Forest Ecosystems最新文献_第7页

The spatial shifts and vulnerability assessment of ecological niches under climate change scenarios at the genus level: A case study of Betula, China 气候变化情景下属水平生态位空间转移及脆弱性评价——以桦木为例

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100360

Xian-Ge Hu , Jiahui Chen , Ying Yang , Man Shi , Peng Liu , Yiheng Lin , Jian-Feng Mao , Yousry A. El-Kassaby , Erpei Lin , Huahong Huang

As global warming persistently alters and rapidly reshapes landscapes and habitats, conventional species distribution models relying solely on maintaining static conditions within the current climate are likely to falter, particularly at the genus level. Hence, we hypothesize that climate change will differentially affect ecological niches of the same genus species with various latitudinal positioning and local topography, and the high-latitude species may experience greater niche contraction than low-latitude species, and that mountainous regions with high elevational variability may serve as critical climate refugia. Herein, we simulate niche alterations and integrate an ensemble model (EM) strategy, taking into account species dispersal limitations factors (topography, soil, and ultraviolet), to construct a comprehensive habitat suitability (CHS) model for assessing the future vulnerability of the Betula genus, most of which are timber species in China. Our findings reveal that the niche spatial (geographic distribution) of most species (62%) within the Betula genus will undergo a gradual decline under climate change, supporting our hypothesis of latitudinal differentiation in climate vulnerability. Intriguingly, the projected high-latitude niche reduction within the genus cannot be counterbalanced by the anticipated niche expansion of closely related species in low-latitude regions, even considering the evident latitudinal gradient distribution of species. Nonetheless, the niche spatial of six Betula species in southwestern China remains stable or expands under warming scenarios, strongly supporting our secondary hypothesis about topographic buffering effects, which probably means the unique topography (i.e., the largest elevation difference) of this region may serve as a sanctuary for preserving Betula genetic diversity. Our results underscore the uncertain nature of pre-existing niche systems at the genus level under climate change, emphasizing the need for diligent resource management and conservation planning for vulnerable timber species.

随着全球变暖持续改变和迅速重塑景观和栖息地，传统的物种分布模型仅依赖于在当前气候下保持静态条件可能会动摇，特别是在属水平上。因此，我们假设气候变化对同一属物种的生态位有不同的影响，不同的纬度定位和当地地形，高纬度物种的生态位收缩可能比低纬度物种更大，高海拔变率的山区可能是关键的气候避难所。本文通过模拟生态位变化，结合集合模型（EM）策略，在考虑物种扩散限制因素（地形、土壤和紫外线）的基础上，构建了一个综合生境适宜性（CHS）模型，用于评估中国桦木属（主要为木材树种）的未来脆弱性。结果表明，在气候变化的影响下，桦属植物的生态位空间（地理分布）呈逐渐下降趋势，支持了气候脆弱性的纬向分异假说。有趣的是，即使考虑到物种明显的纬度梯度分布，预测的高纬度属内生态位减少也不能被低纬度地区近缘物种的预期生态位扩张所抵消。然而，在气候变暖的情况下，中国西南地区6种桦树的生态位空间保持稳定或扩大，这有力地支持了地形缓冲效应的次要假设，这可能意味着该地区独特的地形（即高差最大）可能是保护桦树遗传多样性的避难所。我们的研究结果强调了气候变化下属水平上原有生态位系统的不确定性，强调了对脆弱木材物种进行有效资源管理和保护规划的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Coarse woody debris requirements for maintaining land snail diversity in managed spruce forests 在有管理的云杉林中维持陆地蜗牛多样性的粗木屑要求

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100359

Kristina Svobodová, Michal Horsák

Coarse woody debris (CWD) plays a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems by supporting habitat complexity and influencing soil properties. This study investigates the effects of CWD on gastropod diversity within managed spruce (Picea abies) forests in the Czech Republic, comparing results to nearby nature reserves (NRs). Gastropod species richness and composition were evaluated at both plot (50 m × 50 m) and mesohabitat scales across gradients of CWD and beech (Fagus sylvatica) tree representation. Our results indicate significantly reduced species richness in managed forests (median 7 species per plot) compared to NRs (median 15 species), attributed to lower soil pH, calcium availability, and moisture due to the dominance of spruce and the limited availability of CWD. Species richness was positively influenced by CWD volume, with two amounts identified: a minimum of 4 m³·ha⁻¹ to prevent significant biodiversity loss and 20 m³·ha⁻¹ to support sensitive and dendrophile species. At the within-plot scale, CWD was the species richest mesohabitat, playing a particularly important role in acidic and nutrient-poor environments. Furthermore, beech basal area positively correlated with species richness, mitigating the negative impact of spruce. The findings highlight the critical need for changes in forest management, including increased retention of CWD and integration of deciduous trees, to support biodiversity in intensively managed forests. These measures are particularly urgent given the susceptibility of spruce monocultures to climate change and pest outbreaks. Gastropods, as sessile indicators of environmental change, may serve as effective umbrella species for conservation efforts targeting forest soil biodiversity.

粗木屑通过支持生境复杂性和影响土壤性质，在维持森林生态系统生物多样性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究调查了CWD对捷克共和国管理云杉（Picea abies）森林腹足动物多样性的影响，并将结果与附近的自然保护区（NRs）进行了比较。在样地（50 m × 50 m）和中生境尺度上，通过CWD和山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica）树木代表性的梯度，对腹足类物种的丰富度和组成进行了评价。我们的研究结果表明，与自然保护区（平均15种）相比，管理森林的物种丰富度显著降低（平均7种/样），这是由于云杉的优势和CWD的有限可用性导致土壤pH值、钙有效性和水分降低。物种丰富度受到CWD体积的积极影响，确定了两个量：最小为4 m3·ha - 1，以防止显著的生物多样性丧失，最小为20 m3·ha - 1，以支持敏感和亲树物种。在样地尺度上，CWD是物种最丰富的中生境，在酸性和营养贫乏的环境中起着特别重要的作用。此外，山毛榉基底面积与物种丰富度正相关，减轻了云杉的负面影响。研究结果强调了改变森林管理的迫切需要，包括增加CWD的保留和落叶树木的整合，以支持集约化管理森林的生物多样性。考虑到云杉单一栽培容易受到气候变化和虫害爆发的影响，采取这些措施尤为紧迫。腹足类动物作为环境变化的重要指标，可以作为森林土壤生物多样性保护的有效保护伞物种。

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引用次数: 0

Large-scale and long-term spatiotemporal patterns of disturbances in primary beech-dominated forests in the Carpathian Mountains of Europe 欧洲喀尔巴阡山脉原始山毛榉森林扰动的大尺度和长期时空格局

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100358

Pavel Janda , Arne Buechling , Marek Svitok , Thomas A. Nagel , Martin Mikoláš , Radek Bače , Krešimir Begović , Martin Dušátko , Daniela Dúhová , Matěj Ferenčík , Michal Frankovič , Rhiannon Gloor , Ondrej Kameniar , Tomáš Kníř , Daniel Kozák , Jana Ágh Lábusová , Katarína Markuljaková , Jakob Pavlin , Ion Catalin Petritan , Catalin-Constantin Roibu , Miroslav Svoboda

Extreme disturbance activity is a signature of anthropogenic environmental change. Empirical information describing the historical normative limits of disturbance regimes provides baseline data that facilitates the detection of contemporary trends in both disturbances and community-level responses. Quantifying the attributes of historical disturbances is challenging due to their transient episodic nature, with decades-to centuries-long intervals between recurrences. Unmanaged primary forests that support centuries-old trees therefore serve as unique reference systems for quantifying past disturbance regimes. We surveyed relict stands of primary beech-dominated forests over wide environmental gradients in the Carpathian Mountains of Europe. We collected core samples from 3,026 trees in 208 field survey plots distributed across 13 forest stands in two countries. We used dendrochronological methods to analyze time-series of annually-resolved ring-width variation and to identify anomalous growth patterns diagnostic of past forest canopy removal. A 180-year record (1810–1990) of spatially and temporally explicit disturbance events (n = 333) was compiled and used to derive statistical attributes of the disturbance regime. We quantified disturbance severity (canopy area lost), patch size, and return intervals. Our analyses describe a complex regime where a background of relatively frequent, small-scale, low-to intermediate-severity disturbance was punctuated by episodic large-scale high-severity events. Even the most severe events were non-catastrophic at a stand level, leaving significant residual tree cover that supported a continuity of ecological function. We did not detect evidence for an expected climate-induced intensification of disturbance with time, but methodological limitations precluded an assessment of disturbance activity in the decades since 1990.

极端扰动活动是人为环境变化的标志。描述干扰制度的历史规范限制的经验信息提供了基线数据，有助于发现干扰和社区一级反应的当代趋势。量化历史扰动的属性是具有挑战性的，因为它们是短暂的，周期性的间隔长达几十年到几个世纪。因此，支持百年古树的未经管理的原始森林可以作为量化过去干扰制度的独特参考系统。我们在欧洲喀尔巴阡山脉广泛的环境梯度上调查了原始山毛榉主导森林的遗存林分。我们收集了分布在两个国家13个林分的208个实地调查样地的3026棵树的核心样本。我们采用树木年代学方法分析了年际分解的年轮宽度变化的时间序列，并确定了诊断过去森林冠层移除的异常生长模式。一个180年的记录（1810-1990）的空间和时间明确的干扰事件（n = 333）被编译并用于导出干扰状态的统计属性。我们量化了干扰的严重程度（冠层面积损失）、斑块大小和回归间隔。我们的分析描述了一个复杂的情况，在这个背景中，相对频繁的、小规模的、低到中等严重程度的扰动被偶发性的大规模高严重事件打断。即使是最严重的事件在林分水平上也不是灾难性的，留下了大量的残余树木覆盖，支持了生态功能的连续性。我们没有发现预期气候引起的扰动随时间加剧的证据，但方法上的限制使我们无法评估自1990年以来几十年的扰动活动。

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引用次数: 0

Both composition and configuration of forests and urban development shape bat activity and diversity in North American temperate forests 森林的组成和配置以及城市发展都影响了北美温带森林中蝙蝠的活动和多样性

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100357

Sihao Chen , Han Li

Temperate forest ecosystems are important habitats for many bat species. However, these habitats are increasingly affected by anthropogenic disturbances, particularly urban development, leading to landscapes with varying land cover composition and configuration. Limited research has examined how forest and urban landscape composition and configuration influence bat activity and diversity. Using a multi-year statewide bat acoustic monitoring dataset from North Carolina, USA, we investigated the effects of forest and urban composition and configuration at multiple spatial scales on bat activity and diversity. First, we constructed single-variable landscape index regression models and found that both the composition and configuration of forests and urban developments influenced bat activity and diversity in a species-specific manner. Next, we applied a hierarchical partitioning approach to compare the relative contributions of composition and configuration indices in explaining variance in bat activity. For big brown bats and hoary bats, evergreen forest and urban development composition indices contributed the most to explaining activity variance. In contrast, for eastern red bats, evening bats, and tricolored bats, deciduous forest fragmentation indices describing landscape configuration were the most influential factors. Silver-haired bat activity variance was primarily explained by an evergreen forest fragmentation index. Lastly, urban development configuration indices were the strongest predictors of Mexican free-tailed bat activity and total bat activity. These results suggest that forest and urban landscape configuration should be considered in conservation and management planning for North American temperate forest ecosystems, particularly in regions that have not experienced drastic deforestation in recent decades.

温带森林生态系统是许多蝙蝠物种的重要栖息地。然而，这些生境越来越多地受到人为干扰，特别是城市发展的影响，导致土地覆盖组成和配置变化的景观。有限的研究考察了森林和城市景观的组成和配置如何影响蝙蝠的活动和多样性。利用美国北卡罗来纳州多年的蝙蝠声学监测数据，研究了不同空间尺度下森林和城市组成和配置对蝙蝠活动和多样性的影响。首先，我们构建了单变量景观指数回归模型，发现森林的组成和配置以及城市发展都以一种特定的方式影响着蝙蝠的活动和多样性。接下来，我们应用分层划分方法来比较成分指数和配置指数在解释蝙蝠活动方差方面的相对贡献。对于大棕蝠和灰蝠，常绿森林和城市发展构成指数对活动差异的解释贡献最大。东部红蝠、夜蝠和三色蝙蝠的落叶森林破碎化指数是影响景观格局的主要因素。常绿森林破碎化指数是银毛蝙蝠活动差异的主要解释因子。最后，城市发展配置指数是墨西哥无尾蝙蝠活动和总蝙蝠活动的最强预测因子。这些结果表明，在北美温带森林生态系统的保护和管理规划中应考虑森林和城市景观配置，特别是在近几十年来没有经历严重森林砍伐的地区。

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引用次数: 0

Recruitment dynamics in conifer-dominated uneven-aged forests in the carpathians 喀尔巴阡山脉以针叶林为主的不均匀年龄森林的补充动态

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100351

Jaroslav Vencurik , Michal Bosela , Ladislav Šumichrast , Anna Petrová , Peter Jaloviar , Denisa Sedmáková , Zuzana Parobeková , Ján Pittner , Ivan Repáč , Stanislav Kucbel

In permanently uneven-aged forests, continuous ingrowth of recruitment into higher stand layers is a critical process for the formation and maintenance of differentiated stand structures. This study analyses the abundance and diversity of recruitment (diameter at breast high (DBH) 0.1–4 cm) across 241 research plots in 11 structurally differentiated Norway spruce (silver fir)-dominated forest stands distributed at altitudes between 500 and 1,440 m a.s.l. The influence of light conditions and lateral competition characteristics on the height increment and crown architecture of recruitment was investigated in detail for 352 Norway spruce and 361 silver fir trees. Light-related variables were confirmed to directly affect the recruitment distribution only to a limited extent. Under relatively low light conditions in montane stands, silver fir reached higher height increments than Norway spruce. The better adaptation of silver fir to shaded conditions was reflected also in its higher apical dominance ratio compared to Norway spruce. The height increment and apical dominance ratio of Norway spruce and silver fir recruitment were positively correlated with indirect radiation, DBH, and relative crown length (RCL), but not with lateral competition. These results confirm that the regulation of light conditions in permanently uneven-aged stands is crucial for the growth dynamics of recruitment, as well as for the future proportions of Norway spruce and silver fir in mixed, structurally diverse stands.

在永久年龄不均匀的森林中，林分结构分化形成和维持的关键过程是不断向更高林分层补充生长。本文分析了分布在海拔500 ~ 1440 m的11个结构分化的挪威云杉（银杉）为主林分的241个研究样地的供种丰度和多样性（胸径0.1 ~ 4cm），并详细研究了光照条件和横向竞争特征对352株挪威云杉和361株银杉供种高度和树冠结构的影响。确认光相关变量仅在有限程度上直接影响招募分布。在光照相对较弱的山地林分条件下，银杉的高度增量高于挪威云杉。与挪威云杉相比，银杉对遮荫条件的适应也表现在其较高的顶优势比上。挪威云杉和银杉的增高和顶优势比与间接辐射、胸径和相对冠长（RCL）呈正相关，与横向竞争无关。这些结果证实，在永久年龄不均匀的林分中，光照条件的调节对增发的生长动态至关重要，对挪威云杉和银杉在混合、结构多样的林分中的未来比例也至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Allometric equations quantify accelerated growth and carbon fixation in trees of northeastern north America 异速生长方程量化了北美东北部树木的加速生长和碳固定

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100347

John Schwarzmann , Donald M. Waller

A tree's basal area (BA) and wood volume scale exponentially with tree diameter in species-specific patterns. Recent observed increases in tree growth suggest these allometric relationships are shifting in response to climate change, rising CO₂ levels, and/or changes in forest management. We analyzed 9,214 cores from nine conifer and 11 broadleaf species grown in managed mixed-species stands in the upper Midwest to quantify how well diameter (diameter at breast height (DBH)) serves to predict BA growth and above-ground wood and carbon (C). These samples include many large trees. We fit mixed models to predict BA growth and above-ground biomass/C from diameter, tree height, and the BA of nearby trees while controlling for site effects. Models account for 55%–83% of the variance in log(recent growth), improving predictions over earlier models. Growth-diameter scaling exponents covary with certain leaf and stem (but not wood) functional traits, reflecting growth strategies. LogBA increment scales linearly with log(diameter) as trees grow bigger in 16/20 species and growth actually accelerates in Quercus rubra L. Three other species plateau in growth. Growth only decelerates in red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait. Growth in whole-tree, above-ground biomass, and C accelerate even more strongly with diameter (mean exponent: 2.08 vs. 1.30 for BA growth). Sustained BA growth and accelerating wood/C growth contradict the common assumption that tree growth declines in bigger trees. Yield tables and silvicultural guidelines should be updated to reflect these current relationships. Such revisions will favor delaying harvests in many managed stands to increase wood production and enhance ecosystem values including C fixation and storage. Further research may resolve the relative roles of thinning, climatic conditions, nitrogen inputs, and rising CO₂ levels on changing patterns of tree growth.

树木的基底面积（BA）和木材体积随树径呈指数级增长。最近观测到的树木生长增加表明，这些异速生长关系正在发生变化，以响应气候变化、二氧化碳水平上升和/或森林管理的变化。我们分析了在美国中西部北部管理的混交林中生长的9种针叶树和11种阔叶树的9214个岩心，以量化直径（胸径高（DBH））对BA生长和地上木材和碳(C)的预测效果。这些样本包括许多大树。在控制场地效应的情况下，拟合混合模型从直径、树高和附近树木的BA来预测BA生长和地上生物量/C。模型占log（近期增长）方差的55%-83%，比早期模型改进了预测。生长径标度指数与某些叶和茎（但不包括木材）功能性状共变，反映生长策略。在16/20种树种中，随着树木的生长，LogBA的增量与对数（直径）呈线性关系，而在栎树中，LogBA的增长实际上是加速的。只有红松（Pinus resinosa Ait）生长减慢。随着直径的增加，整棵树、地上生物量和碳的增长速度更快（平均指数：2.08比1.30）。持续的BA增长和加速的木材/碳增长与树木生长在较大树木中下降的普遍假设相矛盾。应更新产量表和造林准则，以反映这些当前的关系。这些修订将有利于推迟许多管理林分的采伐，以增加木材产量，提高包括碳固定和储存在内的生态系统价值。进一步的研究可能会解决疏伐、气候条件、氮输入和二氧化碳水平上升对树木生长模式变化的相对作用。

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引用次数: 0

Leaf morphological trait integration and modularity provide insights into ecological adaptation in evergreen oaks 叶片形态特征的整合和模块化为常绿栎树的生态适应性研究提供了新的思路

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100350

Yi Zhang , Yanjun Luo , Min Qi , Ying Li , Fang K. Du

The integration and modularity of leaf morphological traits are fundamental to plant adaptations, yet their responses to diverse environmental pressures remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the roles of leaf trait integration and modularity and how they interact with environmental factors. We analyzed geometric, traditional, and functional leaf traits across 908 individuals from 72 populations of two alpine evergreen oaks, Quercus aquifolioides Rehder & E.H. Wilson and Quercus spinosa David ex Franch., distributed throughout the Himalayan-Hengduan Mountains (HHM), employing genetic assignment as a priori. Multivariate and redundancy analyses revealed that Q. aquifolioides, which inhabits harsher environments, exhibits lower trait integration and greater morphological flexibility, allowing for dynamic adaptation to fluctuating conditions. In contrast, Q. spinosa, thriving in milder environments, demonstrates stronger integration and stability in leaf morphology, facilitating resource optimization and providing a competitive advantage. Notable differences in modularity between the two species were observed, particularly in specific leaf traits, as revealed by structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. These results underscore the adaptive significance of leaf trait integration and modularity in extreme environments and highlight the critical role of leaf morphology in enhancing species resilience.

叶片形态特征的整合和模块化是植物适应的基础，但它们对不同环境压力的反应尚不清楚。在本研究中，我们探讨了叶片性状整合和模块化的作用及其与环境因子的相互作用。我们分析了两种高山常绿栎树（Quercus aquifolioides Rehder &） 72个种群908个个体的几何、传统和功能叶片性状。e·h·威尔逊和栎木，大卫·弗兰奇。，分布于喜马拉雅-横断山脉（HHM），采用先验遗传分配。多变量分析和冗余分析表明，生活在更恶劣环境中的水杨花表现出更低的性状整合和更大的形态灵活性，从而能够动态适应波动的环境。相比之下，在更温和的环境中生长的刺蒺藜叶片形态具有更强的整合性和稳定性，有利于资源优化和竞争优势。结构方程模型（SEM）分析显示，两种植物的模块性存在显著差异，特别是在特定的叶片性状上。这些结果强调了叶片性状整合和模块化在极端环境下的适应意义，并强调了叶片形态在增强物种恢复力方面的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Minimal expansion of shrubland on the Tibetan Plateau over the past three decades 在过去的三十年里，青藏高原上的灌木丛扩张很小

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100349

Li Liu , Daijun Yao , Guang Zhao , Zhoutao Zheng , Ning Zong , Yan Zhao , Ke Huang , Nan Cong , Yu Zhang , Qianxin Jiang , Yunlong He , Wenchao Wu , Yangjian Zhang

Shrubland expansion is a globally occurring phenomenon under global change and has caused a wide range of ecological consequences. However, due to the visual similarity between shrubland and grassland, the accuracy of shrubland interpretation and its spatial distribution varies across different products, making shrub encroachment on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) uncertain. To address these challenges, we developed a phenology-based and pixel-wise method utilizing the Landsat, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2 image archives to map shrubland distribution from 1990 to 2022 across the TP. We also investigated the factors affecting shrubland distribution. Using the Random Forest (RF) model, we achieved moderate to high accuracies (Kappa = 0.70–0.81) in predicting shrubland distributions, and we found that shrubland primarily occupies transitional zones between forest and grassland. In the southeast TP, solar radiation intensity is the dominant factor explaining the spatial distribution of shrubland, whereas in arid regions, water availability is the most important. From 1990 to 2022, the shrubland area slightly increased from 3.40% to 4.71%, with expansion showing a clustered pattern, mainly in the shaded aspects of arid regions. The shrubland identification method proposed here shows potential applicability in other areas with similar environmental conditions, such as arid landscapes or high-altitude ecosystems with pronounced seasonal vegetation dynamics. It also plays a crucial role in evaluating vegetation responses to climatic changes.

灌丛扩张是全球变化背景下的全球性现象，造成了广泛的生态后果。然而，由于灌丛与草地在视觉上的相似性，灌丛解译的精度及其空间分布在不同的产品上存在差异，使得青藏高原的灌丛入侵具有不确定性。为了应对这些挑战，我们开发了一种基于物候和像素的方法，利用Landsat、Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2图像档案来绘制1990年至2022年整个青藏高原的灌木分布图。研究了影响灌丛分布的因素。随机森林（Random Forest， RF）模型对灌丛地分布的预测精度达到了中高（Kappa = 0.70 ~ 0.81），灌丛地主要位于森林和草地之间的过渡地带。在青藏高原东南部，太阳辐射强度是解释灌木林空间分布的主导因素，而在干旱区，水分有效性是最重要的因素。从1990年到2022年，灌丛面积从3.40%略微增加到4.71%，扩张呈聚集型，主要集中在干旱区的阴影区。本文提出的灌丛识别方法在其他具有类似环境条件的地区具有潜在的适用性，例如干旱景观或具有明显季节性植被动态的高海拔生态系统。它在评估植被对气候变化的响应方面也起着至关重要的作用。

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引用次数: 0

The origin and beginnings of modern Continuous Cover Forestry in Europe 欧洲现代连续覆盖林的起源和开端

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100348

Arne Pommerening , Ulrika Widman , Janusz Szmyt

Background

Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF) is a type of forest management that is based on ecological, environmental, and biological principles. Specific definitions of CCF greatly vary and the concept usually includes a number of tenets or criteria. The most important tenet of CCF is the requirement to abandon the practice of large-scale clearfelling in favour of selective thinning/harvesting and natural regeneration methods.

Methods

CCF is commonly believed to have its main origin in an academic debate that was conducted through publications in a number of European and North American countries towards the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Our findings are exclusively based on a literature review of the history of CCF and they revealed that the European origins of CCF go much further back to a form of farm forestry that started to be practised in Central Europe in the 17th century. Eventually, this type of farm forestry led to the formation of the single-tree selection system as we know it today. Another influential tradition line contributing to modern CCF is individual-based forest management, which breaks forest stands down into small neighbourhood-based units. The centres of these units are dominant frame trees which form the framework of a forest stand. Consequently, management is only carried out in the local neighbourhood of frame trees. Individual-based forest management also modified inflexible area-control approaches of plantation forest management in favour of the flexible size-control method.

Results and conclusions

We found evidence that the three aforementioned tradition lines are equally important and much interacted in shaping modern CCF. Since CCF is an international accomplishment, it is helpful to thoroughly study the drivers and causes of such concepts. Understanding the gradual evolution can give valuable clues for the introduction and adaptation of CCF in countries where the concept is new.

连续覆盖林业（CCF）是一种基于生态、环境和生物原理的森林经营方式。CCF的具体定义差别很大，该概念通常包括许多原则或标准。CCF最重要的原则是要求放弃大规模砍伐的做法，转而采用选择性间伐/采伐和自然再生方法。人们普遍认为，sccf的主要起源是19世纪末20世纪初欧洲和北美一些国家通过出版物进行的学术辩论。我们的发现完全基于对CCF历史的文献回顾，他们揭示了CCF的欧洲起源可以追溯到17世纪中欧开始实践的一种农场林业形式。最终，这种类型的农场林业导致了我们今天所知道的单树选择系统的形成。另一个对现代CCF有影响的传统路线是以个人为基础的森林管理，它将森林分解成以社区为基础的小单位。这些单位的中心是主要的框架树，形成森林的框架。因此，管理只在框架树的局部邻域进行。以个体为基础的森林经营也改变了人工林经营中不灵活的面积控制方法，采用灵活的规模控制方法。结果和结论我们发现证据表明，上述三个传统线在形成现代CCF方面同样重要，并且相互作用。由于CCF是一项国际成就，因此深入研究这些概念的驱动因素和原因是有益的。了解这一渐进演变过程可以为CCF在新概念国家的引入和适应提供有价值的线索。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing competitor definitions for the sustainable management of dominant silver fir trees (Abies alba Mill.) in uneven-aged mixed Dinaric forests 在不均匀树龄的迪纳尔混交林中，为优势银杉的可持续管理优化竞争者定义

IF 3.8 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100346

Milan Kobal , Tom Levanič

Understanding competition between trees is essential for sustainable forest management as interactions between trees in uneven-aged mixed forests play a key role in growth dynamics. This study investigated nine competition indices (CIs) for their suitability to model the effects of neighboring trees on silver fir (Abies alba) growth in Dinaric silver fir-European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests. Although numerous competition indices have been developed, there is still limited consensus on their applicability in different forest types, especially in mature, structurally complex forest stands. The indices were evaluated using the adjusted coefficient of determination in a linear model wherein the volume growth of the last five years for 60 dominant silver fir trees was modeled as a function of tree volume and competition index. The results demonstrated that distance-dependent indices (e.g., the Hegyi height-distance competition and Rouvinen-Kuuluvainen diameter-distance competition indices), which consider the distance to competitors and their size, perform better than distance-independent indices. Using the optimization procedure in calculating the competition indices, only neighboring trees at a distance of up to 26-fold the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the selected tree (optimal search radius) and with a DBH of at least 20% of that of the target tree (optimal DBH) were considered competitors. Therefore, competition significantly influences the growth of dominant silver firs even in older age classes. The model based solely on tree volume explained 32.5% of the variability in volume growth, while the model that accounted for competition explained 64%. Optimizing the optimal search radius had a greater impact on model performance than optimizing the DBH threshold. This emphasizes the importance of balancing stand density and competition in silvicultural practice.

了解树木之间的竞争对可持续森林管理至关重要，因为在年龄不均匀的混交林中，树木之间的相互作用在生长动态中起着关键作用。研究了9个竞争指数（CIs）对Dinaric银冷杉-欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica）森林中邻近树木对银冷杉（Abies alba）生长影响的适用性。虽然已经开发了许多竞争指数，但它们在不同森林类型，特别是在成熟的、结构复杂的林分中的适用性仍然有限的共识。利用线性模型中调整的决定系数对这些指标进行评估，其中60棵优势银杉树近5年的体积增长作为树木体积和竞争指数的函数建模。结果表明，考虑竞争对手距离和规模的距离依赖指数（如Hegyi高度-距离竞争指数和Rouvinen-Kuuluvainen直径-距离竞争指数）优于距离独立指数。利用优化程序计算竞争指标时，只有距离所选树胸径（DBH）不超过26倍（最优搜索半径）且DBH至少为目标树胸径（最优DBH）的20%的邻近树才被视为竞争对手。因此，竞争显著影响优势银杉的生长，即使在年龄较大的班级。仅基于树木体积的模型解释了32.5%的体积增长变异，而考虑竞争的模型解释了64%。优化最优搜索半径对模型性能的影响大于优化DBH阈值。这强调了在造林实践中平衡林分密度和竞争的重要性。

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引用次数: 0