Global Ecology and Conservation最新文献

Gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance genes in endangered migratory Scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus) in northeast China 中国东北濒危洄游鱼鹰的肠道微生物群和抗生素耐药基因

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03233

Studying the diversity of gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in endangered migratory birds, as well as their responses to different environments, can reflect the health status of migratory birds and the ecological risk of ARG transmission. The globally endangered Scaly-sided merganser (Mergus squamatus) is a typical migratory bird, yet the diversity of its intestinal microbiota and ARGs has not been reported. In this study, fecal samples were collected from two major riparian foraging areas utilized by M. squamatus in the Changbai Mountains of China: the Lushui River and the Manjiang River. The gut microbiota and ARG composition were characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon and metagenomic sequencing. The results indicated that the relative abundance of gut microbiota in the two habitats differed significantly, but the core flora was similar. Moreover, the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria was high, suggesting that M. squamatus faces a high risk of disease. A total of 382 ARGs were identified, which were primarily resistant to multidrug, tetracycline, macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins, and mupirocin. MsbA, abcA, rpoB2, and tetT were the most abundant shared ARGs between the two sites. The findings demonstrate that habitat influences the diversity of gut microbiota and ARGs in the endangered migratory M. squamatus. This species could serve as a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria and ARGs. Therefore, monitoring the diversity of gut microbiota and ARGs in M. squamatus across different habitats is essential for a comprehensive assessment of its health status and the ecological risk of ARG transmission in the future.

研究濒危候鸟肠道微生物群和抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）的多样性及其对不同环境的反应，可以反映候鸟的健康状况和ARGs传播的生态风险。全球濒危鸟类鳞边梅花鹿（Mergus squamatus）是一种典型的候鸟，但其肠道微生物群和 ARGs 的多样性尚未见报道。本研究从中国长白山的泸水河和满江河这两个鳞冠鸟主要的河岸觅食区采集了粪便样本。利用 16S rRNA 扩增子和元基因组测序技术对肠道微生物群和 ARG 组成进行了表征。结果表明，两种生境中肠道微生物群的相对丰度差异显著，但核心菌群相似。此外，致病菌的相对丰度很高，这表明鳞虾面临着很高的疾病风险。共鉴定出 382 个 ARGs，它们主要对多种药物、四环素、大环内酯类-林可酰胺类-链霉素和莫匹罗星具有抗药性。MsbA、abcA、rpoB2 和 tetT 是两个地点之间最丰富的共有 ARGs。研究结果表明，栖息地会影响濒危洄游壁虎肠道微生物群和ARGs的多样性。该物种可能是病原菌和 ARGs 的储藏库。因此，在不同的栖息地监测沼泽蛙肠道微生物群和ARGs的多样性对于全面评估其健康状况和未来ARG传播的生态风险至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Phylogeography and population genomics of the critically endangered aquatic plant Caldesia grandis in China 中国极度濒危水生植物菖蒲的系统地理学和种群基因组学

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03235

Caldesia grandis, a critically endangered aquatic species, is predominantly found in the mid-low mountainous swamps of subtropical China. This study assessed the genetic diversity and population structure of the species using RAD-seq data, explored its phylogeography across the extant nine populations based on five plastid DNA (ptDNA) regions, and conducted niche modeling analysis. We found low genetic diversity (H_E = 0.180, H_o = 0.222, and π = 0.197) and genetic differentiation among populations (Fst = 0.089), which was likely due to genetic drift in small populations and frequent inter-population contact during the Quaternary period. Although RAD-seq analysis did not reveal a clear population structure, two distinct clades, comprising western and eastern populations, were identified using five ptDNA haplotypes. Molecular dating and niche modeling suggested that the uplift of the Luoxiao Mts may have contributed to the divergence of the eastern and western clades (ca. 1.51 Ma)during the Pleistocene, which also supports the hypothesis that the Nanling Mts acted as a refugium for C. grandis. Additionally, the repeated glacial periods of the Quaternary, accompanied by contraction and expansion of suitable habitats, likely facilitated gene exchange among populations, influencing the current distribution pattern in subtropical China. Our results suggested that each ptDNA haplotype should be treated as an independent unit for conservation purposes, and ex-situ efforts should be prioritized to conserve C. grandis in China.

大菖蒲是一种极度濒危的水生物种，主要分布于中国亚热带的中低山沼泽地带。本研究利用RAD-seq数据评估了该物种的遗传多样性和种群结构，基于5个质体DNA（ptDNA）区域探讨了其现存9个种群的系统地理学，并进行了生态位建模分析。我们发现，种群间遗传多样性（HE = 0.180，Ho = 0.222，π = 0.197）和遗传分化（Fst = 0.089）较低，这可能是由于小种群的遗传漂移和第四纪期间频繁的种群间接触造成的。虽然 RAD-seq 分析并未揭示清晰的种群结构，但利用五个 ptDNA 单倍型确定了两个不同的支系，包括西部和东部种群。分子测年和生态位建模表明，罗霄山脉的隆起可能是更新世期间东西两个支系分化（约 1.51 Ma）的原因之一，这也支持了南岭山地作为大冠花蟾栖息地的假说。此外，第四纪冰川期的反复，伴随着适宜栖息地的收缩和扩张，很可能促进了种群间的基因交流，影响了目前中国亚热带地区的分布格局。我们的研究结果表明，出于保护目的，每个ptDNA单倍型都应被视为一个独立的单元，并应优先考虑在原地保护中国的大戟科植物。

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引用次数: 0

Conservation agriculture compared to conventional tillage improves the trade-off between ground-dwelling arthropod trophic groups for natural pest regulation in cotton cropping systems 与传统耕作相比，保护性耕作改善了棉花种植系统中地栖节肢动物营养群之间的权衡，从而实现病虫害的自然控制

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03223

Conservation agriculture is an innovative approach based on minimal soil disturbance, soil cover with crop residues, and crop rotation, which increases the biodiversity of soil macrofauna thus contributing to nutrient cycling and soil aggregation. In addition, macrofaunal abundance may play a role at regulating insect pest populations. The study aims to predict the effects of soil management practices (conventional tillage and conservation agriculture) on the abundance of soil macrofauna and herbivore predation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) based cropping systems. We conducted a field experiment with a randomized complete block comprising two treatments, Conventional Tillage (CT) and Conservation Agriculture (CA), and six replications in a cotton-maize rotation system from 2020 to 2023. Soil monoliths and pitfall traps were installed in both treatments to collect ground-dwelling arthropods, to analyse the influence of soil management practices on their abundance, their trophic groups, and the rate of pest predation by generalist predators. Pest predation rates were assessed using artificial caterpillars made from plasticine. The results showed significant positive effects of soil management practices on herbivory rate, herbivore abundance, predator abundance, omnivore-predator abundance and pest predation rate. The average herbivory rate was 9.8 % in the conservation agriculture plots and 11.6 % in the conventional tillage plots. Overall, the predation rate was 58.9 % in the conservation agriculture plots and 21.8 % in the conventional tillage plots. The abundance of predators and of omnivore-predators were significantly higher in conservation agriculture than in conventional tillage. These findings suggest that conservation agriculture practices improve soil macrofauna and pest regulation, with potential benefits on soil quality and sustainability in cotton cropping systems.

保护性农业是一种创新方法，其基础是尽量减少对土壤的扰动、用作物残茬覆盖土壤和轮作，从而增加土壤大型动物的生物多样性，促进养分循环和土壤聚合。此外，大型底栖生物的丰度可能对害虫种群起到调节作用。本研究旨在预测土壤管理方法（传统耕作和保护性农业）对棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L.）种植系统中土壤大型底栖动物数量和食草动物捕食的影响。我们于 2020 年至 2023 年在棉花-玉米轮作系统中进行了一项田间试验，试验采用随机完全区组，包括常规耕作（CT）和保护性农业（CA）两种处理和六个重复。在两个处理中都安装了土壤单体和坑式陷阱，以收集地栖节肢动物，分析土壤管理措施对其丰度、营养群和一般捕食者对害虫捕食率的影响。害虫捕食率是用塑料制成的人工毛虫进行评估的。结果表明，土壤管理措施对食草动物捕食率、食草动物丰度、捕食者丰度、杂食性捕食者丰度和害虫捕食率都有明显的积极影响。保护性耕作地块的平均草食率为 9.8%，常规耕作地块的平均草食率为 11.6%。总体而言，保护性耕作地块的捕食率为 58.9%，常规耕作地块为 21.8%。保护性耕作地块的捕食者和杂食性捕食者数量明显高于常规耕作地块。这些研究结果表明，保护性耕作能改善土壤大型动物和害虫的调节能力，对棉花种植系统的土壤质量和可持续性具有潜在的益处。

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引用次数: 0

Insect conservation in agricultural landscapes needs both high crop heterogeneity and semi-natural habitats 农业景观中的昆虫保护需要高度的作物异质性和半自然栖息地

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03218

Identifying landscapes that are suitable for both biodiversity conservation and agricultural production is a major challenge. Traditionally, much research has focused on biodiversity conservation outside of agricultural production areas, e.g., in semi-natural habitats. In contrast, recent research has mainly focused on the potential of crop heterogeneity. This includes both compositional (crop diversity) and configurational heterogeneity (field border density). However, if and how crop heterogeneity, and semi-natural habitats interact to shape insect diversity in agricultural landscapes remains poorly understood. Here we investigated the combined effects of crop diversity, field border density, and semi-natural habitats (i.e., grassland proportion, hedge density) on insect diversity. We sampled insect communities from 14 – 17 June 2021 with pan traps in 27 study landscapes (500 m x 500 m) covering independent gradients of these landscape variables and identified a total of 587 insect species with DNA metabarcoding. We found that field border density mediated the effects of crop diversity, grassland proportion, and hedge density on insect richness. At low levels of field border density (i.e., landscapes with mostly large fields), effects were either neutral (crop diversity), negative (grassland proportion) or weakly positive (hedge density). By contrast, at high levels of field border density, crop diversity, grassland proportion, and hedge density all exerted positive effects on insect richness. Responses to crop heterogeneity and semi-natural habitat differed among trophic groups of insects (decomposers, herbivores, parasitoids, predators). While variation in richness of herbivorous insects followed the patterns of the overall richness, decomposer richness was not related to any of the investigated variables. Predator richness increased with hedge density in landscapes, whereas parasitoid richness increased when high levels of field border density and grassland proportion coincided. Our study shows that increasing crop heterogeneity is a viable strategy for promoting insect diversity in agricultural landscapes. However, the effects of the amount of remaining semi-natural habitats, such as grassland or hedges, are mediated by configurational heterogeneity, and vary between trophic groups. Efforts to conserve insects in agricultural landscapes must therefore focus on both increasing the heterogeneity of the crop matrix by promoting crop diversity and increasing the density of field borders, while also maintaining or restoring semi-natural habitats as important source habitats for insect species.

确定既适合生物多样性保护又适合农业生产的景观是一项重大挑战。传统上，许多研究都侧重于农业生产区以外的生物多样性保护，例如半自然栖息地。相比之下，近期的研究主要集中在作物异质性的潜力上。这包括组成异质性（作物多样性）和配置异质性（田间边界密度）。然而，人们对作物异质性和半自然栖息地是否以及如何相互作用形成农业景观中的昆虫多样性仍然知之甚少。在此，我们研究了作物多样性、田间边界密度和半自然栖息地（即草地比例、树篱密度）对昆虫多样性的综合影响。2021 年 6 月 14 - 17 日，我们在 27 个研究景观（500 米 x 500 米）中使用盘式诱捕器对昆虫群落进行了取样，这些景观变量覆盖了独立梯度，并通过 DNA 代谢编码鉴定了共 587 种昆虫。我们发现，田边密度介导了作物多样性、草地比例和树篱密度对昆虫丰富度的影响。在田地边界密度较低的情况下（即大部分为大面积田地的景观），影响要么是中性的（作物多样性），要么是负的（草地比例），要么是弱正的（树篱密度）。相比之下，在田边密度较高的情况下，作物多样性、草地比例和绿篱密度都对昆虫丰富度产生了积极影响。不同营养昆虫群（分解者、食草动物、寄生虫、捕食者）对作物异质性和半自然生境的反应各不相同。食草昆虫丰富度的变化遵循总体丰富度的模式，而分解者的丰富度则与任何调查变量无关。捕食者的丰富度随景观中绿篱密度的增加而增加，而寄生虫的丰富度则在田边密度和草地比例较高的情况下增加。我们的研究表明，增加作物异质性是促进农业景观中昆虫多样性的可行策略。然而，剩余半自然栖息地（如草地或树篱）的数量对昆虫多样性的影响是由配置异质性介导的，并且在不同的营养群之间存在差异。因此，保护农业景观中昆虫的工作必须侧重于通过促进作物多样性和增加田间边界密度来增加作物基质的异质性，同时还要保持或恢复作为昆虫物种重要来源栖息地的半自然栖息地。

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引用次数: 0

Applying the driver-pressure-state-impact-response model to ecological restoration: A case study of comprehensive zoning and benefit assessment in Zhejiang Province, China 将 "驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应 "模型应用于生态恢复：中国浙江省综合分区与效益评估案例研究

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03222

Ecosystem degradation is a global problem that poses a significant threat to the sustainable development of human societies, particularly in developing countries, such as China. In response, China has implemented a series of ecological restoration (ER) policies over recent years. However, significant regional developmental disparities, pronounced spatial heterogeneity of ecological issues, and substantial historical debt for ER in China present considerable obstacles and financial burdens to the effective implementation of ER strategies. Delineating ER zones and assessing the ER benefits are essential for developing effective ER strategies and implementing ER projects. In this study, we constructed a comprehensive framework for ER utilizing the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, quantified the urbanization levels, ecological state, and restoration costs in Zhejiang Province to delineate ER zones, integrated the patch-generating land use simulation model with the ecosystem service value assessment method to quantify the benefits of ER, and ultimately developed tailored ER strategies. The results showed that: (1) The pattern of urbanization levels was characterized by high levels in the northeast and low levels in the southwest, which constrated with the ecological state. The areas of high restoration costs were located in the northeastern and southeastern regions, and the areas of low restoration costs were situated in the southwestern region. (2) The rate of construction land expansion is significantly curtailed under the ER scenario compared to the natural development scenario in 2035, while forest areas have seen effective protection and an increase from the levels of 2020. (3) The ER policy is projected to generate ecological benefits totaling CNY 8.23 billion by 2035, substantially reducing the rate of ecosystem degradation. (4) Zhejiang Province is divided into five zones at the county scale: ecological autonomous protection zone, ecological core protection zone, ecological priority restoration zone, ecological control zone, and moderate development zone. Strategies have been devised based on the forecasted benefits of ER, offering valuable insights into ecological management. These findings aim to enhance the understanding of ER and support the development and implementation of regional ecological policies.

生态系统退化是一个全球性问题，对人类社会的可持续发展构成重大威胁，尤其是在中国等发展中国家。为此，中国近年来实施了一系列生态修复（ER）政策。然而，地区发展差异大、生态问题的空间异质性明显以及中国在生态恢复方面的历史欠账多等问题，都给有效实施生态恢复战略带来了巨大的障碍和经济负担。划定环境退化区和评估环境退化效益对于制定有效的环境退化战略和实施环境退化项目至关重要。在本研究中，我们利用驱动因素-压力-状态-影响-响应（DPSIR）模型构建了一个综合的环境再造框架，量化了浙江省的城市化水平、生态状态和恢复成本，从而划分了环境再造区，并将斑块生成土地利用模拟模型与生态系统服务价值评估方法相结合，量化了环境再造的效益，最终制定了有针对性的环境再造战略。研究结果表明(1) 城市化水平呈现东北部高、西南部低的格局，这与生态状况相吻合。修复成本高的地区位于东北部和东南部地区，修复成本低的地区位于西南部地区。(2）与 2035 年的自然发展情景相比，ER 情景下的建设用地扩张速度明显下降，而森林面积得到有效保护，并在 2020 年的基础上有所增加。(3) 预计到 2035 年，ER 政策将产生 82.3 亿元人民币的生态效益，大幅降低生态系统退化率。(4) 浙江省在县域范围内划分为五个区域：生态自主保护区、生态核心保护区、生态优先修复区、生态控制区和适度发展区。根据 ER 的效益预测制定战略，为生态管理提供有价值的见解。这些研究结果旨在加深人们对生态恢复的理解，支持区域生态政策的制定和实施。

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引用次数: 0

Modern Abies, Picea, and Tsuga pollen distribution along the elevation gradient in East Asia 东亚地区沿海拔梯度的现代松柏、云杉和铁杉花粉分布情况

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03224

Sub-alpine dark coniferous forests (SCFs) exhibit distinct latitudinal and longitudinal elevation distributions in East Asia. The SCF genera Abies, Picea, and Tsuga produce distinctive pollen and have specific elevation and climate requirements, allowing for the reconstruction of paleo-climatic and paleo-elevational changes from fossil pollen sequences. However, the relationship between SCF elevational distribution and the percentage of coniferous pollen has not been elucidated at the continental scale. In this study, we determined the relationship between Abies, Picea, and Tsuga pollen percentages and SCF elevation distributions in East Asia using an integrated pollen dataset comprising 4863 modern samples. The total percentage of these pollen types showed bimodal patterns with elevation and unimodal patterns with climate. Maximum pollen percentages occurred at elevations of 0–1000 and 2000–4600 m, mean annual temperatures of −5–10 ℃, and mean annual precipitation values of 100–1500 mm. The elevation with the highest proportion of Abies + Picea + Tsuga pollen increased with decreasing latitude: from 500 m (>43°N) to 2300 m (37–43°N), to 3500 m (30–37°N), and to 4000 m (18–30°N). Elevation also exhibited non-monotonic variations with longitude, first increasing from 2500 m (<93°E) to 3500 m (93–102°E), and then decreased to 2500 m (102–113°E) and 500 m (>113°E). The spatial patterns of Abies, Picea, and Tsuga pollen abundance were closely correlated with modern SCF distributions, which are largely modulated by climate and elevation. This study lays the foundation for reconstructing paleo-climate and paleo-elevation variations across East Asia.

亚高山黑针叶林（SCFs）在东亚表现出独特的纬度和纵向海拔分布。亚高山针叶林中的Abies、Picea和Tsuga属产生独特的花粉，并对海拔和气候有特定的要求，因此可以通过花粉化石序列重建古气候和古海拔的变化。然而，SCF海拔分布与针叶树花粉比例之间的关系尚未在大陆尺度上得到阐明。在本研究中，我们利用由4863个现代样本组成的综合花粉数据集，确定了东亚地区的Abies、Picea和Tsuga花粉比例与SCF海拔分布之间的关系。这些花粉类型的总百分比与海拔高度呈双峰模式，与气候呈单峰模式。在海拔 0-1000 米和 2000-4600 米、年平均气温为 -5-10 ℃、年平均降水量为 100-1500 毫米的地区，花粉比例最高。赤松+红松+铁杉花粉比例最高的海拔高度随着纬度的降低而增加：从 500 米（北纬 43°）到 2300 米（北纬 37-43°），再到 3500 米（北纬 30-37°）和 4000 米（北纬 18-30°）。海拔高度随经度的变化也呈现非单调变化，先从 2500 米（93°E）上升到 3500 米（93-102°E），然后下降到 2500 米（102-113°E）和 500 米（113°E）。Abies、Picea和Tsuga花粉丰度的空间模式与现代SCF的分布密切相关，而现代SCF的分布在很大程度上受气候和海拔的影响。这项研究为重建整个东亚地区的古气候和古海拔变化奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

A box quadrat for standardised sampling of Orthoptera in open habitats: Design, handling, applications and baseline data 用于在开放生境中对直翅目昆虫进行标准化取样的箱式四分法：设计、处理、应用和基准数据

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03217

Globally, insects are declining at an alarming rate. Therefore, there is an urgent need for standardised monitoring methods to detect changes in insect populations at an early stage. Box quadrat sampling enables highly precise assessments of Orthoptera community composition within a specific area. However, a detailed design of a box quadrat that guarantees an easy workflow, precise descriptions of its handling and a compilation of baseline data for future comparisons have yet been lacking. Based on thirty years of our own experience in box quadrat sampling, we present here: (i) the detailed design of a box quadrat, (ii) its standardised handling in the field (including a video as a supplement), (iii) its applications and (iv) Orthoptera species richness and abundance baseline data for open habitats. The low construction costs (∼300 €) and simple design allow for a wide distribution of this type of box quadrat in future. Moreover, due to the plug system and the light aluminium construction, the quadrat can easily be transported, assembled, handled and dismantled by one person. For comparisons of Orthoptera species richness, abundance and community composition between habitats, we recommend using a quadrat of 2 m² size and 0.8 m height and a minimum sampling area of 20 m² per plot (10 touchdowns per plot). For long-term monitoring or when species are sampled that generally occur in low density, a sampling area of 30 m² (15 replicates) is suggested. By contrast, for the surveys of tiny species (e.g., groundhoppers) and developmental stages (nymphs), smaller box quadrats can also be used and the sampled area per plot can be below 20 m². Box quadrat sampling is less dependent on favourable weather conditions and vegetation structure than many other insect survey techniques. Overall, it allows rapid and highly precise assessments of Orthoptera community composition.

在全球范围内，昆虫正以惊人的速度减少。因此，迫切需要标准化的监测方法来及早发现昆虫种群的变化。箱式四分法取样可以高度精确地评估特定区域内直翅目昆虫群落的组成。然而，目前还缺乏箱式四分定位仪的详细设计，以确保工作流程简便、操作说明精确，并能汇编基线数据供未来比较。根据我们自己三十年的箱式四分定位取样经验，我们在此介绍(i)箱式四分定位仪的详细设计，(ii)其在野外的标准化操作（包括作为补充的视频），(iii)其应用和(iv)开放栖息地的直翅目物种丰富度和丰度基线数据。由于建造成本低（∼300 欧元），设计简单，这种箱式四分定位仪今后可广泛推广。此外，由于采用了插头系统和轻型铝制结构，箱式四分定位器可以很容易地由一个人进行运输、组装、搬运和拆卸。为了比较不同栖息地的直翅目昆虫物种丰富度、丰度和群落组成，我们建议使用 2 平方米大小、0.8 米高的四分区，每个小区的取样面积至少为 20 平方米（每个小区 10 个触角）。对于长期监测或采样的物种一般出现密度较低时，建议采样面积为 30 平方米（15 个重复）。相比之下，在调查微小物种（如地老虎）和发育阶段（若虫）时，也可使用较小的箱式四分法，每个小区的取样面积可低于 20 m²。与许多其他昆虫调查技术相比，箱式四分法取样对有利天气条件和植被结构的依赖性较低。总体而言，它可以快速、高度精确地评估直翅目昆虫群落组成。

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引用次数: 0

Do establishment of protected areas and implementation of regional policies both promote the forest NPP? Evidence from Wuyi Mountain in China based on PSM-DID 建立保护区和实施区域政策都能促进森林净生产力吗？基于 PSM-DID 的中国武夷山证据

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03210

Establishing protected areas has been a longstanding strategy to conserve forests. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) offers a reflection of ecosystem quality and vegetation vitality compared to traditional spatial indicators, making it a valuable metric for evaluating conservation outcomes in protected areas. Additionally, there is a lack of knowledge about the concurrent influence of in situ conservation and pertinent policies on forest conservation. Through Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and the Difference-in-Difference (DID) model, we evaluated the conservation outcomes of NPP within protected areas and identified different policies’ impacts. Wuyi Mountain in China, known for its rich forest resources, was selected as the study area. The results revealed: (1) NPP within all protected areas fluctuated within a stable range from 1985 to 2021, with some exhibiting a significant upward trend; (2) A total of 62.5 % of protected areas demonstrated a positive effect on forest NPP. There is a 72 % effective conservation rate for nature reserves, one type of protected area in China, making them the most effectively protected in Wuyi Mountain; (3) In 50 % of the cases, the policies resulted in positive outcomes. The impact of policies on forest NPP varies across different types of protected areas; (4) Only 16.67 % of policy scenarios demonstrated a concurrent positive effect from both protected areas and conservation policies. By analyzing the impact of protected area establishment and conservation policy implementation on NPP, our research can offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to enhance forest conservation in mountain areas.

建立保护区是保护森林的一项长期战略。与传统的空间指标相比，净初级生产力（NPP）能够反映生态系统的质量和植被的活力，因此成为评估保护区保护成果的重要指标。此外，人们对原地保护和相关政策同时对森林保护的影响还缺乏了解。通过倾向得分匹配法（PSM）和差分法（DID）模型，我们评估了保护区内NPP的保护成果，并确定了不同政策的影响。研究选取了以森林资源丰富著称的中国武夷山作为研究区域。研究结果表明：（1）从 1985 年到 2021 年，所有保护区内的净生产力都在一个稳定的范围内波动，其中一些保护区的净生产力呈显著上升趋势；（2）共有 62.5% 的保护区对森林净生产力产生了积极影响。自然保护区（中国保护区的一种）的有效保护率为 72%，是武夷山保护效果最好的保护区；（3）在 50% 的案例中，政策产生了积极的结果。在不同类型的保护区中，政策对森林净生产力的影响各不相同；（4）只有 16.67% 的政策情景同时显示了保护区和保护政策的积极影响。通过分析建立保护区和实施保护政策对净生产力的影响，我们的研究可为旨在加强山区森林保护的政策制定者提供宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Transboundary Ecological Network Communities based on natural protected areas: A case study of the Mekong River Basin, Asia 基于自然保护区的跨境生态网络社区：亚洲湄公河流域案例研究

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03216

Natural protected areas (NPAs) around the world play a crucial role in preserving Earth's biodiversity. Ecological networks can be used to identify the close connections between NPAs. The Mekong River, one of the most crucial international rivers in Southeast Asia, boasts a temperate climate and abundant water resources, serving as a hotspot for global biodiversity and a densely populated area with a complex macro-ecosystem. This study, based on the characteristics of cross-border ecosystems in the Mekong River Basin, introduces the concept of “Ecological Network Communities” (ENCs) and demonstrates its foundational construction methodology: firstly, the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model is employed to construct ecological networks based on NPAs, followed by applying Clauset-Newman-Moore (CNM) algorithm for community detection within the river basin. The results of the study indicate the presence of deep structures within the ecological networks of the Mekong River Basin and ENCs are observed to exhibit variations over time. The study delves into the complexities of transboundary ecological networks, offering an effective methodology for community detection and uncovering the "Community Merging Effect” observed during the research. It emphasizes the need for constructing ecological networks and community-based management of protected areas, providing new directions for cross-national environmental cooperation and ecosystem management oriented towards complexity.

世界各地的自然保护区（NPAs）在保护地球生物多样性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。生态网络可用于识别自然保护区之间的密切联系。湄公河是东南亚最重要的国际河流之一，气候温和，水资源丰富，是全球生物多样性的热点地区，也是人口密集、宏观生态系统复杂的地区。本研究根据湄公河流域跨境生态系统的特点，提出了 "生态网络群落"（ENCs）的概念，并论证了其基本构建方法：首先采用最小累积阻力（MCR）模型构建基于NPAs的生态网络，然后应用Clauset-Newman-Moore（CNM）算法检测流域内的群落。研究结果表明，湄公河流域的生态网络中存在深层结构，且 ENCs 随时间的推移而变化。该研究深入探讨了跨境生态网络的复杂性，提供了一种有效的群落检测方法，并揭示了研究过程中观察到的 "群落合并效应"。研究强调了构建生态网络和基于社区的保护区管理的必要性，为跨国环境合作和面向复杂性的生态系统管理提供了新的方向。

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引用次数: 0

Sub-habitat classification of temperate salt marshes in Japan based on aquatic fauna 根据水生动物对日本温带盐沼进行亚生境分类

IF 3.5 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Global Ecology and Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2024.e03211

Salt marshes are being lost worldwide even though they provide essential ecosystem services. Habitat classification of salt marshes based on fauna, which is an effective indicator of their ecosystems, is expected to be useful to effectively assess the baseline for conservation and restoration; however, it has not been well studied. This study aimed to identify the diversity of salt marsh sub-habitats for fauna, where biota was collected and the physicochemical environments were measured in 101 small patches of salt marsh (i.e., survey sites) across 32 temperate tidal rivers and inlets in Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan. A total of 78 aquatic animal species (decapod crustaceans, gastropod mollusks, bivalves, nereidid polychaetes, and fish) were observed, 63 of which were used as indicators for sub-habitat identification. Although reed plants covered 90 of the 101 survey sites, the survey sites were classified into six clusters based on fauna. Representative aquatic animals were identified in each cluster, and these six clusters had different physicochemical environments, such as salinity and sediment conditions. The results indicated that the six sub-habitats had different biotic and abiotic characteristics. On the other hand, the results of the ordination analysis indicated that the fauna of the six sub-habitats do not occur independently of each other but are composed of continuous and gradually changing fauna along environmental gradients. Although no significant differences in the areas of salt marsh patches among the clusters, species richness differed significantly, suggesting that physicochemical environments, such as salinity and sediment conditions, rather than spatial factors, may affect species diversity. The findings emphasize that each sub-habitat supports species diversity in temperate salt marshes and are expected to contribute to planning targets for future salt marsh conservation/restoration and further improvements in artificial marshes.

尽管盐沼提供了重要的生态系统服务，但全世界的盐沼正在消失。动物群是盐沼生态系统的有效指标，根据动物群对盐沼进行栖息地分类可望有助于有效评估保护和恢复的基线；然而，这方面的研究还不够深入。本研究旨在确定盐沼亚栖息地动物群的多样性，在日本九州福冈县 32 个温带潮汐河流和入海口的 101 个小片盐沼（即调查点）中收集了生物群并测量了物理化学环境。共观察到 78 种水生动物（十足类甲壳动物、腹足类软体动物、双壳类动物、软体多毛目动物和鱼类），其中 63 种作为亚栖息地识别指标。虽然 101 个调查点中有 90 个点都有芦苇植物，但还是根据动物群落将调查点划分为六个群组。每个群组都确定了具有代表性的水生动物，这六个群组具有不同的物理化学环境，如盐度和沉积物条件。结果表明，这六个亚栖息地具有不同的生物和非生物特征。另一方面，排序分析的结果表明，六个亚栖息地的动物群并不是独立存在的，而是由连续的、沿环境梯度逐渐变化的动物群组成。虽然各群落之间的盐沼斑块面积没有明显差异，但物种丰富度却有显著不同，这表明影响物种多样性的可能是盐度和沉积物条件等物理化学环境，而非空间因素。研究结果强调，每个亚栖息地都支持温带盐沼的物种多样性，预计将有助于未来盐沼保护/恢复的规划目标以及人工沼泽的进一步改善。

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引用次数: 0