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Effectiveness of a group psychological intervention to reduce psychosocial distress in adolescents in Pakistan: a single-blind, cluster randomised controlled trial 集体心理干预对减轻巴基斯坦青少年社会心理压力的效果:单盲、分组随机对照试验
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00101-9
Syed Usman Hamdani PhD , Zill-e Huma PhD , Aiysha Malik DPhil DClinPsych , Asad Tamizuddin-Nizami FCPS , Hashim Javed MSc , Prof Fareed Aslam Minhas FRCPsych , Prof Mark J D Jordans PhD , Prof Marit Sijbrandij PhD , Nadia Suleman MPhil , Um-ul Baneen MPhil , Prof Richard Allan Bryant PhD , Mark van Ommeren PhD , Prof Atif Rahman PhD , Prof Duolao Wang PhD

Background

Emotional problems in adolescents living in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) remain largely unaddressed; key reasons include a scarcity of trained mental health professionals and unavailability of evidence-based, scalable psychological interventions. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a non-specialist-delivered, group psychological intervention to reduce psychosocial distress in school-going adolescents in Pakistan.

Methods

In a two-arm, single-blind, cluster randomised controlled trial, eligible public school clusters from a rural subdistrict of Gujar Khan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, were randomised (1:1, stratified by sex) using permuted block randomisation into intervention (n=20) and wait-list control (n=20) groups. Adolescents aged 13–15 years who provided informed assent and caregivers’ consent were screened for psychosocial distress using the youth-reported Pediatric Symptoms Checklist (PSC; total psychosocial distress scores from 0 to 70), and those scoring 28 or more and their caregivers were enrolled into the trial. Adolescents in the intervention group received seven weekly group sessions and their caregivers received three biweekly group sessions in school settings from trained non-specialists. The primary outcome was change from baseline in the total PSC scores at 3 months post-intervention. The trial was registered prospectively with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry, ISRCTN17755448.

Findings

From the 40 school clusters that were included, 282 adolescents in the intervention group and 284 adolescents in the wait-list control group were enrolled between Nov 2 and Nov 30, 2021. At 3 months, adolescents in the intervention group had significantly lower mean total score on the PSC compared with adolescents in the control group (mean difference in change from baseline 3·48 [95% CI 1·66–5·29], p=0·0002, effect size 0·38 [95% CI 0·18–0·57]; adjusted mean difference 3·26 (95% CI 1·46–5·06], p=0·0004, effect size 0·35 (0·16–0·55). No adverse events were reported in either group.

Interpretation

The group psychological intervention most likely represents a feasible and effective option for adolescents with psychosocial distress in school settings.

Funding

UK Medical Research Council, Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office, Department of Health and Social Care.

Translation

For the Urdu translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

背景生活在中低收入国家(LMICs)的青少年的情绪问题在很大程度上仍未得到解决;主要原因包括缺乏训练有素的心理健康专业人员,以及缺乏循证、可扩展的心理干预措施。我们的目的是评估非专业人员提供的集体心理干预措施对减轻巴基斯坦在校青少年心理压力的效果。方法在一项双臂、单盲、分组随机对照试验中,巴基斯坦拉瓦尔品第古贾尔汗(Gujar Khan)一个农村分区符合条件的公立学校分组采用包络区组随机法(1:1,按性别分层)被随机分为干预组(20 人)和等待对照组(20 人)。使用青少年报告的儿科症状检查表(PSC;心理社会困扰总分 0 至 70 分)对提供知情同意和照顾者同意的 13-15 岁青少年进行心理社会困扰筛查,得分在 28 分或以上的青少年及其照顾者被纳入试验。干预组的青少年每周接受七节小组课程,而他们的照顾者则每两周在学校环境中接受三次由受过培训的非专业人员提供的小组课程。主要结果是干预后 3 个月时 PSC 总分与基线相比的变化。该试验在国际标准随机对照试验编号登记处(ISRCTN17755448)进行了前瞻性登记。研究结果在2021年11月2日至11月30日期间,40个学校集群共招募了282名干预组青少年和284名等待名单对照组青少年。3个月后,干预组青少年的PSC平均总分明显低于对照组青少年(与基线相比的平均差异为3-48 [95% CI 1-66-5-29],p=0-0002,效应大小为0-38 [95% CI 0-18-0-57];调整后的平均差异为3-26 (95% CI 1-46-5-06],p=0-0004,效应大小为0-35 (0-16-0-55))。两组均无不良事件报告。释义小组心理干预很可能是在学校环境中为有心理社会困扰的青少年提供的一种可行而有效的选择。
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引用次数: 0
Out of sync: antimicrobial drug development for children 脱节:为儿童开发抗菌药物
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00175-5
The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
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引用次数: 0
A community case detection tool to promote help-seeking for mental health care among children and adolescents in Ugandan refugee settlements: a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial 促进乌干达难民定居点儿童和青少年寻求心理保健帮助的社区病例检测工具:阶梯式楔形分组随机试验
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00130-5
Myrthe van den Broek MSc , Sandra Agondeze MSc , M Claire Greene PhD , Rosco Kasujja PhD , Anthony F Guevara MSc , Racheal Kisakye Tukahiirwa MSc , Prof Brandon A Kohrt MD , Prof Mark J D Jordans PhD
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Strategies to promote mental health care help-seeking among children are needed, especially in low-income and middle-income countries and in complex settings. The aim of this trial was to compare a vignette-based, community-level, proactive case detection tool (CCDT) against standard awareness raising for promoting mental health help-seeking among children and adolescents.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This stepped wedge cluster randomised trial was conducted in the Bidi Bidi, Kyaka II, Kyangwali, Omugo, and Rhino refugee settlements in Uganda. Community gatekeepers received a 2-day training session on using the CCDT to proactively detect children with mental health concerns and encourage children (or their caregivers) to use the mental health-care service run by Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Uganda. At baseline, organisations implemented routine detection or mental health awareness-raising activities. At cross-over to CCDT implementation, gatekeepers used the tool in their daily activities. The primary outcome was mental health-care service use by children and adolescents. Child population size estimates at the zone level were not available. Therefore, service use was calculated using total population size. We report the effect of CCDT implementation as an incidence rate ratio (IRR), which we produced from a model that accounts for calendar time, exposure time, and person-time. IRRs were estimated for the analysis of effect over time in the per-protocol and intention-to-treat populations. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN19056780.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>28 administrative zones were selected for trial participation by October, 2021. Between Jan 1, and Nov 8, 2022, seven clusters of four zones sequentially crossed over from routine care to CCDT implementation in 1-month intervals. The CCDT was implemented by 177 trained community gatekeepers. In 9 months, 2385 children visited a mental health-care service; of these, 1118 (47%) were girls and 1267 (53%) were boys (mean age 12·18 years [SD 4.03]). 1998 children made a first or re-entry visit to a service; of these, 937 (47%) were girls and 1061 (53%) were boys (mean age 12·08 years [SD 4·06]). Compared to standard awareness-raising activities, CCDT implementation was associated with an increase in mental health-care service use in the first month after implementation (20·91-fold change [95% CI 12·87–33·99]). Despite a slight decline in service use over time in both the CCDT and pre-CCDT zones, CCDT zones maintained a time-average 16·89-fold increase (95% CI 8·15–34·99) in mental health service use.</p></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><p>The CCDT enabled community gatekeepers to increase mental health-care service use by children and adolescents. Vignette-based strategies rooted in the community could become a valuable contribution towards reducing the mental health-care gap among children, especially when accompanie
背景需要制定促进儿童寻求心理保健帮助的策略,尤其是在中低收入国家和复杂环境中。这项试验的目的是比较一种基于小故事的社区级主动病例检测工具(CCDT)与标准的提高认识活动,以促进儿童和青少年寻求心理健康帮助。方法这项阶梯式楔形群组随机试验在乌干达的比迪比迪(Bidi Bidi)、基亚卡二期(Kyaka II)、康瓦利(Kyangwali)、奥穆戈(Omugo)和犀牛(Rhino)难民定居点进行。社区看门人接受了为期两天的培训,学习如何使用 CCDT 主动发现有心理健康问题的儿童,并鼓励儿童(或其看护人)使用乌干达跨文化社会心理组织提供的心理保健服务。在基线阶段,各组织开展常规检测或心理健康宣传活动。在交叉实施 CCDT 时,守门人在日常活动中使用该工具。主要结果是儿童和青少年使用心理保健服务的情况。没有地区一级的儿童人口估计数。因此,服务使用率是以总人口规模计算的。我们以发病率比 (IRR) 的形式报告了 CCDT 实施的效果,发病率比是我们根据日历时间、接触时间和个人时间模型计算得出的。我们估算了 IRR,用于分析按协议人群和意向治疗人群随时间变化的效果。该试验已在 ISRCTN 注册中心注册,注册号为 ISRCTN19056780。研究结果在 2021 年 10 月前选定了 28 个行政区参与试验。2022 年 1 月 1 日至 11 月 8 日期间,四个行政区的七个群组以 1 个月为间隔,依次从常规护理过渡到 CCDT 实施。CCDT 由 177 名经过培训的社区看门人负责实施。在 9 个月的时间里,共有 2385 名儿童接受了心理保健服务;其中 1118 名(47%)为女童,1267 名(53%)为男童(平均年龄为 12-18 岁 [SD 4.03])。1998名儿童首次或再次到心理健康服务机构就诊,其中937名(47%)为女孩,1061名(53%)为男孩(平均年龄12-08岁[SD 4-06])。与标准的提高认识活动相比,CCDT 的实施与实施后第一个月心理保健服务使用率的增加有关(20-91 倍的变化 [95% CI 12-87-33-99])。尽管随着时间的推移,CCDT 区域和 CCDT 前区域的服务使用率都略有下降,但 CCDT 区域的心理健康服务使用率仍保持了平均 16-89 倍的增长(95% CI 8-15-34-99)。扎根于社区的基于小故事的策略可以为缩小儿童心理保健差距做出宝贵贡献,尤其是在提供可获得的心理保健服务的情况下。
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引用次数: 0
Oral versus intravenous empirical antibiotics in children and adolescents with uncomplicated bone and joint infections: a nationwide, randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial in Denmark 对患有无并发症骨关节感染的儿童和青少年口服与静脉注射经验性抗生素的比较:在丹麦进行的一项全国性随机对照非劣效性试验
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00133-0
Allan Bybeck Nielsen MD , Mette Holm PhD , Morten S Lindhard PhD , Jonathan P Glenthøj MD , Luise Borch PhD , Ulla Hartling MD , Lisbeth S Schmidt PhD , Maren J H Rytter PhD , Annett H Rasmussen MD , Mads Damkjær PhD , Grethe Lemvik PhD , Jens J H Petersen MD , Mia J Søndergaard MD , Jesper Thaarup MD , Kim Kristensen DMSc , Lise H Jensen MD , Lotte H Hansen MD , Marie C Lawaetz MD , Martin Gottliebsen PhD , Tanja H Horsager MD , Ulrikka Nygaard PhD
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Bone and joint infections<span> (BJIs) are treated with intravenous antibiotics, which are burdensome and costly. No randomised controlled studies have compared if initial oral antibiotics are as effective as intravenous therapy. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of initial oral antibiotics compared with initial intravenous antibiotics followed by oral antibiotics in children and adolescents with uncomplicated BJIs.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span><span>From Sept 15, 2020, to June 30, 2023, this nationwide, randomised, non-inferiority trial included patients aged 3 months to 17 years with BJIs who presented to one of the 18 paediatric<span> hospital departments in Denmark. Exclusion criteria were severe infection (ie, septic shock, the need for acute surgery, or substantial soft tissue involvement), prosthetic material, comorbidity, previous BJIs, or </span></span>antibiotic therapy for longer than 24 h before inclusion. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1), stratified by C-reactive protein concentration (<35 mg/L </span><em>vs</em><span><span> ≥35 mg/L), to initially receive either high-dose oral antibiotics or intravenous ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg per day in one dose). High-dose oral antibiotics were coformulated </span>amoxicillin<span><span><span> (100 mg/kg per day) and clavulanic acid (12·5 mg/kg per day) in three doses for patients younger than 5 years or </span>dicloxacillin (200 mg/kg per day) in four doses for patients aged 5 years or older. After a minimum of 3 days, and upon clinical improvement and decrease in C-reactive protein, patients in both groups received oral antibiotics in standard doses. The primary outcome was </span>sequelae<span> after 6 months in patients with BJIs, defined as any atypical mobility or function of the affected bone or joint, assessed blindly, in all randomised patients who were not terminated early due to an alternative diagnosis (ie, not BJI) and who attended the primary outcome assessment. A risk difference in sequelae after 6 months of less than 5% implied non-inferiority of the oral treatment. Safety outcomes were serious complications, the need for surgery after initiation of antibiotics, and treatment-related adverse events in the as-randomised population. This trial was registered with </span></span></span><span><span>ClinicalTrials.gov</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>, <span><span>NCT04563325</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>248 children and adolescents with suspected BJIs were randomly assigned to initial oral antibiotics (n=123) or initial intravenous antibiotics (n=125). After exclusion of patients without BJIs (n=54) or consent withdrawal (n=2), 101 patients randomised to oral treatment and 91 patients randomised to intravenous treatment were included. Ten patients did not attend the primary outcome evaluation. Sequelae after 6 months occurred in none of 98 patients with BJIs in the oral group
背景骨与关节感染(BJIs)通常采用静脉注射抗生素的方式进行治疗,这种治疗方式既麻烦又昂贵。目前还没有随机对照研究对初始口服抗生素是否与静脉注射治疗同样有效进行比较。我们的目的是研究在患有无并发症 BJI 的儿童和青少年中,初始口服抗生素与初始静脉注射抗生素后再口服抗生素的疗效和安全性。方法从 2020 年 9 月 15 日到 2023 年 6 月 30 日,这项全国范围的随机、非劣效试验纳入了在丹麦 18 家儿科医院之一就诊的 3 个月到 17 岁 BJI 患者。排除标准包括严重感染(即脓毒性休克、需要急性手术或软组织严重受累)、假体材料、合并症、既往 BJI 或纳入前接受抗生素治疗超过 24 小时。根据 C 反应蛋白浓度(35 毫克/升与≥35 毫克/升)对患者进行分层随机分配(1:1),最初接受大剂量口服抗生素或静脉注射头孢曲松(每天 100 毫克/千克,一次剂量)。对于 5 岁以下的患者,大剂量口服抗生素为复方阿莫西林(每天 100 毫克/千克)和克拉维酸(每天 12-5 毫克/千克),分 3 次服用;对于 5 岁或以上的患者,大剂量口服抗生素为双氯西林(每天 200 毫克/千克),分 4 次服用。至少 3 天后,当临床症状改善且 C 反应蛋白下降时,两组患者均接受标准剂量的口服抗生素治疗。主要结果是对所有未因其他诊断(即非北京和睦家医院)而提前终止治疗并参加主要结果评估的随机患者进行盲法评估,评估北京和睦家医院患者6个月后的后遗症,定义为受影响骨或关节的任何非典型活动度或功能。6个月后后遗症的风险差异小于5%意味着口服治疗的非劣效性。安全性结果为严重并发症、开始使用抗生素后的手术需求以及随机人群中与治疗相关的不良事件。该试验已在ClinicalTrials.gov上注册,编号为NCT04563325.研究结果248名疑似BJI的儿童和青少年被随机分配到初始口服抗生素(人数=123)或初始静脉注射抗生素(人数=125)。在排除了没有BJI(54人)或撤回同意书(2人)的患者后,101名患者被随机分配到口服治疗,91名患者被随机分配到静脉注射治疗。10名患者未参加主要结果评估。6个月后,口服组98名BJI患者中无一人出现后遗症,静脉注射组84名BJI患者中无一人出现后遗症(风险差异为0,单侧97-5% CI为0-0至3-8,非劣效性=0-012)。随机分组后,口服组 123 名患者中有 12 人(9-8%)接受了手术,而静脉注射组 125 名患者中有 7 人(5-6%)接受了手术(风险差异为 4-2%,95% CI 为 -2-7 至 11-5)。我们没有观察到严重的并发症。在无并发症的儿童和青少年 BJI 患者中,初始口服抗生素治疗效果并不优于初始静脉注射抗生素后再进行口服治疗的效果。这项研究结果为无并发症BJI的口服治疗带来了希望,避免了静脉导管的使用,符合抗菌药物管理的原则。
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引用次数: 0
Childhood growth hormone treatment: challenges, opportunities, and considerations 儿童生长激素治疗:挑战、机遇和注意事项。
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00127-5

With long standing demand and popularity, growth hormone treatments continue to be a topic of interest for paediatric endocrinologists and general paediatricians due to ongoing issues regarding their long-term effects, the safety of childhood treatment, and the introduction of long-acting growth hormone preparations in the past decade. Moreover, uncertainty regarding how to approach individual patients and their treatment indications remains, particularly concerning tailored treatment goals and objectives; this uncertainty is further complicated by the multitude of approved indications that surpass substitution therapy. The paediatric endocrinologist thus grapples with pertinent questions, such as what defines reasonable treatment goals for each individual given their indications, and when (and how) to initiate the necessary discussions about risks and benefits with patients and their families. The aim of this Review is to offer advanced physiological concepts of growth hormone function, map out approved paediatric indications for treatment along with evidence on their effects and safety, highlight controversies and complexities surrounding childhood growth hormone treatment, and discuss the potential of long-acting growth hormone and future directions in the realm of childhood growth hormone treatment.

由于生长激素治疗的长期效果、儿童治疗的安全性以及过去十年中长效生长激素制剂的引入等问题,生长激素治疗一直是儿科内分泌专家和普通儿科医生关注的话题。此外,在如何对待个体患者及其治疗适应症方面仍然存在不确定性,特别是在量身定制的治疗目标和目的方面;而替代疗法之外的众多获批适应症又使这种不确定性变得更加复杂。因此,儿科内分泌医师需要努力解决一些相关问题,如如何根据每个人的适应症确定合理的治疗目标,以及何时(以及如何)与患者及其家属就风险和益处展开必要的讨论。本综述旨在提供有关生长激素功能的先进生理学概念,列出已获批准的儿科治疗适应症及其效果和安全性证据,强调围绕儿童生长激素治疗的争议和复杂性,并讨论长效生长激素的潜力和儿童生长激素治疗领域的未来发展方向。
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引用次数: 0
Child abuse and neglect-related murders in South Africa: a comparison of two national surveys in 2009 and 2017 南非与虐待和忽视儿童有关的谋杀案:2009 年和 2017 年两次全国性调查的比较。
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00110-X
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Population-based statistics on deaths from child abuse and neglect are only routinely available in countries that have reliable national statistics on child murder. For low-income and middle-income countries, relatively little is known about prevalence trends of child murder. South Africa is an exception, having conducted dedicated national studies on child murders for 2009 and 2017 to provide data on child murders overall and on child abuse and neglect-related murders. We aimed to compare child abuse and neglect-related murders in South Africa across two surveys to determine any change between 2009 and 2017.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted two retrospective national mortuary-based surveys on murder of children aged 0–17 years for 2009 and 2017 from a proportionate random sample of medico-legal laboratories in South Africa. A sampling frame of medico-legal laboratories for each study year was prepared with stratification by medico-legal laboratory size. A minimum of 2 years after the crime was allowed before data collection to enable progression of the investigation process. Child abuse and neglect-related murders were identified using both medico-legal laboratory post-mortem autopsy reports and police data. To identify a child abuse and neglect-related murder, we primarily used the framework of abuse happening within the context of responsibility of care arrangements but broadened this to include all perpetrators and abuse identified from the data. We stratified age into 0–4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–17 years and further stratified children younger than 5 years into early neonates (newborns killed within 6 days of birth), 7 days to 11 months, and 1–4 years. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs to compare rates between 2009 and 2017.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>An estimated 458 (95% CI 377–539) children in 2009 and 213 (179–247) children in 2017 were murdered in circumstances of child abuse and neglect. The percentage of all child murders that were child abuse and neglect-related declined from 2009 to 2017 (458 [45·0%] of 1018 in 2009 <em>vs</em> 213 [25·0%] of 851 in 2017), with the overall age-standardised rate decreasing from 2·6 to 1·1 per 100 000 children aged 0–17 years (IRR 0·43 [95% CI 0·35–0·54]). Girls represented 276 (60·3%) of 458 murders in 2009, which declined to 96 (45·1%) of 213 murders in 2017, and boys represented 178 (38·9%) of 458 murders in 2009 and 109 (51·4%) of 213 murders in 2017. The decrease was statistically significant for girls in the 0–4 year (IRR 0·33 [0·22–0·49]) and 5–9 year (0·33 [0·15–0·73]) age groups and for boys in the 0–4 year age group (0·49 [0·33–0·71]). Among early neonates (within 6 days of birth), the decrease in child abuse and neglect-related murders was more pronounced among girls than among boys (IRR 0·33 [95% CI 0·19–0·56] <em>vs</em> 0·46 [0·28–0·77]).</p></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><p>Child abuse and neglect-related murders are com
背景:只有在拥有可靠的全国谋杀儿童统计数据的国家,才能定期获得基于人口的虐待和忽视儿童死亡统计数据。对于低收入和中等收入国家而言,人们对儿童谋杀案的流行趋势知之甚少。南非是一个例外,该国对 2009 年和 2017 年的儿童谋杀案进行了专门的国家研究,提供了儿童谋杀案的总体数据以及与虐待和忽视儿童相关的谋杀案数据。我们旨在比较南非两次调查中与虐待和忽视儿童相关的谋杀案,以确定 2009 年至 2017 年间的任何变化:我们从南非的医学法律实验室中按比例随机抽样,对 2009 年和 2017 年基于停尸房的 0-17 岁儿童谋杀案进行了两次回顾性全国调查。我们为每个研究年份准备了一个医学法律实验室抽样框架,并根据医学法律实验室的规模进行了分层。在收集数据之前,至少允许在犯罪发生后两年内进行调查,以便使调查过程取得进展。与虐待和忽视儿童相关的谋杀案是通过法医实验室尸检报告和警方数据确定的。为了确定与虐待和忽视儿童相关的谋杀案,我们主要使用了在照顾责任安排背景下发生的虐待框架,但将其扩大到包括从数据中确定的所有犯罪者和虐待行为。我们将年龄分为 0-4、5-9、10-14 和 15-17 岁,并将 5 岁以下的儿童进一步分为早期新生儿(出生后 6 天内死亡的新生儿)、7 天至 11 个月的儿童和 1-4 岁的儿童。我们计算了发病率比(IRR)及 95% CI,以比较 2009 年至 2017 年的发病率:据估计,2009 年有 458 名(95% CI 为 377-539 名)儿童在虐待和忽视儿童的情况下被谋杀,2017 年有 213 名(179-247 名)儿童在虐待和忽视儿童的情况下被谋杀。从2009年到2017年,与虐待和忽视儿童有关的谋杀案占所有儿童谋杀案的比例有所下降(2009年为458起[45-0%],占1018起;2017年为213起[25-0%],占851起),总体年龄标准化比率从每10万名0-17岁儿童中2-6起降至1-1起(IRR为0-43[95% CI为0-35-0-54])。在 2009 年的 458 起谋杀案中,女孩占 276 起(60-3%),而在 2017 年的 213 起谋杀案中,女孩占 96 起(45-1%);在 2009 年的 458 起谋杀案中,男孩占 178 起(38-9%),而在 2017 年的 213 起谋杀案中,男孩占 109 起(51-4%)。0-4岁(IRR为0-33[0-22-0-49])和5-9岁(0-33[0-15-0-73])年龄组的女童和0-4岁年龄组的男童(0-49[0-33-0-71])的死亡率下降具有统计学意义。在早期新生儿(出生后 6 天内)中,与虐待和忽视儿童相关的谋杀案的减少在女孩中比在男孩中更为明显(IRR 0-33 [95% CI 0-19-0-56] vs 0-46 [0-28-0-77]):在南非,与虐待和忽视儿童有关的谋杀案很常见,但我们的研究表明,这些谋杀案是可以减少的。这些谋杀案的高发率表明,有必要继续开展研究和监测,以便为有针对性的优先干预措施提供信息,并更好地了解儿童抚养政策的影响:福特基金会和南非医学研究委员会。
{"title":"Child abuse and neglect-related murders in South Africa: a comparison of two national surveys in 2009 and 2017","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00110-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00110-X","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Population-based statistics on deaths from child abuse and neglect are only routinely available in countries that have reliable national statistics on child murder. For low-income and middle-income countries, relatively little is known about prevalence trends of child murder. South Africa is an exception, having conducted dedicated national studies on child murders for 2009 and 2017 to provide data on child murders overall and on child abuse and neglect-related murders. We aimed to compare child abuse and neglect-related murders in South Africa across two surveys to determine any change between 2009 and 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We conducted two retrospective national mortuary-based surveys on murder of children aged 0–17 years for 2009 and 2017 from a proportionate random sample of medico-legal laboratories in South Africa. A sampling frame of medico-legal laboratories for each study year was prepared with stratification by medico-legal laboratory size. A minimum of 2 years after the crime was allowed before data collection to enable progression of the investigation process. Child abuse and neglect-related murders were identified using both medico-legal laboratory post-mortem autopsy reports and police data. To identify a child abuse and neglect-related murder, we primarily used the framework of abuse happening within the context of responsibility of care arrangements but broadened this to include all perpetrators and abuse identified from the data. We stratified age into 0–4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–17 years and further stratified children younger than 5 years into early neonates (newborns killed within 6 days of birth), 7 days to 11 months, and 1–4 years. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs to compare rates between 2009 and 2017.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Findings&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;An estimated 458 (95% CI 377–539) children in 2009 and 213 (179–247) children in 2017 were murdered in circumstances of child abuse and neglect. The percentage of all child murders that were child abuse and neglect-related declined from 2009 to 2017 (458 [45·0%] of 1018 in 2009 &lt;em&gt;vs&lt;/em&gt; 213 [25·0%] of 851 in 2017), with the overall age-standardised rate decreasing from 2·6 to 1·1 per 100 000 children aged 0–17 years (IRR 0·43 [95% CI 0·35–0·54]). Girls represented 276 (60·3%) of 458 murders in 2009, which declined to 96 (45·1%) of 213 murders in 2017, and boys represented 178 (38·9%) of 458 murders in 2009 and 109 (51·4%) of 213 murders in 2017. The decrease was statistically significant for girls in the 0–4 year (IRR 0·33 [0·22–0·49]) and 5–9 year (0·33 [0·15–0·73]) age groups and for boys in the 0–4 year age group (0·49 [0·33–0·71]). Among early neonates (within 6 days of birth), the decrease in child abuse and neglect-related murders was more pronounced among girls than among boys (IRR 0·33 [95% CI 0·19–0·56] &lt;em&gt;vs&lt;/em&gt; 0·46 [0·28–0·77]).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Interpretation&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Child abuse and neglect-related murders are com","PeriodicalId":54238,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","volume":"8 8","pages":"Pages 589-599"},"PeriodicalIF":19.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Antara Ganguli: rethinking gender equality in and through education Antara Ganguli:在教育中并通过教育重新思考性别平等。
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00165-2
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引用次数: 0
Tracheomalacia and tracheomegaly in infants and children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia managed with and without fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO): a multicentre, retrospective cohort study 多中心、回顾性队列研究:使用或不使用胎儿镜腔内气管闭塞术(FETO)治疗先天性膈疝婴幼儿气管畸形和气管肥大。
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00109-3
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Temporary fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) promotes lung growth and increases survival in selected fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). FETO is performed percutaneously by inserting into the trachea a balloon designed for vascular occlusion. However, reports on the potential postnatal side-effects of the balloon are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tracheomalacia in infants with CDH managed with and without FETO and other consequences related to the use of the balloon.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this multicentre, retrospective cohort study, we included infants who were live born with CDH, either with FETO or without, who were managed postnatally at four centres (UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France; BCNatal, Barcelona, Spain; and HCor-Heart Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil) between April 5, 2002, and June 2, 2021. We primarily assessed the prevalence of all (symptomatic and asymptomatic) tracheomalacia as reported in medical records among infants with and without FETO. Secondarily we assessed the prevalence of symptomatic tracheomalacia and its resolution as reported in medical records, and compared tracheal diameters as measured on postnatal x-rays. Crude and adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% CIs were calculated via modified Poisson regression models with robust error variances for potential association between FETO and tracheomalacia. Variables included in the adjusted model were the side of the hernia, observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio, and gestational age at birth. Crude and adjusted mean differences and 95% CIs were calculated via linear regression models to assess the presence and magnitude of association between FETO and tracheal diameters. In infants who had undergone FETO we also assessed the localisation of balloon remnants on x-rays, and the methods used for reversal of occlusion and potential complications associated with balloon remnants as documented in clinical records. Finally we investigated whether the presence of balloon remnants was influenced by the interval between balloon removal and delivery.</p></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><p>505 neonates were included in the study, of whom 287 had undergone FETO and 218 had not. Tracheomalacia was reported in 18 (6%) infants who had undergone FETO and in three (1%) who had not (aRR 6·17 [95% CI 1·83–20·75]; p=0·0030). Tracheomalacia was first reported in the FETO group at a median of 5·0 months (IQR 0·8–13·0). Symptomatic tracheomalacia was reported in 13 (5%) infants who had undergone FETO, which resolved in ten (77%) children by 55·0 months (IQR 14·0–83·0). On average, infants who had undergone FETO had a 31·3% wider trachea (with FETO tracheal diameter 7·43 mm [SD 1·24], without FETO tracheal diameter 5·10 mm [SD 0·84]; crude mean difference 2·32 [95% CI 2·11–2·54]; p<0·0001; adjusted mean difference 2·62 [95% CI 2·35–2·89]; p<0·0001). At birth, the metallic compone
背景:临时胎儿镜腔内气管闭塞术(FETO)可促进肺部生长,提高部分先天性膈疝(CDH)胎儿的存活率。FETO 是通过经皮方式将专为血管闭塞设计的气球插入气管而进行的。然而,有关该球囊产后潜在副作用的报道却很少。本研究旨在评估使用或未使用 FETO 的 CDH 婴儿中气管瘘的发生率以及与使用球囊有关的其他后果:在这项多中心回顾性队列研究中,我们纳入了 2002 年 4 月 5 日至 2021 年 6 月 2 日期间在四个中心(比利时鲁汶 UZ Leuven、法国克拉马特 Antoine Béclère、西班牙巴塞罗那 BCNatal 和巴西圣保罗 HCor-Heart 医院)接受产后管理的 CDH 活产婴儿,这些婴儿既有使用 FETO 的,也有未使用 FETO 的。我们主要评估了医疗记录中报告的患有和未患有 FETO 的婴儿中所有(无症状和无症状)气管异位症的患病率。其次,我们评估了医疗记录中报告的无症状气管异位症的发病率及其缓解情况,并比较了产后X光片测量的气管直径。通过修正的泊松回归模型计算出粗略风险比(aRR)和调整风险比(95% CI),该模型具有稳健的误差方差,以确定FETO与气管异位症之间的潜在关联。调整模型中的变量包括疝的一侧、观察到的肺头比和出生时的胎龄。通过线性回归模型计算粗略和调整后的平均差异及 95% CI,以评估 FETO 与气管直径之间是否存在关联以及关联的程度。在接受过 FETO 的婴儿中,我们还评估了 X 光片上球囊残留物的位置、用于逆转闭塞的方法以及临床记录中与球囊残留物相关的潜在并发症。最后,我们还研究了球囊残余的存在是否受球囊取出与分娩之间间隔时间的影响:研究共纳入 505 名新生儿,其中 287 名接受过 FETO,218 名未接受过。据报告,18 名(6%)接受过 FETO 的婴儿和 3 名(1%)未接受过 FETO 的婴儿出现气管瘘(aRR 6-17 [95% CI 1-83-20-75]; p=0-0030)。FETO 组首次报告气管瘘的时间中位数为 5-0 个月(IQR 0-8-13-0)。13例(5%)接受FETO手术的婴儿出现气管异位症状,其中10例(77%)在55-0个月(IQR 14-0-83-0)时症状消失。平均而言,接受 FETO 的婴儿气管宽 31-3%(接受 FETO 的气管直径为 7-43 mm [SD 1-24],未接受 FETO 的气管直径为 5-10 mm [SD 0-84];粗平均差为 2-32 [95% CI 2-11-2-54];P 解释:虽然 FETO 与气管直径增大和气管瘘概率增加有关,但无症状气管瘘通常会随着时间的推移而缓解。如果在分娩前 24 小时内逆转闭塞,则金属球囊组件滞留的风险较高。最后,在随访期间,没有关于球囊金属成分在体内残留的副作用的报道。需要进行更长期的随访,以确保日后不会出现气管问题:无。
{"title":"Tracheomalacia and tracheomegaly in infants and children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia managed with and without fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO): a multicentre, retrospective cohort study","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00109-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00109-3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Temporary fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) promotes lung growth and increases survival in selected fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). FETO is performed percutaneously by inserting into the trachea a balloon designed for vascular occlusion. However, reports on the potential postnatal side-effects of the balloon are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tracheomalacia in infants with CDH managed with and without FETO and other consequences related to the use of the balloon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this multicentre, retrospective cohort study, we included infants who were live born with CDH, either with FETO or without, who were managed postnatally at four centres (UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France; BCNatal, Barcelona, Spain; and HCor-Heart Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil) between April 5, 2002, and June 2, 2021. We primarily assessed the prevalence of all (symptomatic and asymptomatic) tracheomalacia as reported in medical records among infants with and without FETO. Secondarily we assessed the prevalence of symptomatic tracheomalacia and its resolution as reported in medical records, and compared tracheal diameters as measured on postnatal x-rays. Crude and adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) and 95% CIs were calculated via modified Poisson regression models with robust error variances for potential association between FETO and tracheomalacia. Variables included in the adjusted model were the side of the hernia, observed-to-expected lung-to-head ratio, and gestational age at birth. Crude and adjusted mean differences and 95% CIs were calculated via linear regression models to assess the presence and magnitude of association between FETO and tracheal diameters. In infants who had undergone FETO we also assessed the localisation of balloon remnants on x-rays, and the methods used for reversal of occlusion and potential complications associated with balloon remnants as documented in clinical records. Finally we investigated whether the presence of balloon remnants was influenced by the interval between balloon removal and delivery.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Findings&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;505 neonates were included in the study, of whom 287 had undergone FETO and 218 had not. Tracheomalacia was reported in 18 (6%) infants who had undergone FETO and in three (1%) who had not (aRR 6·17 [95% CI 1·83–20·75]; p=0·0030). Tracheomalacia was first reported in the FETO group at a median of 5·0 months (IQR 0·8–13·0). Symptomatic tracheomalacia was reported in 13 (5%) infants who had undergone FETO, which resolved in ten (77%) children by 55·0 months (IQR 14·0–83·0). On average, infants who had undergone FETO had a 31·3% wider trachea (with FETO tracheal diameter 7·43 mm [SD 1·24], without FETO tracheal diameter 5·10 mm [SD 0·84]; crude mean difference 2·32 [95% CI 2·11–2·54]; p&lt;0·0001; adjusted mean difference 2·62 [95% CI 2·35–2·89]; p&lt;0·0001). At birth, the metallic compone","PeriodicalId":54238,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","volume":"8 8","pages":"Pages 580-588"},"PeriodicalIF":19.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141447932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The importance of ongoing follow-up for the developmental consequences of fetal therapies 持续跟踪胎儿治疗对发育的影响非常重要。
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00161-5
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引用次数: 0
Building safe societies out of safe schools: protecting the rights of schoolgirls 从安全的学校建设安全的社会:保护女学生的权利。
IF 19.9 1区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00160-3
{"title":"Building safe societies out of safe schools: protecting the rights of schoolgirls","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00160-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2352-4642(24)00160-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54238,"journal":{"name":"Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","volume":"8 11","pages":"Pages 780-782"},"PeriodicalIF":19.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
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