Clinical Psychological Science最新文献

The hypothesis that urgency, a trait quantifying individual differences in impulsive behaviors driven by intense emotions, moderates associations between affect and alcohol use has received inconsistent support in EMA research. This registered report tested whether trait- and state-level urgency moderate affect-substance use (alcohol and cannabis use) associations in young adults. 496 adults (aged 18-22) completed ecological momentary assessment surveys five times daily across 32 days over eight weekends. Positive affect was associated with increased alcohol use probability, while negative affect was associated with decreased alcohol use probability; cannabis use showed minimal associations with daily affect. Contrary to hypotheses, we found minimal evidence that urgency moderated daily affect-substance use associations. Interaction effects were consistently estimated around the null value with narrow credible intervals. Results challenge theoretical predictions about urgency's role in emotion-driven substance use and support simpler affect-substance use models.

Affective and interpersonal features of psychopathy are considered hallmarks of the disorder. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA), well-suited to examine dynamic processes in day-to-day life, has not been used to study how psychopathy influences emotional experiences and interpersonal behavior in adults. This preregistered study examined how psychopathy relates to socio-affective processes in daily life. Two samples enriched for traits related to psychopathy (Sample 1 N=142; Sample 2 N=159) completed EMA protocols focused on a variety of interpersonal and affective experiences (Observation N=8,137 to 16,460). The samples differed in sex and socioeconomic, age, and ethnic diversity, which allowed us to examine the replicability and generalizability of results. Results showed that psychopathy was related to distinct affective experiences in both samples (e.g., increased hostile affect), but was unrelated to diversity in affective experiences, and rarely moderated within-person socio-affective processes. Future directions for research on the affective and interpersonal processes of psychopathy are discussed.

Humans are generally biased to show implicit favoritism for in-group over out-group members, but developmental experiences may alter this process in important ways. Prior work has elucidated associations of family (i.e., in-group) violence exposure in childhood with risk for internalizing symptoms through weakened implicit favoritism for novel in-group members. The present study probes whether childhood violence exposure influences implicit bias and psychopathology differentially depending on the participant's relationship with the perpetrator (i.e., in-group vs. out-group member) at the time of exposure. We administered a minimal group assignment paradigm and implicit association test to 455 young adults aged 18-25. Young adults who experienced out-group violence in childhood showed stronger implicit in-group favoritism compared to those who experienced in-group or no violence. Implicit out-group favoritism was associated with increased alcohol use. Early-life experiences may shape innate preferences for novel in-group vs. out-group members in ways that have lasting implications for mental health.

In a large community sample of street-identified Black Americans (N=364, ages 16-54, 55.6% male), we examined the health risks posed by living in communities saturated with violence and how cannabis use may influence health outcomes. Cross-sectional data collected using Street-Participatory Action Research methodology and analyzed with hierarchical linear regressions indicated that violence exposure severity was differently related to physical and mental health outcomes depending on cannabis use. Specifically, links between more frequent violence exposure and elevations in blood pressure were significantly weaker among cannabis users compared to non-users. However, frequent violence exposure was also more strongly related to worse emotional functioning (e.g., symptoms of anxiety and depression) among cannabis users than non-cannabis users. Together, these findings suggest cannabis use may weaken the risk conferred by chronic violence exposure for poor cardiovascular health, but not for poor mental health, in underserved and highly stressed populations, like street-identified Black Americans.

In the present study, we explore the utility of latent transition analysis to better understand the developmental course of youths' externalizing psychopathology using the Oregon ADHD-1000 data set. Symptomatic latent classes at each age (i.e., 9, 12, and 15 years) were identified, and the corresponding latent transition probabilities and most common latent transition pathways were described. Impairment was examined for clinical validation. The most notable findings included a group of youths with persistent inattention from childhood through adolescence, distinct from youths who decreased in hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) with age, although HI persisted for some. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) occurred only alongside HI and was related to greater HI persistence. HI did not proceed later ODD; rather, HI and ODD were aligned in childhood and diverged slightly in adolescence. Collectively, with the present study's findings, we emphasize the importance of methods that allow for open exploration of which and how many symptoms are relevant at various points in development.

This post-registered study examined the daily associations between planned (versus unplanned) nicotine, cannabis, and alcohol use, and the moderating role of social normative factors (i.e., descriptive and injunctive norms, nicotine product exposure on social media) on these associations among sexual minority youth (SMY). Participants (N = 82) completed a baseline assessment then a 30-day ecological momentary assessment monitoring period. Plans to use substances early in the day were associated with greater later same-day substance use. Sexual minority friend descriptive norms were associated with greater unplanned nicotine use. Friend descriptive norms were associated with greater planned alcohol use. Friend descriptive norms moderated the associations between use plans and nicotine and alcohol use, and parental injunctive norms moderated the associations between use plans and nicotine use. These findings underscore behavioral intentions and social normative processes in substance use and suggest that tailoring interventions to address social norms may prove beneficial for SMY.

Diagnostic criteria from the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not fully address behavioral and clinical heterogeneity inherent to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, temperament-based profiles may help explain biological heterogeneity within the disorder. Temperament profiles have been defined and replicated among youths with ADHD and have demonstrated unique patterns of resting-state functional connectivity within a small sample. Two temperament profiles were identified by Kozlowski et al. in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, and in the present study, we sought to replicate and validate documented resting-state patterns. Functional connectivity between bilateral amygdalae and 12 Gordon networks was compared between profiles and typically developing (TD) youths. Surgent youths demonstrated stronger right amygdala-dorsal attention network connectivity (β = 0.0434) and right amygdala-retrosplenial temporal network connectivity (β = 0.0442) compared with TD youths. Irritable youths demonstrated unique connectivity patterns compared with TD and surgent youths; however, effects did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Findings provide support for future research examining temperament profiles among ADHD youths.

We investigated associations of romantic partners' alcohol use, cigarette smoking, personality, and psychological distress with alcohol use and binge drinking within a sample of Finnish twins who have initiated alcohol use (N = 1620, 51% female, mean age = 33.6 years) and their romantic partners. We also used twin modeling to examine whether partner characteristics moderate genetic influences on drinking behavior. Having a romantic partner with more frequent alcohol use and smoking was consistently associated with greater alcohol consumption and binge drinking, and partner alcohol use and smoking also moderated genetic influences on alcohol consumption. Further, a range of partner characteristics moderated genetic influences on binge drinking, such that the heritability of binge drinking was higher when partners reported less frequent alcohol use, greater smoking, lower conscientiousness, and higher extraversion, neuroticism, and psychological distress. These findings highlight the important, but complex, ways in which romantic partners contribute to drinking behavior.