Forest Ecosystems最新文献_第4页

Tree biomass allocation is governed by allometry but modulated by optimization 树木生物量分配受异速生长控制，但受优化调节

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100405

Man Hu , Hang Shi , Rui He , Nana Wang , Yuzhen Han , Haishan Dang , Quanfa Zhang

Understanding the patterns and drivers of biomass allocation among organs at a broad scale is crucial for predicting the responses of plant growth and carbon sequestration to environmental change. However, the extent to which the general rules govern these patterns and the key factors affecting biomass allocation remain poorly understood. Using a global dataset of 239 tree species, we tested the two prevailing theories (i.e., the allometric partitioning theory (APT) and the optimal partitioning theory (OPT)) by investigating the scaling relationships between plant organs and how environmental factors and phylogeny shape the patterns of biomass allocation. Our results generally support APT at the global scale, with variations in biomass allocation patterns explained by OPT. As plant size increased, a significant shift in biomass allocation from leaves to roots and stems, as well as from roots to stems, was observed. Specific environmental factors (including temperature, precipitation variables, and soil properties) significantly influenced biomass allocation with distinct patterns in the angiosperms and gymnosperms, even when the allometric effects were taken into account. We conclude that tree biomass allocation among organs (i.e., the ratios of leaf to stem, leaf to root, stem to root, and aboveground to belowground) is governed by allometry but modulated by optimization at the global scale. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both the ontogenetic and environmental effects in predicting the responses of biomass sequestration to phylogenetic and environmental factors.

了解大尺度下各器官间生物量分配的模式和驱动因素对于预测植物生长和碳封存对环境变化的响应至关重要。然而，对支配这些模式的一般规则和影响生物量分配的关键因素的程度仍然知之甚少。利用239个树种的全球数据，通过研究植物器官间的尺度关系以及环境因子和系统发育对生物量分配模式的影响，验证了两种主流理论（异速分配理论（APT）和最优分配理论（OPT））。我们的研究结果在全球尺度上普遍支持APT，生物量分配模式的变化可以用OPT来解释。随着植物大小的增加，生物量分配从叶片到根和茎，以及从根到茎的显著转变。即使考虑异速生长效应，特定的环境因子（包括温度、降水变量和土壤性质）也会显著影响被子植物和裸子植物的生物量分配。我们得出结论，树木各器官间的生物量分配（即叶与茎、叶与根、茎与根以及地上与地下的比例）受异速生长控制，但在全球尺度上受优化调节。我们的研究结果强调了在预测生物量封存对系统发育和环境因素的响应时考虑个体和环境影响的重要性。

{"title":"Tree biomass allocation is governed by allometry but modulated by optimization","authors":"Man Hu , Hang Shi , Rui He , Nana Wang , Yuzhen Han , Haishan Dang , Quanfa Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the patterns and drivers of biomass allocation among organs at a broad scale is crucial for predicting the responses of plant growth and carbon sequestration to environmental change. However, the extent to which the general rules govern these patterns and the key factors affecting biomass allocation remain poorly understood. Using a global dataset of 239 tree species, we tested the two prevailing theories (i.e., the allometric partitioning theory (APT) and the optimal partitioning theory (OPT)) by investigating the scaling relationships between plant organs and how environmental factors and phylogeny shape the patterns of biomass allocation. Our results generally support APT at the global scale, with variations in biomass allocation patterns explained by OPT. As plant size increased, a significant shift in biomass allocation from leaves to roots and stems, as well as from roots to stems, was observed. Specific environmental factors (including temperature, precipitation variables, and soil properties) significantly influenced biomass allocation with distinct patterns in the angiosperms and gymnosperms, even when the allometric effects were taken into account. We conclude that tree biomass allocation among organs (i.e., the ratios of leaf to stem, leaf to root, stem to root, and aboveground to belowground) is governed by allometry but modulated by optimization at the global scale. Our findings highlight the importance of considering both the ontogenetic and environmental effects in predicting the responses of biomass sequestration to phylogenetic and environmental factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100405"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction of individual tree seedling volume, biomass, and carbon content via allometric projection 异速投影法预测单株幼苗体积、生物量和碳含量

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100396

James A. Westfall

When making assessments of forest resources, there is nearly ubiquitous interest in quantifying current status and trends in tree biomass and carbon stocks. While important at various spatial scales, typical estimations pertinent to broad forest management and policy issues are conducted for large areas such as state, regional, and national perspectives. These assessments are usually accomplished using large-area forest inventory data collected by National Forest Inventory (NFI) programs. While NFI efforts commonly collect size data for individual trees, there is often limited information for tree seedlings, e.g., frequency by species. To fully describe the tree population across the entire range of sizes present, this study proposes methods to predict individual seedling groundline diameter and height using models developed from trees having a diameter at breast height (DBH) less than 7.62 cm. These attributes are subsequently used for the prediction of seedling stem volume, total aboveground biomass, and carbon content. The results suggest a smooth transition in tree attributes as size increases to where direct measurement of individual trees and prediction of their volume, biomass, and carbon are implemented as part of standard inventory protocols. Analyses including the full spectrum of tree sizes show that seedlings contribute roughly 0.6%–0.7% of the total tree volume/mass. This additional suite of information provides opportunities for more holistic assessments across the full spectrum of the tree resource or for specialized subdomains that include the seedling component.

在对森林资源进行评估时，几乎普遍对量化树木生物量和碳储量的现状和趋势感兴趣。虽然在各种空间尺度上都很重要，但与广泛的森林管理和政策问题有关的典型估算是在大范围内进行的，如州、区域和国家的视角。这些评估通常是利用国家森林清查（NFI）计划收集的大面积森林清查数据完成的。虽然NFI的努力通常收集单个树木的大小数据，但树木幼苗的信息通常有限，例如，按物种划分的频率。为了充分描述整个大小范围内的树木种群，本研究提出了利用胸径小于7.62 cm的树木建立的模型来预测个体幼苗地线直径和高度的方法。这些属性随后被用于预测幼苗茎体积、地上总生物量和碳含量。结果表明，随着树木大小的增加，树木的属性会平稳过渡到对单个树木的直接测量以及对其体积、生物量和碳的预测可以作为标准清单协议的一部分实施。包括树木大小全谱的分析表明，幼苗约占树木总体积/质量的0.6%-0.7%。这组额外的信息为更全面地评估树木资源的全谱或包括幼苗成分的专门子域提供了机会。

{"title":"Prediction of individual tree seedling volume, biomass, and carbon content via allometric projection","authors":"James A. Westfall","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When making assessments of forest resources, there is nearly ubiquitous interest in quantifying current status and trends in tree biomass and carbon stocks. While important at various spatial scales, typical estimations pertinent to broad forest management and policy issues are conducted for large areas such as state, regional, and national perspectives. These assessments are usually accomplished using large-area forest inventory data collected by National Forest Inventory (NFI) programs. While NFI efforts commonly collect size data for individual trees, there is often limited information for tree seedlings, e.g., frequency by species. To fully describe the tree population across the entire range of sizes present, this study proposes methods to predict individual seedling groundline diameter and height using models developed from trees having a diameter at breast height (DBH) less than 7.62 cm. These attributes are subsequently used for the prediction of seedling stem volume, total aboveground biomass, and carbon content. The results suggest a smooth transition in tree attributes as size increases to where direct measurement of individual trees and prediction of their volume, biomass, and carbon are implemented as part of standard inventory protocols. Analyses including the full spectrum of tree sizes show that seedlings contribute roughly 0.6%–0.7% of the total tree volume/mass. This additional suite of information provides opportunities for more holistic assessments across the full spectrum of the tree resource or for specialized subdomains that include the seedling component.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Variation of above-ground tree biomass and soil carbon stocks across neotropical forest types 不同新热带森林类型地上树木生物量和土壤碳储量的变化

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100386

Oscar R. Lanuza , Adrià Descals , Josep M. Espelta , Josep Peñuelas , Guille Peguero

Neotropical forests encompass a diverse array of forest types, each with distinct structures and species compositions shaped by varying soil and climate conditions. Despite their global importance in carbon (C) cycling, their diversity is underrepresented in Earth system models due to our limited understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors influencing above-ground carbon (AGC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. We conducted a forest inventory across five neotropical forest types—cloud forest (CF), transition forest (TF), riparian forest (RF), pine-oak forest (POF), and tropical dry forest (TDF)—in Nicaragua's Miraflor-Moropotente Protected Landscape (MMPL) to explore these relationships. Across 40 plots, we identified 4,495 trees belonging to 239 species and 62 families, with Fabaceae being the most species-rich. RF exhibited the highest alpha diversity, followed by CF, TF, and TDF, while POF had the lowest. C stocks varied significantly among forest types, averaging 147.8 Mg C·ha⁻¹ for AGC and 46.3 Mg C·ha⁻¹ for SOC. RF and CF stored the most AGC, while TF had the highest SOC. AGC correlated strongly with basal area, species richness, and climatic factors such as precipitation and temperature, while SOC was primarily influenced by soil chemical properties (e.g., total nitrogen, pH) and precipitation. Notably, no significant relationship was found between SOC and AGC. Our C mapping estimated ∼3,700 Gg of C in the MMPL, with TDF covering the largest area and contributing most to AGC. However, RF and CF, despite occupying smaller areas, harbored the highest species richness and disproportionately contributed to AGC. These findings highlight the need to treat the different neotropical forest types as distinct ecosystems and prioritize the conservation and expansion of endangered cloud and RF across the Neotropics.

新热带森林包括各种各样的森林类型，每种类型都有不同的结构和物种组成，这些结构和物种组成受不同的土壤和气候条件的影响。尽管它们在碳(C)循环中具有全球重要性，但由于我们对影响地上碳（AGC）和土壤有机碳（SOC）储量的非生物和生物因素的了解有限，它们的多样性在地球系统模型中代表性不足。我们对五种新热带森林类型——云雾林（CF）、过渡林（TF）、河岸林（RF）、松栎林（POF）和热带干林（TDF）进行了森林清查，以探索尼加拉瓜米拉福-莫罗波特特保护景观（MMPL）中的这些关系。在40个样地中，共鉴定出62科239种、4495株树木，其中豆科树木种类最多。RF的α多样性最高，其次是CF、TF和TDF，而POF的α多样性最低。不同森林类型的碳储量差异显著，AGC平均为147.8 Mg C·ha - 1， SOC平均为46.3 Mg C·ha - 1。RF和CF储存的AGC最多，而TF的SOC最高。土壤有机碳主要受土壤化学性质（如全氮、pH）和降水的影响，而土壤有机碳则主要受基底面积、物种丰富度和气候因子（如降水量）的影响。值得注意的是，SOC与AGC之间没有显著的关系。我们的C图谱估计MMPL中约有3,700 Gg的C，其中TDF覆盖的面积最大，对AGC的贡献最大。而RF和CF虽然占地面积较小，但物种丰富度最高，对AGC的贡献不成比例。这些发现强调需要将不同的新热带森林类型视为不同的生态系统，并优先考虑在新热带地区保护和扩展濒危云和RF。

{"title":"Variation of above-ground tree biomass and soil carbon stocks across neotropical forest types","authors":"Oscar R. Lanuza , Adrià Descals , Josep M. Espelta , Josep Peñuelas , Guille Peguero","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100386","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100386","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neotropical forests encompass a diverse array of forest types, each with distinct structures and species compositions shaped by varying soil and climate conditions. Despite their global importance in carbon (C) cycling, their diversity is underrepresented in Earth system models due to our limited understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors influencing above-ground carbon (AGC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. We conducted a forest inventory across five neotropical forest types—cloud forest (CF), transition forest (TF), riparian forest (RF), pine-oak forest (POF), and tropical dry forest (TDF)—in Nicaragua's Miraflor-Moropotente Protected Landscape (MMPL) to explore these relationships. Across 40 plots, we identified 4,495 trees belonging to 239 species and 62 families, with Fabaceae being the most species-rich. RF exhibited the highest alpha diversity, followed by CF, TF, and TDF, while POF had the lowest. C stocks varied significantly among forest types, averaging 147.8 Mg C·ha<sup>−1</sup> for AGC and 46.3 Mg C·ha<sup>−1</sup> for SOC. RF and CF stored the most AGC, while TF had the highest SOC. AGC correlated strongly with basal area, species richness, and climatic factors such as precipitation and temperature, while SOC was primarily influenced by soil chemical properties (e.g., total nitrogen, pH) and precipitation. Notably, no significant relationship was found between SOC and AGC. Our C mapping estimated ∼3,700 Gg of C in the MMPL, with TDF covering the largest area and contributing most to AGC. However, RF and CF, despite occupying smaller areas, harbored the highest species richness and disproportionately contributed to AGC. These findings highlight the need to treat the different neotropical forest types as distinct ecosystems and prioritize the conservation and expansion of endangered cloud and RF across the Neotropics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100386"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of habitat fragmentation on multiple ecosystem functions in urban remnant forests 城市残余林生境破碎化对多种生态系统功能的影响

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100432

Mengli He , Jingyi Yang , Bingxia Zhang , Minglu Guo , Linfeng Zhou , Jingrong Yin

Urbanization-driven habitat fragmentation threatens ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) in remnant forests through biodiversity erosion. This study investigates the effects of habitat fragmentation on multiple ecosystem functions through analyses of fragmentation metrics, soil properties, and biodiversity across 30 remnant forest patches in Guiyang, China. Key findings reveal distinct drivers in edge and interior habitats. In edge habitats, the proportion and aggregation of impervious surfaces are key predictors of carbon dynamics and nutrient availability. In interior habitats, the contrast of the patch with the surrounding matrix is significantly correlated with carbon pools and phosphorus availability. The regulation of biodiversity involves distinct habitat differentiation, whereby microbial diversity governs pathogen control and carbon turnover at the edges, and plant diversity regulates enzyme activity and pathogen suppression trade-offs in the interior areas. Distinct interactions among ecosystem services are present and include pathogen defense synergies via shared microbial antagonistic networks alongside plant productivity (PP) that enhance microbial carbon pools through root exudates while concurrently boosting virulence control via antimicrobial traits. Conversely, trade-offs arise from resource allocation conflicts in which photosynthate competition occurs between plant growth and organic decomposition as well as opposing moisture requirements for pathogen suppression, which requires low humidity vs. water regulation (WR) demanding high retention. Crucially, habitat fragmentation metrics surpass soil properties and biodiversity in explaining overall EMF variation. Large patches with high core-to-edge ratios suppress edge-habitat EMF through extended disturbance interfaces. The scale-habitat differentiation effects identified in this study can inform conservation priorities focused on safeguarding clustered high-functioning small patches to leverage edge benefits and implementing dispersed development buffers with minimal impervious aggregation to protect interior habitat stability against landscape-scale stressors.

城市化驱动的栖息地破碎化通过生物多样性侵蚀威胁着残林生态系统的多功能性。本文通过对贵阳30个森林残斑的破碎化指标、土壤性质和生物多样性的分析，探讨了生境破碎化对生态系统多种功能的影响。主要发现揭示了边缘和内部栖息地的不同驱动因素。在边缘生境中，不透水表面的比例和聚集是碳动态和养分有效性的关键预测因子。在室内生境中，斑块与周围基质的对比与碳库和磷有效性显著相关。生物多样性的调节涉及明显的生境分化，其中微生物多样性控制边缘地区的病原体控制和碳周转，植物多样性调节内陆地区的酶活性和病原体抑制权衡。生态系统服务之间存在明显的相互作用，包括通过共享的微生物拮抗网络和植物生产力（PP）来防御病原体的协同作用，植物生产力（PP）通过根系分泌物增强微生物碳库，同时通过抗菌性状促进毒力控制。相反，资源分配冲突产生了权衡，其中植物生长和有机分解之间发生光合竞争，以及抑制病原体所需的水分相反，这需要低湿度，而水分调节（WR）需要高保留。至关重要的是，栖息地破碎化指标在解释总体EMF变化方面优于土壤性质和生物多样性。高核边缘比的大斑块通过扩展干扰界面抑制边缘生境EMF。本研究中确定的尺度-栖息地分化效应可以为保护优先事项提供信息，重点是保护聚集的高功能小斑块，以利用边缘效益，并通过最小的不透水聚集实施分散的开发缓冲，以保护内部栖息地的稳定性，免受景观尺度压力的影响。

{"title":"Effects of habitat fragmentation on multiple ecosystem functions in urban remnant forests","authors":"Mengli He , Jingyi Yang , Bingxia Zhang , Minglu Guo , Linfeng Zhou , Jingrong Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100432","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100432","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanization-driven habitat fragmentation threatens ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) in remnant forests through biodiversity erosion. This study investigates the effects of habitat fragmentation on multiple ecosystem functions through analyses of fragmentation metrics, soil properties, and biodiversity across 30 remnant forest patches in Guiyang, China. Key findings reveal distinct drivers in edge and interior habitats. In edge habitats, the proportion and aggregation of impervious surfaces are key predictors of carbon dynamics and nutrient availability. In interior habitats, the contrast of the patch with the surrounding matrix is significantly correlated with carbon pools and phosphorus availability. The regulation of biodiversity involves distinct habitat differentiation, whereby microbial diversity governs pathogen control and carbon turnover at the edges, and plant diversity regulates enzyme activity and pathogen suppression trade-offs in the interior areas. Distinct interactions among ecosystem services are present and include pathogen defense synergies via shared microbial antagonistic networks alongside plant productivity (PP) that enhance microbial carbon pools through root exudates while concurrently boosting virulence control via antimicrobial traits. Conversely, trade-offs arise from resource allocation conflicts in which photosynthate competition occurs between plant growth and organic decomposition as well as opposing moisture requirements for pathogen suppression, which requires low humidity vs. water regulation (WR) demanding high retention. Crucially, habitat fragmentation metrics surpass soil properties and biodiversity in explaining overall EMF variation. Large patches with high core-to-edge ratios suppress edge-habitat EMF through extended disturbance interfaces. The scale-habitat differentiation effects identified in this study can inform conservation priorities focused on safeguarding clustered high-functioning small patches to leverage edge benefits and implementing dispersed development buffers with minimal impervious aggregation to protect interior habitat stability against landscape-scale stressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100432"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comparison of species co-occurrence methods within the dark diversity framework in coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests 针阔叶混交林暗多样性框架下物种共现方法的比较

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100431

Wenjin Cui , Wushuang Li , Juan Wang , Xiuhai Zhao , Chunyu Zhang

Species co-occurrence patterns are widely used to infer the ecological suitability of species that are absent from local communities. However, such approaches are often framed within the concept of dark diversity—defined as the set of species that are ecologically suitable but currently absent from a local community—their predictions reflect different underlying mechanisms related to species co-occurrence and regional frequency. In this study, we compared two co-occurrence-based methods, Beals' index and the hypergeometric method, using vegetation survey data from mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forests (MBKF) across different successional stages in Northeast China. Method performance was assessed by predicting species suitability from co-occurrence patterns and validating predictions against observations from the surrounding area. The results show that both methods effectively assign ordered suitability values consistent with species occurrence status. Beals’ index exhibited higher overall predictive accuracy but showed greater variability among plots. In contrast, the hypergeometric method provided more stable performance and yielded suitability estimates that were ecologically informative for rare species. These findings demonstrate that co-occurrence-based suitability estimates are highly sensitive to the assumptions inherent in each method. Consequently, method selection should be guided by specific research questions and management objectives. Such careful methodological choice is crucial for deriving reliable conclusions and for effectively applying co-occurrence-based approaches in biodiversity assessment and forest management.

物种共现模式被广泛用于推断本地群落中缺失的物种的生态适宜性。然而，这些方法通常是在暗多样性的概念框架内进行的——暗多样性被定义为一组生态适宜但目前在当地社区中缺失的物种——它们的预测反映了与物种共生和区域频率相关的不同潜在机制。利用东北不同演替阶段阔叶红松混交林植被调查数据，比较了两种基于共现的方法——Beals指数和超几何方法。通过从共现模式中预测物种的适宜性，并根据周围地区的观测结果验证预测结果，评估方法的性能。结果表明，两种方法均能有效地分配与物种发生状态一致的有序适宜性值。Beals指数显示出更高的总体预测准确性，但在不同的图中表现出更大的变异性。相比之下，超几何方法提供了更稳定的性能，并得出了对稀有物种具有生态学信息的适宜性估计。这些发现表明，基于共同发生的适宜性估计对每种方法中固有的假设高度敏感。因此，方法的选择应以具体的研究问题和管理目标为指导。这种谨慎的方法选择对于得出可靠的结论和有效地在生物多样性评估和森林管理中应用基于共同发生的方法至关重要。

{"title":"A comparison of species co-occurrence methods within the dark diversity framework in coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests","authors":"Wenjin Cui , Wushuang Li , Juan Wang , Xiuhai Zhao , Chunyu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Species co-occurrence patterns are widely used to infer the ecological suitability of species that are absent from local communities. However, such approaches are often framed within the concept of dark diversity—defined as the set of species that are ecologically suitable but currently absent from a local community—their predictions reflect different underlying mechanisms related to species co-occurrence and regional frequency. In this study, we compared two co-occurrence-based methods, Beals' index and the hypergeometric method, using vegetation survey data from mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forests (MBKF) across different successional stages in Northeast China. Method performance was assessed by predicting species suitability from co-occurrence patterns and validating predictions against observations from the surrounding area. The results show that both methods effectively assign ordered suitability values consistent with species occurrence status. Beals’ index exhibited higher overall predictive accuracy but showed greater variability among plots. In contrast, the hypergeometric method provided more stable performance and yielded suitability estimates that were ecologically informative for rare species. These findings demonstrate that co-occurrence-based suitability estimates are highly sensitive to the assumptions inherent in each method. Consequently, method selection should be guided by specific research questions and management objectives. Such careful methodological choice is crucial for deriving reliable conclusions and for effectively applying co-occurrence-based approaches in biodiversity assessment and forest management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100431"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

To clear-cut or not to clear-cut: Diversifying benefits from small-scale forestry in Sweden 伐还是不伐：瑞典小规模林业的多样化效益

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100401

Nataliya Stryamets , Marine Elbakidze , Lucas Dawson , Thomas Hahn

This study explores the motivations, perceived benefits, and challenges associated with the adoption of clearcut-free forestry by early adopters among non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners in southern-central Sweden. Clearcut-free forestry, characterized by continuous tree cover and an emphasis on biodiversity, structural diversity, and ecosystem services (ES), is increasingly seen as a sustainable alternative to conventional intensive management based on short rotations and clear-cutting practices. Based on qualitative interviews with 22 NIPF owners who have adopted this approach, the study provides insights into how these early adopters perceive the value of clearcut-free forestry. Reported motivations include environmental concerns, such as biodiversity conservation and climate resilience, as well as strong socio-cultural values linked to family traditions, aesthetic preferences, and community wellbeing.

In this study, we use the multi-level perspective (MLP) framework to conceptualize NIPF owners who have adopted clearcut-free forestry as niche actors and analyze their potential contribution to the emergence of an alternative forest management regime. The findings highlight that early adopters associate multiple benefits with clearcut-free forestry, encompassing enhanced ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water regulation, habitat preservation, and socio-cultural enrichment through recreation and relational values. However, the interviewees identify several interrelated challenges, including knowledge gaps, lack of clear definitions and standardized practices, limited advisory services, underdeveloped value chains for high-quality timber, and market barriers, which hinder more widespread adoption. Within the multi-level perspective, owner perceptions linking clearcut-free management with improved forest multifunctionality serve as a key driver of niche-level experimentation. This suggests an alignment between these owners and evolving societal demands for more inclusive, sustainable, and diversified forest use. Policy recommendations include targeted investments in knowledge co-production, infrastructure, market incentives, and certification schemes to support the economic viability and broader adoption of clearcut-free forestry.

本研究探讨了瑞典中南部非工业私有森林（NIPF）所有者早期采用者采用无砍伐森林的动机、预期收益和挑战。以持续的树木覆盖和强调生物多样性、结构多样性和生态系统服务（ES）为特征的无砍伐森林日益被视为替代基于短期轮作和完全砍伐做法的传统集约化管理的可持续选择。基于对22个采用这种方法的NIPF所有者的定性访谈，该研究提供了这些早期采集者如何看待无砍伐森林价值的见解。报告的动机包括环境问题，如生物多样性保护和气候适应能力，以及与家庭传统、审美偏好和社区福祉相关的强烈社会文化价值观。在本研究中，我们使用多层次视角（MLP）框架将采用无砍伐森林的NIPF所有者概念化为生态位行为者，并分析他们对替代森林管理制度出现的潜在贡献。研究结果强调，早期采用者将无砍伐森林与多种利益联系起来，包括增强生态系统服务，如碳封存、水调节、栖息地保护，以及通过娱乐和关系价值丰富社会文化。然而，受访者指出了几个相互关联的挑战，包括知识差距、缺乏明确的定义和标准化的实践、有限的咨询服务、不发达的高质量木材价值链以及阻碍更广泛采用的市场壁垒。从多层次的角度来看，所有者将无砍伐管理与改善森林的多功能性联系起来的看法是利基级实验的关键驱动因素。这表明这些所有者与不断变化的社会需求之间的一致性，即更包容、可持续和多样化的森林利用。政策建议包括在知识合作生产、基础设施、市场激励和认证计划方面进行有针对性的投资，以支持经济可行性和更广泛地采用无砍伐森林。

{"title":"To clear-cut or not to clear-cut: Diversifying benefits from small-scale forestry in Sweden","authors":"Nataliya Stryamets , Marine Elbakidze , Lucas Dawson , Thomas Hahn","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the motivations, perceived benefits, and challenges associated with the adoption of clearcut-free forestry by early adopters among non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners in southern-central Sweden. Clearcut-free forestry, characterized by continuous tree cover and an emphasis on biodiversity, structural diversity, and ecosystem services (ES), is increasingly seen as a sustainable alternative to conventional intensive management based on short rotations and clear-cutting practices. Based on qualitative interviews with 22 NIPF owners who have adopted this approach, the study provides insights into how these early adopters perceive the value of clearcut-free forestry. Reported motivations include environmental concerns, such as biodiversity conservation and climate resilience, as well as strong socio-cultural values linked to family traditions, aesthetic preferences, and community wellbeing.</div><div>In this study, we use the multi-level perspective (MLP) framework to conceptualize NIPF owners who have adopted clearcut-free forestry as niche actors and analyze their potential contribution to the emergence of an alternative forest management regime. The findings highlight that early adopters associate multiple benefits with clearcut-free forestry, encompassing enhanced ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water regulation, habitat preservation, and socio-cultural enrichment through recreation and relational values. However, the interviewees identify several interrelated challenges, including knowledge gaps, lack of clear definitions and standardized practices, limited advisory services, underdeveloped value chains for high-quality timber, and market barriers, which hinder more widespread adoption. Within the multi-level perspective, owner perceptions linking clearcut-free management with improved forest multifunctionality serve as a key driver of niche-level experimentation. This suggests an alignment between these owners and evolving societal demands for more inclusive, sustainable, and diversified forest use. Policy recommendations include targeted investments in knowledge co-production, infrastructure, market incentives, and certification schemes to support the economic viability and broader adoption of clearcut-free forestry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145528317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Leveraging missing-data remote sensing for forest inventory 利用缺失数据遥感进行森林清查

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100399

Qiling Wang , Qing Xu , Liuyuan Huang , Weisheng Zeng , Bo Li , Timo Tokola , Ronald E. McRoberts , Zhengyang Hou

Remote sensing plays a pivotal role in forest inventory by enabling efficient large-scale monitoring while minimizing fieldwork costs. However, missing values pose a critical challenge in remote sensing applications, as ignoring or mishandling such data gaps can introduce systematic bias into the estimation of target variables for natural resource monitoring. This can lead to cascading errors that propagate through forest and ecosystem management decisions, ultimately hindering progress toward sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation strategies. This study aims to propose and demonstrate a procedure that employs hybrid estimators to address the limitations of missing remotely sensed data in forest inventory, using Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off data as an archived source for forest resource monitoring as a case in point. We compared forest inventory estimates from the hybrid estimator with those from a conventional model-based (CMB) estimator using Sentinel-2 data without missing values. Monte Carlo simulations revealed three key findings: (1) The hybrid estimator, leveraging missing-data remote sensing represented by Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off data, achieved a sampling precision of over 90%, meeting China's national standard for the National Forest Inventory (NFI); (2) The hybrid estimator demonstrated comparable efficiency to the CMB estimator; (3) The uncertainty associated with hybrid estimators was primarily dominated by model parameter estimation, which could be effectively mitigated by slightly increasing the training sample size or refining model specification. Overall, in forest inventory, the hybrid estimator can surmount the limitations posed by missing values in remotely sensed auxiliary data, effectively balancing cost-effectiveness and flexibility.

遥感在森林清查中发挥关键作用，使大规模有效监测成为可能，同时将实地调查成本降至最低。然而，缺失值对遥感应用构成了重大挑战，因为忽视或错误处理这些数据缺口可能会在自然资源监测目标变量的估计中引入系统性偏差。这可能导致通过森林和生态系统管理决策传播的级联错误，最终阻碍在可持续森林管理、生物多样性保护和气候变化缓解战略方面取得进展。本研究以Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off数据作为森林资源监测的存档源为例，提出并演示了一种采用混合估算器的程序，以解决森林清清库中遥感数据缺失的局限性。我们比较了混合估算器和传统基于模型（CMB）估算器的森林资源清查估计值，这些估计值使用的是没有缺失值的Sentinel-2数据。蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明：(1)利用Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off数据为代表的缺失数据遥感，混合估算器的采样精度达到90%以上，满足中国国家森林清查（NFI）的国家标准；(2)混合估计器的效率与CMB估计器相当；(3)与混合估计器相关的不确定性主要由模型参数估计主导，可以通过稍微增加训练样本量或改进模型规格来有效缓解。总体而言，在森林清查中，混合估算器可以克服遥感辅助数据中缺失值所造成的限制，有效地平衡了成本效益和灵活性。

{"title":"Leveraging missing-data remote sensing for forest inventory","authors":"Qiling Wang , Qing Xu , Liuyuan Huang , Weisheng Zeng , Bo Li , Timo Tokola , Ronald E. McRoberts , Zhengyang Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Remote sensing plays a pivotal role in forest inventory by enabling efficient large-scale monitoring while minimizing fieldwork costs. However, missing values pose a critical challenge in remote sensing applications, as ignoring or mishandling such data gaps can introduce systematic bias into the estimation of target variables for natural resource monitoring. This can lead to cascading errors that propagate through forest and ecosystem management decisions, ultimately hindering progress toward sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation strategies. This study aims to propose and demonstrate a procedure that employs hybrid estimators to address the limitations of missing remotely sensed data in forest inventory, using Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off data as an archived source for forest resource monitoring as a case in point. We compared forest inventory estimates from the hybrid estimator with those from a conventional model-based (CMB) estimator using Sentinel-2 data without missing values. Monte Carlo simulations revealed three key findings: (1) The hybrid estimator, leveraging missing-data remote sensing represented by Landsat 7 ETM+ SLC-off data, achieved a sampling precision of over 90%, meeting China's national standard for the National Forest Inventory (NFI); (2) The hybrid estimator demonstrated comparable efficiency to the CMB estimator; (3) The uncertainty associated with hybrid estimators was primarily dominated by model parameter estimation, which could be effectively mitigated by slightly increasing the training sample size or refining model specification. Overall, in forest inventory, the hybrid estimator can surmount the limitations posed by missing values in remotely sensed auxiliary data, effectively balancing cost-effectiveness and flexibility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145419883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Soil moisture governs the weakening response of transpiration fraction to leaf area index increase: A spatiotemporal analysis in China's Three-North region 土壤水分支配着土壤蒸腾速率对叶面积指数增加的减弱响应：中国三北地区的时空分析

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100422

Xiao Zhang , Xinxiao Yu , Guodong Jia

Accurately assessing vegetation-hydrology interactions is crucial for water resource management, especially amidst climate change and ecological restoration. Using remote sensing observations (MODIS LAI) and GLEAM model outputs (evapotranspiration components, soil moisture (SM)) from 2000 to 2023 for China's Three-North (TN) region, we quantified the sensitivity of the transpiration fraction (TF, the ratio of transpiration to total evapotranspiration) to changes in leaf area index (LAI), denoted as θ = ∂TF/∂LAI. We employed an analytical approach combining SM and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) trends to evaluate the mechanisms governing θ′s response to increasing vegetation cover. Results show that while the TN region experienced a significant LAI increase (0.33 m²·m⁻²·decade⁻¹), driving a continuous TF rise (1.44% decade⁻¹), the sensitivity θ markedly decreased (−3.4% year⁻¹), accumulating a 32% decline over 24 years. This reveals a clear diminishing return of LAI increase on enhancing TF. Regional VPD remained stable, with opposing effects from rising temperature and atmospheric moisture largely cancelling out. Crucially, the decline in θ was primarily governed by SM dynamics; θ decreased most sharply under soil drying conditions (Δθ up to −8%), whereas sufficient soil wetting buffered the decline. Sensitivity also varied across different combinations of SM and VPD trends, being lowest where SM increased, and VPD decreased. This study demonstrates a weakening hydrological feedback to vegetation restoration in the TN region, highlighting soil moisture availability as the key constraint limiting the ecosystem's capacity to regulate water vapor fluxes. These findings provide a critical basis for assessing ecological sustainability and informing adaptive water management strategies under future aridification.

准确评估植被-水文相互作用对水资源管理至关重要，特别是在气候变化和生态恢复的背景下。利用2000 - 2023年中国三北（TN）地区遥感观测数据（MODIS LAI）和GLEAM模型输出（蒸散发分量、土壤水分（SM）），量化了中国三北（TN）地区蒸腾分值（TF）对叶面积指数（LAI）变化的敏感性，表示为θ =∂TF/∂LAI。我们采用结合SM和蒸汽压亏缺（VPD）趋势的分析方法来评估θ对植被覆盖增加的响应机制。结果表明，TN区LAI显著增加（0.33 m2·m−2·10年−1），带动TF持续上升（1.44% 10年−1），但敏感性θ显著下降（−3.4%年−1），24年累计下降32%。这表明LAI增加对TF的回报明显递减。区域VPD保持稳定，气温上升和大气湿度的相反影响在很大程度上抵消了。关键是，θ的下降主要受SM动力学控制；在土壤干燥条件下，θ的下降幅度最大（Δθ达- 8%），而充足的土壤湿润缓冲了θ的下降。在SM和VPD趋势的不同组合中，敏感性也有所不同，当SM增加而VPD减少时，敏感性最低。该研究表明，水文反馈对TN地区植被恢复的影响减弱，强调土壤水分有效性是限制生态系统调节水汽通量能力的关键制约因素。这些发现为评估未来干旱化条件下的生态可持续性和适应性水管理策略提供了重要基础。

{"title":"Soil moisture governs the weakening response of transpiration fraction to leaf area index increase: A spatiotemporal analysis in China's Three-North region","authors":"Xiao Zhang , Xinxiao Yu , Guodong Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately assessing vegetation-hydrology interactions is crucial for water resource management, especially amidst climate change and ecological restoration. Using remote sensing observations (MODIS LAI) and GLEAM model outputs (evapotranspiration components, soil moisture (SM)) from 2000 to 2023 for China's Three-North (TN) region, we quantified the sensitivity of the transpiration fraction (TF, the ratio of transpiration to total evapotranspiration) to changes in leaf area index (LAI), denoted as <em>θ</em> = ∂TF/∂LAI. We employed an analytical approach combining SM and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) trends to evaluate the mechanisms governing <em>θ</em>′s response to increasing vegetation cover. Results show that while the TN region experienced a significant LAI increase (0.33 m<sup>2</sup>·m<sup>−2</sup>·decade<sup>−1</sup>), driving a continuous TF rise (1.44% decade<sup>−1</sup>), the sensitivity <em>θ</em> markedly decreased (−3.4% year<sup>−1</sup>), accumulating a 32% decline over 24 years. This reveals a clear diminishing return of LAI increase on enhancing TF. Regional VPD remained stable, with opposing effects from rising temperature and atmospheric moisture largely cancelling out. Crucially, the decline in <em>θ</em> was primarily governed by SM dynamics; <em>θ</em> decreased most sharply under soil drying conditions (Δ<em>θ</em> up to −8%), whereas sufficient soil wetting buffered the decline. Sensitivity also varied across different combinations of SM and VPD trends, being lowest where SM increased, and VPD decreased. This study demonstrates a weakening hydrological feedback to vegetation restoration in the TN region, highlighting soil moisture availability as the key constraint limiting the ecosystem's capacity to regulate water vapor fluxes. These findings provide a critical basis for assessing ecological sustainability and informing adaptive water management strategies under future aridification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Land use and landscape pattern changes dominated ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in a temperate mountain region 在温带山区，土地利用和景观格局变化主导了生态系统服务的权衡和协同效应

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100427

Li Liu , Wen J. Wang , Suri G. Bao , Shengjie Ba , Lei Wang , Yu Cong , Haitao Wu , Hong S. He

Climate change, land use/cover changes (LUCC), and landscape pattern alterations have increasingly complicated interactions among ecosystem services (ES) in temperate mountain forests, underscoring the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying the dominant trade-offs and synergies to inform sustainable natural resource management. In this study, we quantified the degree of trade-offs and synergies among water yield (WY), soil retention (SR), carbon storage (CS), and habitat quality (HQ), and elucidated their dominant drivers in the Changbai Mountain Region, Northeast China, from 1990 to 2020. Our results demonstrated that SR (+29.56%) and CS (+9.90%) increased, while WY (−8.77%) and HQ (−20.77%) decreased over the 30 years. ES interactions were dominated by trade-offs between WY and SR and synergies between WY and HQ. These dominant interactions were mainly driven by LUCC, particularly cropland expansion, forest loss, and urbanization, along with landscape pattern alterations associated with increased fragmentation and enhanced connectivity from afforestation, whereas climatic changes played a comparatively smaller role. LUCC not only directly influenced ES interactions but also exerted indirect effects through its alterations of landscape patterns. These complex, multifaceted drivers shape ES relationships and intensify mismatches between ES supply and demand, underscoring the urgent need for integrated, spatially explicit management strategies to balance ES provisioning and ensure long-term ecological sustainability in montane regions.

气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）和景观格局变化在温带山林生态系统服务（ES）之间的相互作用日益复杂，强调了了解主要权衡和协同作用背后的机制对可持续自然资源管理的重要性。通过对1990 - 2020年中国东北长白山地区土壤水分、土壤保有量、碳储量和生境质量之间的权衡和协同程度进行量化，并阐明了它们的主导驱动因素。结果表明：30 a间SR（+29.56%）和CS（+9.90%）增加，WY（- 8.77%）和HQ（- 20.77%）减少；ES的相互作用主要是WY和SR之间的权衡以及WY和总部之间的协同作用。这些主导的相互作用主要由土地利用/土地覆盖变化驱动，特别是农田扩张、森林损失和城市化，以及与破碎化增加和造林连通性增强相关的景观格局变化，而气候变化的作用相对较小。土地利用变化不仅直接影响生态系统相互作用，而且通过改变景观格局产生间接影响。这些复杂的、多方面的驱动因素塑造了生态系统关系，加剧了生态系统供需之间的不匹配，强调了迫切需要综合的、空间明确的管理策略来平衡生态系统供应，并确保山区的长期生态可持续性。

{"title":"Land use and landscape pattern changes dominated ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in a temperate mountain region","authors":"Li Liu , Wen J. Wang , Suri G. Bao , Shengjie Ba , Lei Wang , Yu Cong , Haitao Wu , Hong S. He","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2026.100427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change, land use/cover changes (LUCC), and landscape pattern alterations have increasingly complicated interactions among ecosystem services (ES) in temperate mountain forests, underscoring the importance of understanding the mechanisms underlying the dominant trade-offs and synergies to inform sustainable natural resource management. In this study, we quantified the degree of trade-offs and synergies among water yield (WY), soil retention (SR), carbon storage (CS), and habitat quality (HQ), and elucidated their dominant drivers in the Changbai Mountain Region, Northeast China, from 1990 to 2020. Our results demonstrated that SR (+29.56%) and CS (+9.90%) increased, while WY (−8.77%) and HQ (−20.77%) decreased over the 30 years. ES interactions were dominated by trade-offs between WY and SR and synergies between WY and HQ. These dominant interactions were mainly driven by LUCC, particularly cropland expansion, forest loss, and urbanization, along with landscape pattern alterations associated with increased fragmentation and enhanced connectivity from afforestation, whereas climatic changes played a comparatively smaller role. LUCC not only directly influenced ES interactions but also exerted indirect effects through its alterations of landscape patterns. These complex, multifaceted drivers shape ES relationships and intensify mismatches between ES supply and demand, underscoring the urgent need for integrated, spatially explicit management strategies to balance ES provisioning and ensure long-term ecological sustainability in montane regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100427"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Canopy and understory nitrogen additions differentially regulate soil organic carbon fractions via litter–microbe–mineral interactions 冠层和林下氮添加量通过凋落物-微生物-矿物相互作用对土壤有机碳组分的调节存在差异

IF 4.4 1区农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY

Forest Ecosystems

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100410

Youchao Chen , Qinxi Liu , Xinli Chen , Ji Chen , Biao Zhu , Shenglei Fu , Scott X. Chang , Yanjiang Cai

The effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on forest soil organic carbon (SOC) are largely unclear, likely due to the divergent responses of particulate (POC) and mineral-associated carbon (MAOC). Conventional understory inorganic N (UIN) additions neglect canopy processes and the impacts of organic N, potentially misevaluating N deposition effects. This study was conducted in a long-term N addition experiment established in a Moso bamboo forest, which included six treatments combining canopy and understory N additions with organic (urea + glycine) and inorganic (NH₄NO₃) forms at a rate of 50 kg N·ha⁻¹·yr⁻¹. Litterbags were installed for a two-year decomposition experiment and collected at quarterly intervals, together with concurrent soil sampling under litterbags at 0–10 cm depth. We aimed to examine the effects of canopy vs. understory N addition and organic vs. inorganic N form on soil POC and MAOC concentrations. Our results showed that canopy N additions significantly reduced POC (−15.9%) but did not affect MAOC (P > 0.05). Conversely, understory N additions significantly increased POC (+30.9%) and decreased MAOC (−28.9%). Canopy N additions decreased POC by enhancing peroxidase activity and fungal diversity (FuD), while understory N additions promoted POC by inhibiting litter decomposition. Additionally, understory N addition-induced soil acidification decreased soil Ca²⁺ concentration, microbial carbon use efficiency, and bacterial necromass C, as well as the release of litter water-soluble compounds, thereby inhibiting MAOC. Moreover, nitrogen forms (organic vs. inorganic) had no effect on SOC fractions. Our findings underscore that canopy and understory N addition approaches differentially regulate SOC fractions by altering litter decomposition–microbial–mineral interactions, and the understory approach may overestimate soil POC gain and MAOC loss driven by atmospheric N deposition.

氮沉降对森林土壤有机碳（SOC）的影响在很大程度上是不清楚的，可能是由于颗粒（POC）和矿物相关碳（MAOC）的不同响应。传统的林下无机氮（un）添加忽略了林冠过程和有机氮的影响，潜在地错误评估了N沉降效应。本研究在毛梭竹林进行了长期施氮试验，包括6个处理，分别以有机（尿素+甘氨酸）和无机（NH4NO3）形式，以50 kg N·ha−1·yr−1的速率向林下和林下施氮。安装垃圾袋进行为期两年的分解实验，每季度收集一次，同时在垃圾袋下进行0-10 cm深度的土壤采样。研究了林冠和林下N添加量以及有机和无机N形态对土壤POC和MAOC浓度的影响。结果表明，添加冠层氮显著降低了POC(- 15.9%)，但对MAOC没有影响（P > 0.05）。相反，林下N添加显著提高POC(+30.9%)，降低MAOC（- 28.9%）。林冠氮素添加通过提高过氧化物酶活性和真菌多样性（FuD）降低POC，林下氮素添加通过抑制凋落物分解提高POC。此外，林下N添加引起的土壤酸化降低了土壤Ca2+浓度、微生物碳利用效率、细菌坏死质量C以及凋落物水溶性化合物的释放，从而抑制了MAOC。此外，氮形态（有机和无机）对有机碳分数没有影响。研究结果表明，林冠和林下加氮方法通过改变凋落物分解-微生物-矿物相互作用来调节土壤有机碳含量，林下加氮方法可能高估了大气氮沉降驱动的土壤POC增益和MAOC损失。

{"title":"Canopy and understory nitrogen additions differentially regulate soil organic carbon fractions via litter–microbe–mineral interactions","authors":"Youchao Chen , Qinxi Liu , Xinli Chen , Ji Chen , Biao Zhu , Shenglei Fu , Scott X. Chang , Yanjiang Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on forest soil organic carbon (SOC) are largely unclear, likely due to the divergent responses of particulate (POC) and mineral-associated carbon (MAOC). Conventional understory inorganic N (UIN) additions neglect canopy processes and the impacts of organic N, potentially misevaluating N deposition effects. This study was conducted in a long-term N addition experiment established in a Moso bamboo forest, which included six treatments combining canopy and understory N additions with organic (urea + glycine) and inorganic (NH<sub>4</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>) forms at a rate of 50 kg N·ha<sup>−1</sup>·yr<sup>−1</sup>. Litterbags were installed for a two-year decomposition experiment and collected at quarterly intervals, together with concurrent soil sampling under litterbags at 0–10 cm depth. We aimed to examine the effects of canopy vs. understory N addition and organic vs. inorganic N form on soil POC and MAOC concentrations. Our results showed that canopy N additions significantly reduced POC (−15.9%) but did not affect MAOC (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Conversely, understory N additions significantly increased POC (+30.9%) and decreased MAOC (−28.9%). Canopy N additions decreased POC by enhancing peroxidase activity and fungal diversity (FuD), while understory N additions promoted POC by inhibiting litter decomposition. Additionally, understory N addition-induced soil acidification decreased soil Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration, microbial carbon use efficiency, and bacterial necromass C, as well as the release of litter water-soluble compounds, thereby inhibiting MAOC. Moreover, nitrogen forms (organic vs. inorganic) had no effect on SOC fractions. Our findings underscore that canopy and understory N addition approaches differentially regulate SOC fractions by altering litter decomposition–microbial–mineral interactions, and the understory approach may overestimate soil POC gain and MAOC loss driven by atmospheric N deposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54270,"journal":{"name":"Forest Ecosystems","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100410"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0