Forest Ecosystems最新文献_第10页

Evaporation dominates growing season evapotranspiration: A case study from a boreal larch forest with synchronized water supply and energy demand in China 蒸发量主导生长期蒸散作用：以中国北方落叶松森林为例

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100385

Zhipeng Xu , Xiuling Man , Tijiu Cai , Shuo Zhang , Liangliang Duan

Understanding the relative contributions of transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) to evapotranspiration (ET) is critical for evaluating water use efficiency, ecosystem productivity, and soil–plant–atmosphere interactions in a changing environment. However, such partitioning and its responses to dry, normal, and wet conditions, as well as the controlling factors at multiple temporal scales, remain poorly understood in China's boreal forests, characterized by synchronization of water supply and energy demand. In this study, we used 8 years of ET data from the growing season (GS; May–September) collected via the eddy-covariance system and applied the underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) method to estimate T and E in a boreal larch forest in China. Our results revealed that E was the dominant component of ET. Specifically, T accounted for 0.44 of ET (T/ET), whereas E contributed to 0.56 of ET (E/ET) over the study period. The response of T/ET to dry conditions during the leaf defoliation stage (LDS) was more pronounced than during the leaf expansion stage (LES). Despite an increase in T/ET (reaching 0.49) during the dry season compared to the normal season (0.42), E was still the dominant contributor to ET. Furthermore, E/ET was significantly controlled by vapor pressure deficit (VPD) across daily to GS scales. Interestingly, soil water content (SWC) was not a controlling factor for regulating E/ET, indicating that atmospheric forces strongly constrained the variability of E/ET in this boreal forest. These findings highlight that E should be given greater attention in boreal forests than before. Our study suggests that effective management strategies for improving water use efficiency in such forest ecosystems are urgently needed.

了解蒸腾(T)和蒸发(E)对蒸散发（ET）的相对贡献对于评估变化环境中水分利用效率、生态系统生产力和土壤-植物-大气相互作用至关重要。然而，在中国北方针叶林中，这种分配及其对干湿、正常和湿润条件的响应以及多时间尺度的控制因素仍然知之甚少，其特征是供水和能源需求同步。本研究利用涡旋协方差系统收集的8年生长季（GS； 5 - 9月）ET数据，应用基础水分利用效率（uWUE）方法估算了中国北方落叶松森林的T和E。我们的研究结果表明，E是ET的主要组成部分，在研究期间，T占ET （T/ET）的0.44，而E占ET （E/ET）的0.56。叶片脱落期（LDS）的T/ET对干燥条件的响应比叶片膨大期（LES）更明显。尽管旱季的T/ET（0.49）高于正常季节（0.42），但E仍是ET的主要贡献因子。此外，日至日尺度上的E/ET受水汽压亏缺（VPD）的显著控制。有趣的是，土壤水分含量（SWC）不是调节E/ET的控制因子，表明大气力量强烈地制约了该北方针叶林E/ET的变率。这些发现突出表明，在北方森林中应给予E比以前更多的关注。我们的研究表明，迫切需要有效的管理策略来提高这些森林生态系统的水利用效率。

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引用次数: 0

Multidimensional factors influencing ecosystem services and their relationships in alpine ecosystems: A case study of the Daxing'anling forest area, Inner Mongolia 高寒生态系统服务功能的多维影响因素及其关系——以内蒙古大兴安岭林区为例

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100383

Laixian Xu , Jiang He , Youjun He , Liang Zhang , Hui Xu , Chunwei Tang

Understanding the influencing factors of ecosystem services (ESs) and their relationships is essential for sustainable ecosystem management in degraded alpine ecosystems. There is a lack of integrated multi-model approaches to explore the multidimensional influences on ESs and their relationships in alpine ecosystems. Taking the Daxing'anling forest area, Inner Mongolia (DFAIM) as a case study, this study used the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs (InVEST) model to quantify four ESs—soil conservation (SC), water yield (WY), carbon storage (CS), and habitat quality (HQ)—from 2013 to 2018. We adopted root mean square deviation (RMSD) and coupling coordination degree models (CCDM) to analyze their relationships, and integrated three complementary approaches—optimal parameter-based geographical detector model (OPGDM), gradient boosting regression tree model (GBRTM), and quantile regression model (QRM)—to reveal multidimensional influencing factors. Key findings include the following: (1) From 2013 to 2018, WY, SC, and HQ declined while CS increased. WY was primarily influenced by mean annual precipitation (MAP), forest ratio (RF), and soil bulk density (SBD); CS and HQ by RF and population density (PD); and SC by slope (S), RF, and MAP. Mean annual temperature (MAT), gross domestic product (GDP), and road network density (RND) showed increasing negative impacts. (2) Low trade-off intensity (TI < 0.15) dominated all ES pairs, with RF, MAP, PD, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) being the dominant factors. The factor interactions primarily showed two-factor enhancement patterns. (3) The average coupling coordination degree (CCD) of the four ESs was low and declined over time, with low-CCD areas becoming increasingly prevalent. RF, S, SBD, and NDVI positively influenced CCD, while PD, MAT, GDP, and RND had increasing negative impacts, with over 62% of the factor interactions exceeding the individual factor effects. In summary, ES supply generally decreased. Local relationships showed moderate coordination, while overall relationships indicated primary dysfunction. Land use and natural factors primarily shaped these ES and their relationships, while climate and socioeconomic changes diminished ES supply and intensified competition. We recommend enhancing the resilience of natural systems rather than replacing them, establishing climate adaptation monitoring systems, and promoting conservation tillage and cross-departmental coordination mechanisms for collaborative ES optimization. These results provide valuable insights into the sustainable management of alpine ecosystems.

了解生态系统服务功能的影响因素及其相互关系，对高寒退化生态系统的可持续管理具有重要意义。目前还缺乏综合的多模型方法来探讨高寒生态系统生态环境的多维影响及其相互关系。以内蒙古大兴安岭林区为例，采用生态系统服务与权衡综合评价（InVEST）模型，对2013 - 2018年内蒙古大兴安岭林区的土壤保持（SC）、水量（WY）、碳储量（CS）和生境质量（HQ）进行了量化分析。采用均方根偏差（RMSD）和耦合协调度模型（CCDM）分析二者之间的关系，并整合基于最优参数的地理探测器模型（OPGDM）、梯度增强回归树模型（GBRTM）和分位数回归模型（QRM）三种互补方法，揭示多维影响因素。主要发现如下：(1)2013 - 2018年，WY、SC和HQ下降，CS上升。WY主要受年平均降水量（MAP）、森林比（RF）和土壤容重（SBD）的影响；按RF和人口密度（PD）划分的CS和HQ；和SC的斜率(S)， RF和MAP。年平均气温（MAT）、国内生产总值（GDP）和路网密度（RND）的负向影响逐渐增强。(2)低权衡强度（TI < 0.15）在所有ES对中占主导地位，RF、MAP、PD和归一化植被指数（NDVI）是优势因子。因子相互作用主要表现为双因子增强模式。(3) 4个生态系统的平均耦合配位度（CCD）较低，且随着时间的推移呈下降趋势，低耦合配位度区域越来越普遍。RF、S、SBD和NDVI正向影响CCD，而PD、MAT、GDP和RND的负向影响越来越大，超过62%的因子相互作用超过个体因子效应。综上所述，ES供应普遍减少。局部关系表现为中度协调，而整体关系表现为原发性功能障碍。土地利用和自然因素主要塑造了这些生态系统及其关系，而气候和社会经济变化减少了生态系统的供应，加剧了竞争。我们建议加强自然系统的恢复力，而不是取代它们，建立气候适应监测系统，促进保护性耕作和跨部门协调机制的协同ES优化。这些结果为高寒生态系统的可持续管理提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Size heterogeneity, growth dominance development, and relationships with stand growth in unthinned and thinned loblolly pine plantations 未疏伐和疏伐火炬松人工林大小异质性、生长优势发展及其与林分生长的关系

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-09-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100382

C.Z. Chen , Y.H. Weng , J. Grogan , L.M. Fang

This study examined size inequality and size-growth relationships as essential aspects of stand structure in loblolly pine plantations (Pinus taeda L.), particularly focusing on a critical stage with strong competition from mid-rotation to rotation age and changes due to thinning. Data were from a loblolly pine thinning study of multiple sites in the western Gulf region, USA, which were thinned around age 14. Four treatments were evaluated: three thinning intensities (TIs: residual densities of 740, 555, and 370 trees·ha⁻¹) and an unthinned control. An operational thinning method was implemented, involving the removal of every fifth row and selective thinning from below to achieve the desired intensity. The Gini index (GI) for diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), and volume was computed annually for the first five years since thinning and at year seven, while growth dominance (GD) of these traits was calculated by growth interval. The control exhibited increasing trends over the year in GIs and greater inequality in DBH compared to height (GI = 0.10 vs. 0.04), and thinning reduced both GIs. Competition for DBH growth in the control was weakly asymmetric (GD = 0.06), and thinning decreased GD, fostering weaker asymmetric competitive environments. The control displayed reverse asymmetric competition for height (GD = −0.10), and thinning strengthened reverse dominance. The thinning effects on reducing GIs and GD increased with TI. The observed patterns of competition appear to stem from adaptive resource allocation strategies rather than being influenced by neighboring tree sizes. The tree volume (VOL_T)-based GI and GD might overestimate size inequality for DBH or height, and misinterpret GD for height. Stand volume growth in the control is linearly related to GD, being negative for DBH and positive for height, indicating GD offers valuable insights into stand growth dynamics. Thinning did not change the relationships but slowed the rates of change. The decline in stand growth associated with reduced DBH GD by thinning suggests that GD itself may not be the primary causal factor behind growth changes by thinning.

本研究考察了火炬松人工林林分结构的大小不平等和大小-生长关系，特别关注了轮作中期到轮作年龄这一竞争激烈的关键阶段以及间伐引起的变化。数据来自美国西部海湾地区多个地点的火炬松间伐研究，这些火炬松在14岁左右被间伐。评估了四种处理：三种间伐强度（ti：剩余密度为740、555和370棵·ha−1）和一种不间伐的对照。实施了一种可操作的减薄方法，包括每隔第五行去除一次，并从下面选择性地减薄以达到所需的强度。胸径（DBH）、高度(H)和体积的基尼系数（GI）分别在伐后前5年和第7年每年计算一次，而这些性状的生长优势度（GD）按生长间隔计算。对照在GIs中呈现逐年增加的趋势，胸径与高度之间的不平等更大（GI = 0.10 vs. 0.04），间伐降低了这两个GIs。对照中胸径生长竞争呈弱不对称（GD = 0.06），疏林降低了GD，形成了弱不对称竞争环境。对照表现为身高的反向不对称竞争（GD =−0.10），变薄强化了反向优势。随着TI的增加，稀释对降低gi和GD的作用增强。观察到的竞争模式似乎源于适应性资源分配策略，而不是受邻近树大小的影响。基于树体积（VOLT）的GI和GD可能会高估胸径或高度的大小不平等，而误解GD对高度的影响。对照林分体积增长与GD呈线性相关，胸径为负，高度为正，表明GD为林分生长动态提供了有价值的见解。变薄并没有改变这种关系，但减缓了变化的速度。林分生长的下降与林分胸径GD的降低有关，这表明GD本身可能不是林分胸径GD变化的主要原因。

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引用次数: 0

Black locust under long-term rainfall exclusion treatment changed its drought-resistance strategy to an adventurous pattern that potentially raised the risk of hydraulic damage 长期不降雨处理下的刺槐将其抗旱策略转变为冒险模式，这可能会增加水力破坏的风险

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100380

Mei-Jun Liu , Le Chang , Qiu-Wen Chen , Jinhong Guan , Guoqing Li , Sheng Du

The mechanism of plant response to water availability is a crucial research area in ecosystem adaptation to dry environments. Global change in precipitation patterns exacerbates drought risks in many regions, necessitating investigations of tree responses to drought. However, compared with seasonal drought events, how water use characteristics respond to long-term rainfall reduction remains poorly characterized. Here, we assessed the effects of multi-year rainfall exclusion treatments (in the 4th and 5th years) on sap flow, canopy conductance (G_C), and the response pattern to varying transpiration driving force (vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) and soil moisture conditions in a black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation in the China's Loess Plateau. The experimental platform includes paired plots of a 30% throughfall exclusion treatment and a control within the plantation. The reduction of soil water content (SWC), either as temporal variations or as a result of rainfall exclusion treatment, generally lowered sap flow, G_C, and the sensitivity to VPD. The difference in each index between plots was substantially greater than that among temporal variations in SWC within a plot. The trees in the control plot showed strong responses of G_C to temporal SWC changes, exhibiting an isohydric behavior. However, those subjected to long-term rainfall exclusion treatment had lower variations in G_C and the sensitivity across different SWC, exhibiting an anisohydric behavior under limited water conditions. Additionally, rainfall exclusion treatment decreased basal area (BA) increment but increased water use efficiency (WUE). The transition to anisohydric behavior suggests an adventurous pattern of water use strategy that has risks of hydraulic damage and shoot mortality. These findings provide insights into the different adaptation strategies within a species to diverse intensity and duration of drought conditions, which is crucial for sustainable forest management under climate change conditions.

植物对水分有效性的响应机制是生态系统适应干旱环境的一个重要研究领域。全球降水模式的变化加剧了许多地区的干旱风险，因此有必要调查树木对干旱的反应。然而，与季节性干旱事件相比，水资源利用特征对长期降雨减少的响应仍然缺乏特征。以黄土高原刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）人工林为研究对象，研究了多年禁雨处理（第4年和第5年）对树液流、冠层导度（GC）的影响，以及对不同蒸腾驱动力（蒸汽压亏缺（VPD））和土壤水分条件的响应模式。实验平台包括成对的30%不透水处理地块和人工林内的对照地块。土壤含水量（SWC）的减少，无论是时间变化还是降雨排除处理的结果，都普遍降低了树液流量、GC和对VPD的敏感性。各指标在样地间的差异显著大于同一样地内SWC的时间变化差异。对照区树木GC对时间SWC变化的响应较强，表现出等水行为。而长期禁雨处理的土壤GC和不同SWC的敏感性变化较小，在有限水分条件下表现出各向异性。拒雨处理降低了基面积（BA）增量，但提高了水分利用效率（WUE）。向各向异性行为的转变表明了一种冒险的用水策略模式，有水力破坏和射击死亡的风险。这些发现揭示了物种对不同干旱强度和持续时间的不同适应策略，这对气候变化条件下的可持续森林管理至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Variation in pine growth response to site preparation methods in the Lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern US 美国东南部下海岸平原松树生长对立地准备方法的响应变化

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100381

Dehai Zhao, Bronson P. Bullock, Stephen M. Kinane, Mingliang Wang

This study evaluated the long-term growth responses of pine plantations in the Lower Coastal Plain of Florida to different site preparation (SP) treatments, including variations in bedding timing (early or late), frequency (single or double), and herbicide use (banded or broadcast pre-plant application), with or without first-year post-plant herbaceous weed control (HWC). The results showed that growth responses varied by location, primarily influenced by the effectiveness of vegetation control, especially in suppressing woody shrubs. Pre-plant herbicide treatments consistently improved growth, with broadcast applications often performing as well or better than the banded treatments. Although bedding timing and frequency influenced growth at some sites, their effects were inconsistent. Superior growth was observed in treatments combining early bedding with pre-plant herbicide, even without HWC, highlighting the critical role of effective vegetation management in enhancing the productivity of pine plantations.

本研究评估了佛罗里达低海岸平原松树人工林对不同立地准备（SP）处理的长期生长响应，包括垫层时间（早或晚）、频率（单次或双次）和除草剂使用（带状或撒播）的变化，以及有无种植后第一年草本杂草控制（HWC）。结果表明，不同地点的生长响应不同，主要受植被控制效果的影响，特别是对木本灌木的抑制效果。播前除草剂处理持续改善生长，撒播施用通常与带状处理效果相同或更好。虽然层理时间和频率对某些地点的生长有影响，但其影响并不一致。在不施用除草剂的情况下，早期铺层与种前除草剂组合处理的松林生长状况较好，这表明有效的植被管理对提高松林生产力具有重要作用。

引用次数: 0

Dynamics of fine root biomass and morphology of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest stands along a soil moisture gradient 土壤水分梯度下欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）森林细根生物量和形态的动态变化

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100379

Alexandra Koller , Alina Azekenova , Patrick Wordell-Dietrich , Robin Schäfferling , Lilli Zeh , Stefan Julich , Karsten Kalbitz , Karl-Heinz Feger , Goddert von Oheimb

Increasing evidence suggests that fine roots are particularly sensitive to environmental changes, making them essential in responding and adapting forest ecosystems to climate change. However, we still lack a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control fine root plasticity. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture changes on fine root dynamics and morphology of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). We conducted a 30-month study of fine root traits, i.e., fine root biomass (FRB), productivity, mortality, turnover, specific root length (SRL), specific root area (SRA), and root tip frequency (RTF), along a soil moisture gradient from dry, intermediate, and wet conditions in a near-natural mature beech forest. Sequential root coring with accompanying soil measurements was carried out at three study sites reflecting the gradient in soil water availability. For most fine root traits, we found significant differences between the upper 10 cm and lower soil depths. FRB showed significant differences between study sites, with the lowest FRB at the dry site. However, productivity, turnover, SRL, SRA, and RTF showed no significant differences between sites, but a high variability between seasons, suggesting an adaptation to short-term fluctuations but not to long-term gradients in soil water content (SWC). Linear mixed models revealed that decreasing SWC led to a significant increase in SRL, SRA, and RTF (standardized coefficients: −1.0 ± 0.46, −1.1 ± 0.46, and −1.1 ± 0.43, respectively). Our observations indicate an adaptation strategy of beech to low availability of soil water and drought by forming thin absorptive roots and by maintaining a high seasonal plasticity to tolerate fluctuations in soil moisture. By highlighting the belowground morphological adaptations of mature forests to low soil water availability, our results provide novel insights into the structure and dynamics of forest ecosystem adaptations to climate change.

越来越多的证据表明，细根对环境变化特别敏感，这使得它们在应对森林生态系统并使其适应气候变化方面至关重要。然而，我们仍然缺乏对控制细根可塑性的潜在机制的基本理解。以欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica L.）为研究对象，研究土壤水分变化对其细根动态和形态的影响。研究了近自然成熟山毛榉林细根生物量（FRB）、生产力、死亡率、周转率、比根长（SRL）、比根面积（SRA）和根尖频率（RTF）等性状，并沿土壤水分梯度从干燥、中等和潮湿条件进行了30个月的研究。在三个研究地点进行了顺序根芯取心和随附的土壤测量，反映了土壤水分有效性的梯度。在大多数细根性状上，10 cm土层与10 cm土层之间存在显著差异。各研究点间FRB差异显著，干地FRB最低。然而，生产力、周转量、SRL、SRA和RTF在不同地点之间没有显著差异，但在季节之间具有很高的变异性，表明土壤含水量（SWC）对短期波动的适应，而不是对长期梯度的适应。线性混合模型显示，SWC降低导致SRL、SRA和RTF显著增加（标准化系数分别为- 1.0±0.46、- 1.1±0.46和- 1.1±0.43）。我们的观察表明，山毛榉通过形成薄的吸收根和保持高的季节性可塑性来承受土壤湿度的波动，从而适应土壤水分和干旱的低可用性。通过强调成熟森林对低土壤水分有效性的地下形态适应，我们的研究结果为森林生态系统对气候变化的适应结构和动态提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of broadleaf tree introduction on rhizosphere fungal communities and root phosphorus-cycling genes in conifers of near-natural transformed plantations 阔叶树引种对近自然转化人工林针叶树根际真菌群落和根磷循环基因的影响

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100378

Zhanpeng Ye , Chen Ning , Ting Liu , Meirong Yan , Wenyan Cai , Jiyang Xiao , Wende Yan

Phosphorus (P) is crucial for plant growth. However, its low availability in subtropical soils necessitates that trees rely on microorganisms for effective P acquisition. The introduction of broadleaf trees has been shown to facilitate P acquisition in coniferous plantations by altering the rhizosphere fungal communities. Despite this, functional shifts in these communities and the expression of root phosphorus cycling genes (PCGs) remain inadequately understood. This study investigated coniferous Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations interplanted with broadleaf species associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Rhizosphere soil and fine roots from the conifers were analyzed to examine soil bioavailable P fractions, root mycorrhizal colonization, rhizosphere fungal community composition, enzyme function predictions, and root PCGs expression. We found that citric-P in rhizospheric soil of P. massoniana increased with the introduction of Quercus gilva (an ECM-associated tree species), whereas Bray-P content in the rhizosphere of C. lanceolata decreased upon the introduction of either Q. gilva or Phoebe zhennan (an ECM-associated tree species). Moreover, the relative abundance of saprophytic fungi (e.g., Mortierella) increased following the introduction of broadleaf trees. Specifically, the introduction of Q. gilva was associated with elevated levels of organic P mineralization genes (e.g., phoA) and enzymes (e.g., phytases and acid phosphatase (ACP)) in conifers. In contrast, the introduction of P. zhennan increased the expression of inorganic P solubilization genes (such as qppC in P. massoniana roots and ppa in C. lanceolata roots). Key contributors to P absorption in conifer roots included Cenococcum, Rhizopogon, and Glomus. This study advances our understanding of P cycling in coniferous rhizospheres and the dynamics of coexisting mycorrhizal tree systems, yielding valuable insights into sustainable management of plantation ecosystems.

磷(P)对植物生长至关重要。然而，由于其在亚热带土壤中的有效性较低，树木必须依靠微生物来有效地获取磷。阔叶树的引入通过改变根际真菌群落，促进了针叶林对磷的获取。尽管如此，这些群落的功能变化和根磷循环基因（PCGs）的表达仍然没有得到充分的了解。本研究以马尾松和杉木针叶林为研究对象，研究了与丛枝菌根（AM）或外生菌根（ECM）真菌相关的阔叶种间种。对针叶树根际土壤和细根进行分析，以检测土壤生物有效磷组分、根菌根定植、根际真菌群落组成、酶功能预测和根PCGs表达。结果表明，马尾松根际土壤中柠檬酸磷含量随着黑栎的引入而增加，而杉木根际土壤中布雷磷含量则随着黑栎和黑栎的引入而降低。此外，腐生真菌（如Mortierella）的相对丰度随着阔叶树的引入而增加。具体来说，gilva的引入与针叶树有机磷矿化基因（如phoA）和酶（如植酸酶和酸性磷酸酶（ACP））水平的升高有关。引入真南后，马尾松根中qppC和杉木根中ppa等无机磷溶化基因的表达增加。针叶树根系吸收磷的主要贡献者包括cenococum、Rhizopogon和Glomus。该研究促进了我们对针叶根际磷循环和共生菌根树系统动态的理解，为人工林生态系统的可持续管理提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Tree competition in West African tropical forests mediated by the functional attributes of species and variation in soil moisture 西非热带森林树种功能属性和土壤湿度变化介导的树木竞争

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100377

Forzia Ibrahim , Arne Buechling , Stephen Adu-Bredu , Shalom Addo-Danso , Akwasi Duah-Gyamfi , Yadvinder Malhi , Martin Svátek , Radim Matula

Understanding the ecological processes shaping competitive interactions among forest trees is crucial for predicting ecosystem productivity and climate change resilience. However, few studies have investigated how the biological attributes of tropical species may affect competitive outcomes under varying resource conditions. We collected and analysed a 10-year dataset of radial growth rates in canopy trees from a network of forest inventory plots located in divergent forest types over an extensive meteorological gradient in Ghana, West Africa. We used nonlinear models to estimate the relative reduction in potential growth (basal area increment) of individual target trees of a given species as a consequence of the combined effects of (1) target tree size, (2) variation in crowding levels by neighbouring trees, (3) the functional attributes of those neighbours (wood density and shade tolerance), and (4) local soil moisture levels. Analyses were conducted separately for the 15 most common species in the inventory network. In opposition to neutral theory, our findings indicate that the strength of interactions among competing species was distinctly asymmetric and dynamic. Wood density was an important characteristic that modified competitive outcomes for most species, particularly under varying levels of resource availability. Specifically, dense wood was an attribute that conferred comparatively stronger competitive ability in moisture-limited conditions. Larger individuals were notably less sensitive to the effects of moisture-dependent competition. Our results suggest that attributes such as wood density may reflect divergent life history strategies that differentiate species’ fitness and competitive ability in varying environments. The dynamic nature of competition, influenced by a complex interplay of biological and abiotic factors, implies that more prevalent dry periods, which have been forecast for tropical Africa, may impact the physiognomy and function of future forest communities in the region.

了解形成森林树木之间竞争相互作用的生态过程对于预测生态系统生产力和气候变化适应能力至关重要。然而，很少有研究调查在不同资源条件下热带物种的生物学特性如何影响竞争结果。我们收集并分析了一个10年的冠层树木径向生长速率数据集，该数据集来自位于西非加纳广泛气象梯度上不同森林类型的森林清查样地网络。我们使用非线性模型来估计特定树种的单个目标树的潜在生长（基底面积增量）的相对减少，这是(1)目标树的大小，(2)邻近树木的拥挤程度变化，(3)这些邻居的功能属性（木材密度和遮荫耐受性），以及(4)当地土壤湿度水平的综合影响的结果。分别对库存网络中最常见的15种物种进行了分析。与中性理论相反，我们的研究结果表明，竞争物种之间的相互作用强度是明显不对称的和动态的。木材密度是改变大多数物种竞争结果的重要特征，特别是在资源可用性水平不同的情况下。具体来说，在水分有限的条件下，浓密的木材具有相对较强的竞争能力。体型较大的个体对水分依赖性竞争的影响明显不那么敏感。我们的研究结果表明，木材密度等属性可能反映了不同的生活史策略，这些策略区分了物种在不同环境中的适应性和竞争能力。受生物和非生物因素复杂相互作用影响的竞争的动态性质意味着，热带非洲预测的更普遍的干旱期可能影响该区域未来森林群落的地貌和功能。

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引用次数: 0

Potential for improved groundwater recharge and dry-season flows through forest landscape restoration on degraded lands in the tropics 通过在热带退化土地上恢复森林景观改善地下水补给和旱季流量的潜力

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100376

L. Adrian Bruijnzeel , Jorge L. Peña-Arancibia , Douglas Sheil , Alan D. Ziegler , Jun Zhang , Bob W. Zwartendijk , Christian Birkel , Ge Sun , Yanhui Wang , Xiaoping Zhang

As interest in tropical forest restoration accelerates, understanding its hydrological implications is increasingly urgent. While concerns persist that reforestation will reduce annual water yields—particularly in drier climates—we highlight conditions under which forest landscape restoration (FLR) can improve seasonal water availability, especially during the dry season. We examine the trade-off between increased vegetation water use (“pumping”) and enhanced infiltration and subsurface retention (“sponging”) following forestation of degraded lands, the recovery of vegetation's ability to capture “occult” precipitation (fog) in specific coastal and montane settings, and the role of forest cover in enhancing moisture recycling and transport at multiple scales. A pan-tropical sensitivity analysis shows that in degraded landscapes with deep soils and pronounced rainfall seasonality, infiltration gains following forestation can offset or exceed evaporative losses, thereby supporting groundwater recharge and increasing dry-season flows in approximately 10% of cases, with an additional 8% showing near-neutral (slightly negative) outcomes. These findings challenge the assumption that forestation uniformly reduces water availability and underscore the need to prioritize dry-season flow recovery—rather than annual water yield—as a central hydrological goal of FLR. We call for trans-disciplinary research and long-term monitoring to inform forest restoration strategies, particularly in seasonally dry regions where water scarcity is most acute.

随着人们对热带森林恢复的兴趣加快，了解其水文含义变得越来越迫切。尽管人们仍然担心重新造林会减少年水量，特别是在干旱气候下，但我们强调了森林景观恢复（FLR）可以改善季节性水供应的条件，特别是在旱季。我们研究了在退化土地造林后增加的植被用水（“抽水”）与增强的渗透和地下滞留（“海绵”）之间的权衡，在特定的沿海和山地环境中植被捕获“隐蔽”降水（雾）的能力的恢复，以及森林覆盖在多个尺度上加强水分循环和输送的作用。一项泛热带敏感性分析表明，在土壤深厚且降雨季节性明显的退化景观中，造林后的入渗收益可以抵消或超过蒸发损失，从而在大约10%的情况下支持地下水补给并增加旱季流量，另有8%的情况显示出接近中性（略负）的结果。这些发现挑战了植树造林统一减少水可用性的假设，并强调了优先考虑旱季流量恢复（而不是年水量）作为FLR的中心水文目标的必要性。我们呼吁开展跨学科研究和长期监测，为森林恢复战略提供信息，特别是在缺水最严重的季节性干旱地区。

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引用次数: 0

Biodiversity in primary vs. managed forests: Biological legacies of old living and large dead trees drive lichen diversity 原始森林与管理森林的生物多样性：老活树和大型死树的生物遗产驱动地衣多样性

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100374

Daniela Dúhová , Jeňýk Hofmeister , Garrett W. Meigs , Josef Halda , Daniel Kozák , Matej Ferenčík , Rhiannon Gloor , Katarína Markuljaková , Jakob Pavlin , Ivo Pardus , Audrey R. Salerno , Michal Frankovič , Pavel Janda , Martin Dušátko , Miroslav Svoboda , Martin Mikoláš

Anthropogenic activities have significantly contributed to the loss and fragmentation of primary forests across the globe, which has accelerated biodiversity decline, particularly among highly specialised species dependent on unique forest structures. Nevertheless, comparative studies between primary and managed forests are scarce, despite their importance for effective monitoring and conservation planning. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a comparative study using a unique dataset of permanent study plots established across some of the best-preserved, mixed-beech primary forests and their adjacent managed counterparts in the Western Carpathian Mountains. We assessed the effects of forest structure and tree age—determined through extensive dendrochronological reconstructions—on contemporary lichen communities. Lichen species richness and the richness of red-listed species were 26% and 50% higher in primary forests than in managed forests, respectively, highlighting the outstanding conservation importance of primary forests. Generalised least squares (GLS) modelling demonstrated that in managed forests, lichen species richness was strongly associated with structural attributes: It increased with maximum tree age and the diameter of standing deadwood, and decreased with higher basal area (BA) of living trees, likely due to reduced understory light. In contrast, no structural variables significantly explained richness in primary forests, likely due to structural saturation and widespread microhabitat availability. Elevation emerged as the sole variable with significant explanatory strength.

These findings underscore the critical role of structural complexity in supporting lichen diversity under different management regimes and provide a robust evidence base for promoting elements such as old trees, deadwood—especially large standing deadwood—and reduced canopy density. At the same time, they reaffirm the irreplaceable value of primary forests as biodiversity refuges and highlight the need for landscape-level conservation strategies that integrate both intact primary and structurally enriched managed forests.

人为活动在很大程度上造成了全球原始森林的丧失和破碎化，这加速了生物多样性的下降，特别是在依赖独特森林结构的高度特化物种中。然而，尽管原始森林和管理森林对有效监测和养护规划很重要，但它们之间的比较研究很少。为了解决这一知识差距，我们使用一个独特的数据集进行了一项比较研究，该数据集是在西喀尔巴阡山脉的一些保存最完好的混合山毛榉原始森林和邻近的管理对照林中建立的永久性研究地块。我们评估了森林结构和树木年龄对当代地衣群落的影响，这些影响是通过广泛的树木年代学重建确定的。原生林的地衣物种丰富度和红色名录物种丰富度分别比经管理的森林高26%和50%，突出了原生林的保护重要性。广义最小二乘（GLS）模型表明，在有管理的森林中，地衣物种丰富度与结构属性密切相关：随着最大树龄和直立枯木直径的增加，地衣物种丰富度增加，随着活树基底面积（BA）的增加而减少，这可能是由于林下光照减少。相比之下，没有结构变量显著解释原始森林的丰富度，可能是由于结构饱和度和广泛的微生境可用性。海拔是唯一具有显著解释力的变量。这些发现强调了结构复杂性在不同管理制度下支持地衣多样性的关键作用，并为促进老树、枯木（特别是大立木）和减少树冠密度等要素提供了有力的证据基础。与此同时，他们重申原始林作为生物多样性避难所的不可替代的价值，并强调需要制定景观一级的保护战略，将完整的原始林和结构丰富的管理森林结合起来。

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引用次数: 0