS)状态,约有94.76%的可采流量被利用。在加勒比次流域,水文压力程度被认为是“中等”,约31.77%的可用流量被授予。其他子流域的结果被认为是“低”水文应力(在0%至25%之间)。鉴于这些结果,本研究强调了不断监测该区域用水需求数据和改进管理机构在颁发许可证时所遵循的标准的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
Reuse of a dam as sediment trap and water reserve 水坝作为沉积物收集器和水储备的再利用
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220220067
C. Chagas, R. M. Moreira, C. H. Augustin, J. V. Bandeira, C. A. C. Carvalho Filho
ABSTRACT One of the dilemmas that characterizes the end of active service of small hydroelectric plants (SHPs) is regarding the destination of the dams. This is the case of the Pandeiros SHP, located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Several alternatives are being considered to make its decommissioning feasible, such as opening the bottom discharge gate and removing the reservoir containment dike. However, in a review of recent research in the basin, more than 200 active gullies were found upstream of the dam, contributing to the silting up of the reservoir and of the Pantanal Mineiro, an extensive wetland downstream of the SHP that is vital to the biodiversity of the region. Following a worldwide movement to reuse such structures, periodic dredging of part of the sediment retained in the reservoir is proposed, converting it into a trap to reduce the silting of the wetland by the upstream sediment, in addition to the creation of a reserve volume of water needed for agriculture and human consumption.
小型水力发电厂(SHPs)现役服务结束的困境之一是关于水坝的目的地。这是位于巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州的Pandeiros SHP的情况。目前正在考虑几种使其退役可行的替代方案,例如打开底部排放门和拆除水库围护堤。然而,在对该盆地最近研究的回顾中,在大坝上游发现了200多条活跃的沟渠,导致水库和潘塔纳尔米内罗的淤积,潘塔纳尔米内罗是SHP下游的一个广泛的湿地,对该地区的生物多样性至关重要。在世界范围内重复使用这种结构的运动之后,建议定期疏浚水库中保留的部分沉积物,将其转化为陷阱,以减少上游沉积物对湿地的淤积,此外还创造了农业和人类消费所需的储水量。
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引用次数: 0
Flooding and drying simulation on floodplains using a 2D HEC-RAS model: a Sinos river case study 利用二维HEC-RAS模型模拟洪泛区的洪水和干旱:以Sinos河为例研究
IF 0.8 Q3 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1590/2318-0331.272220220030
André Luís Tonin, R. Paiva
ABSTRACT The HEC-RAS software reaches its 6.0.0 version in May of 2021, introducing new computational tools to its users. Among these new tools, HEC-RAS is capable of simulating spatially varied rain and evaporation data by grid, constant values or table format. A 2D Sinos river model was created with the intent of testing mainly these two new tools. The Sinos river is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The model was calibrated and validated before being used. This article focus mainly in describing floodplain drying, those in which are used for agricultural purpose.
HEC-RAS软件将于2021年5月发布6.0.0版本,为用户提供新的计算工具。在这些新工具中,HEC-RAS能够以网格、常数值或表格格式模拟空间变化的降雨和蒸发数据。我们创建了一个二维Sinos河流模型,主要是为了测试这两个新工具。西诺斯河位于巴西南里奥格兰德州。模型在使用前经过校准和验证。本文主要介绍用于农业用途的洪泛区干燥情况。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
RBRH-Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hidricos
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