Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-05-20DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2024.2340131
Lionel Naccache, Esteban Munoz-Musat
We introduce here a general model of Functional Neurological Disorders based on the following hypothesis: a Functional Neurological Disorder could correspond to a consciously initiated voluntary top-down process causing involuntary lasting consequences that are consciously experienced and subjectively interpreted by the patient as involuntary. We develop this central hypothesis according to Global Neuronal Workspace theory of consciousness, that is particularly suited to describe interactions between conscious and non-conscious cognitive processes. We then present a list of predictions defining a research program aimed at empirically testing their validity. Finally, this general model leads us to reinterpret the long-debated links between hypnotic suggestion and functional neurological disorders. Driven by both scientific and therapeutic goals, this theoretical paper aims at bringing closer the psychiatric and neurological worlds of functional neurological disorders with the latest developments of cognitive neuroscience of consciousness.
{"title":"A global neuronal workspace model of functional neurological disorders.","authors":"Lionel Naccache, Esteban Munoz-Musat","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2340131","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2340131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We introduce here a general model of Functional Neurological Disorders based on the following hypothesis: a Functional Neurological Disorder could correspond to a consciously initiated voluntary top-down process causing involuntary lasting consequences that are consciously experienced and subjectively interpreted by the patient as involuntary. We develop this central hypothesis according to Global Neuronal Workspace theory of consciousness, that is particularly suited to describe interactions between conscious and non-conscious cognitive processes. We then present a list of predictions defining a research program aimed at empirically testing their validity. Finally, this general model leads us to reinterpret the long-debated links between hypnotic suggestion and functional neurological disorders. Driven by both scientific and therapeutic goals, this theoretical paper aims at bringing closer the psychiatric and neurological worlds of functional neurological disorders with the latest developments of cognitive neuroscience of consciousness.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11107854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141072334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-06-03DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2024.2359918
Jiqiang Ma, Yu'e Liu, Kaijun Zhao
Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifaceted etiology. This case report explores the ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection as a potential underlying cause of ASD.
Methods: A 9-year-old child presented with symptoms of ASD, including social interaction difficulties, repetitive behaviors, and cognitive challenges. Despite conventional ASD treatments, significant improvement was only observed after addressing an underlying ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection identified through DCE-CT.
Results: Following a reconstructive treatment approach to the vascular dissection, the patient showed marked improvement in cognitive functions, social abilities, and a reduction in ASD-related symptoms whether during the perioperative period or during approximately 5-month follow-up.
Conclusion: This case suggests that ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection may contribute to the symptoms of ASD. Identifying and treating underlying vascular anomalies may offer a new avenue for mitigating ASD symptoms, emphasizing the need for comprehensive diagnostic estimations in ASD management.
{"title":"Microcephaly type 22 and autism spectrum disorder: A case report and review of literature.","authors":"Jiqiang Ma, Yu'e Liu, Kaijun Zhao","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2359918","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2359918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with a multifaceted etiology. This case report explores the ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection as a potential underlying cause of ASD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 9-year-old child presented with symptoms of ASD, including social interaction difficulties, repetitive behaviors, and cognitive challenges. Despite conventional ASD treatments, significant improvement was only observed after addressing an underlying ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection identified through DCE-CT.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following a reconstructive treatment approach to the vascular dissection, the patient showed marked improvement in cognitive functions, social abilities, and a reduction in ASD-related symptoms whether during the perioperative period or during approximately 5-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case suggests that ischemic cryptogenic vascular dissection may contribute to the symptoms of ASD. Identifying and treating underlying vascular anomalies may offer a new avenue for mitigating ASD symptoms, emphasizing the need for comprehensive diagnostic estimations in ASD management.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11149562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141238829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2024.2398456
Shiven Chaudhry, Anne E Weisman, Molly Hagen, Kathryn L S Pauli, Burton J Tabaac
Introduction: This study evaluates the impact of a two-hour team-based learning (TBL) curriculum on medical students' knowledge, comprehension, ethical understanding, and attitudes towards psychedelic therapies.
Methods: Sixty-three pre-surveys and fifty post-surveys assessed students' perceived knowledge and attitudes using Likert scales. Forty-eight matched pre/post-knowledge tests with multiple-choice questions quantified changes in comprehension. The TBL approach featured independent learning, team readiness assessments, and application exercises.
Results: Post-curriculum, students demonstrated significantly improved test scores (mean 41.4% increase, p < 0.0001) and more positive attitudes across 16 of 18 items (p ≤ 0.0495). Overall attitude scores increased 23% (p < 0.0001). Qualitative feedback reflected enhanced comfort discussing psychedelics clinically. While some students expressed support for psychedelic-assisted therapy, others cited reservations.
Discussion: This innovative curriculum bridged an important education gap given the increasing relevance of psychedelic medicine. Findings suggest TBL enhances medical student preparedness in this emerging field. Continued curricular development is warranted to ensure proper psychedelic education aligns with patient needs and legislative policies. As psychedelic research progresses, maintaining instructional excellence is crucial for future healthcare professionals.
{"title":"Examining the influence of team-based learning on medical students' comprehension and attitudes regarding psychedelic therapies.","authors":"Shiven Chaudhry, Anne E Weisman, Molly Hagen, Kathryn L S Pauli, Burton J Tabaac","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2398456","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2398456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study evaluates the impact of a two-hour team-based learning (TBL) curriculum on medical students' knowledge, comprehension, ethical understanding, and attitudes towards psychedelic therapies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty-three pre-surveys and fifty post-surveys assessed students' perceived knowledge and attitudes using Likert scales. Forty-eight matched pre/post-knowledge tests with multiple-choice questions quantified changes in comprehension. The TBL approach featured independent learning, team readiness assessments, and application exercises.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Post-curriculum, students demonstrated significantly improved test scores (mean 41.4% increase, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) and more positive attitudes across 16 of 18 items (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.0495). Overall attitude scores increased 23% (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Qualitative feedback reflected enhanced comfort discussing psychedelics clinically. While some students expressed support for psychedelic-assisted therapy, others cited reservations.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>This innovative curriculum bridged an important education gap given the increasing relevance of psychedelic medicine. Findings suggest TBL enhances medical student preparedness in this emerging field. Continued curricular development is warranted to ensure proper psychedelic education aligns with patient needs and legislative policies. As psychedelic research progresses, maintaining instructional excellence is crucial for future healthcare professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11370688/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142114780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-08-16DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2024.2392491
Cristina Ștefănescu, Michael Davidson
Introduction: Antidiabetic drugs, reduction of carbohydrates intake, maintaining normal weight and physical activity are the cornerstone of diabetes 2 treatment.
Methods: This opinion article is not intended to challenge hundreds of studies unequivocally demonstrating the benefits of a healthy lifestyle including appropriate diet in controlling the consequences of T2DM. The article questions whether the benefits of dietary restrictions for the management of T2D in older adults who are already demented, are worth the potential detrimental effects on quality of life for the patients and their caregivers, as well as the effects of dietary restrictions on frailty, sarcopenia.
Discussion: However, the benefit of dietary restrictions including carbohydrates restrictions, might not manifest in elderly Alzheimer and vascular dementia patients with type 2 diabetes. On the contrary, such restrictions might hinder the patients' and caregiver's quality of life and encumber attempts to maintain normal weight in a population which tends to be underweight. Therefore, the benefit/risk ratio of dietary restriction should be weighed in this population on an individual basis.
{"title":"Should dietary restrictions be imposed on Alzheimer's Disease patients affected by type 2 diabetes?","authors":"Cristina Ștefănescu, Michael Davidson","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2392491","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2392491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Antidiabetic drugs, reduction of carbohydrates intake, maintaining normal weight and physical activity are the cornerstone of diabetes 2 treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This opinion article is not intended to challenge hundreds of studies unequivocally demonstrating the benefits of a healthy lifestyle including appropriate diet in controlling the consequences of T2DM. The article questions whether the benefits of dietary restrictions for the management of T2D in older adults who are already demented, are worth the potential detrimental effects on quality of life for the patients and their caregivers, as well as the effects of dietary restrictions on frailty, sarcopenia.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>However, the benefit of dietary restrictions including carbohydrates restrictions, might not manifest in elderly Alzheimer and vascular dementia patients with type 2 diabetes. On the contrary, such restrictions might hinder the patients' and caregiver's quality of life and encumber attempts to maintain normal weight in a population which tends to be underweight. Therefore, the benefit/risk ratio of dietary restriction should be weighed in this population on an individual basis.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11332299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141989525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-06-05DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2024.2359923
Julia Sauter, Laura M Lingenti, Martin Rettenberger, Daniel Turner, Peer Briken, Tatjana Voß
Introduction: Treatment of individuals who have committed sexual offences with Testosterone-Lowering Medication (TLM) is a comparatively intrusive kind of intervention, which regularly takes place in coercive contexts. Thus, the question of efficacy, but also the question of who should be treated, when and for how long, are of great importance.
Methods: Recidivism rates of TLM-treated high-risk individuals (+TLM; n = 54) were compared with high-risk individuals treated with psychotherapy only in the same forensic outpatient clinic (-TLM; n = 79).
Results: Group differences suggested a higher initial risk of + TLM (e.g. higher ris-assessment, previous convictions). Despite the increased risk, after an average time at risk of six years, +TLM recidivated significantly less often and significantly later than - TLM (27.8% vs. 51.9%). Such an effect was also found for violent (1.9% vs. 15.2%), but not for sexual (5.6% vs. 10.1%) and serious recidivism (5.6% vs. 10.1%), which could be explained partly by the small number of cases. In the course of treatment, TLM proved to be a significant variable for a positive process, whereas a high risk-assessment score indicated a rather negative course. In total, n = 19 individuals had stopped their TLM treatment, of these 31.6% recidivated.
Conclusion: The results support the efficacy of TLM, particularly in the group of high-risk offenders.
{"title":"The impact of testosterone-lowering medication on recidivism in individuals convicted of sexual offenses.","authors":"Julia Sauter, Laura M Lingenti, Martin Rettenberger, Daniel Turner, Peer Briken, Tatjana Voß","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2359923","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2359923","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Treatment of individuals who have committed sexual offences with Testosterone-Lowering Medication (TLM) is a comparatively intrusive kind of intervention, which regularly takes place in coercive contexts. Thus, the question of efficacy, but also the question of who should be treated, when and for how long, are of great importance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Recidivism rates of TLM-treated high-risk individuals (+TLM; <i>n</i> = 54) were compared with high-risk individuals treated with psychotherapy only in the same forensic outpatient clinic (-TLM; <i>n</i> = 79).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Group differences suggested a higher initial risk of + TLM (e.g. higher ris-assessment, previous convictions). Despite the increased risk, after an average time at risk of six years, +TLM recidivated significantly less often and significantly later than - TLM (27.8% vs. 51.9%). Such an effect was also found for violent (1.9% vs. 15.2%), but not for sexual (5.6% vs. 10.1%) and serious recidivism (5.6% vs. 10.1%), which could be explained partly by the small number of cases. In the course of treatment, TLM proved to be a significant variable for a positive process, whereas a high risk-assessment score indicated a rather negative course. In total, <i>n</i> = 19 individuals had stopped their TLM treatment, of these 31.6% recidivated.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results support the efficacy of TLM, particularly in the group of high-risk offenders.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11155425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141248956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01Epub Date: 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2024.2373075
Hanna Lu, Jing Li, Sandra Sau Man Chan, Suk Ling Ma, Vincent Chung Tong Mok, Lin Shi, Arthur Dun-Ping Mak, Linda Chiu Wa Lam
Introduction: One major challenge in developing personalised repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is that the treatment responses exhibited high inter-individual variations. Brain morphometry might contribute to these variations. This study sought to determine whether individual's brain morphometry could predict the rTMS responders and remitters.
Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data from a randomised clinical trial that included fifty-five patients over the age of 60 with both comorbid depression and neurocognitive disorder. Based on magnetic resonance imaging scans, estimated brain age was calculated with morphometric features using a support vector machine. Brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) was computed as the difference between brain age and chronological age.
Results: The rTMS responders and remitters had younger brain age. Every additional year of brain-PAD decreased the odds of relieving depressive symptoms by ∼25.7% in responders (Odd ratio [OR] = 0.743, p = .045) and by ∼39.5% in remitters (OR = 0.605, p = .022) in active rTMS group. Using brain-PAD score as a feature, responder-nonresponder classification accuracies of 85% (3rd week) and 84% (12th week), respectively were achieved.
Conclusion: In elderly patients, younger brain age appears to be associated with better treatment responses to active rTMS. Pre-treatment brain age models informed by morphometry might be used as an indicator to stratify suitable patients for rTMS treatment.
{"title":"Predictive values of pre-treatment brain age models to rTMS effects in neurocognitive disorder with depression: Secondary analysis of a randomised sham-controlled clinical trial.","authors":"Hanna Lu, Jing Li, Sandra Sau Man Chan, Suk Ling Ma, Vincent Chung Tong Mok, Lin Shi, Arthur Dun-Ping Mak, Linda Chiu Wa Lam","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2373075","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2024.2373075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>One major challenge in developing personalised repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is that the treatment responses exhibited high inter-individual variations. Brain morphometry might contribute to these variations. This study sought to determine whether individual's brain morphometry could predict the rTMS responders and remitters.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a secondary analysis of data from a randomised clinical trial that included fifty-five patients over the age of 60 with both comorbid depression and neurocognitive disorder. Based on magnetic resonance imaging scans, estimated brain age was calculated with morphometric features using a support vector machine. Brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) was computed as the difference between brain age and chronological age.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The rTMS responders and remitters had younger brain age. Every additional year of brain-PAD decreased the odds of relieving depressive symptoms by ∼25.7% in responders (Odd ratio [OR] = 0.743, <i>p</i> = .045) and by ∼39.5% in remitters (OR = 0.605, <i>p</i> = .022) in active rTMS group. Using brain-PAD score as a feature, responder-nonresponder classification accuracies of 85% (3<sup>rd</sup> week) and 84% (12<sup>th</sup> week), respectively were achieved.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In elderly patients, younger brain age appears to be associated with better treatment responses to active rTMS. Pre-treatment brain age models informed by morphometry might be used as an indicator to stratify suitable patients for rTMS treatment.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ChiCTR-IOR-16008191.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11225634/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2023.2252437
Yihong Zhao, Marc N Potenza, Susan F Tapert, Martin P Paulus
Objective: Negative life events (NLEs), e.g., poor academic performance (controllable) or being the victim of a crime (uncontrollable), can profoundly affect the trajectory of one's life. Yet, their impact on how the brain develops is still not well understood. This investigation examined the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) dataset for the impact of NLEs on the initiation of alcohol and cannabis use, as well as underlying neural mechanisms.
Methods: This study evaluated the impact of controllable and uncontrollable NLEs on substance use initiation in 207 youth who initiated alcohol use, 168 who initiated cannabis use, and compared it to 128 youth who remained substance-naïve, using generalised linear regression models. Mediation analyses were conducted to determine neural pathways of NLE impacting substance use trajectories.
Results: Dose-response relationships between controllable NLEs and substance use initiation were observed. Having one controllable NLE increased the odds of alcohol initiation by 50% (95%CI [1.18, 1.93]) and cannabis initiation by 73% (95%CI [1.36, 2.24]), respectively. Greater cortical thickness in left banks of the superior temporal sulcus mediated effects of controllable NLEs on alcohol and cannabis initiations. Greater left caudate gray-matter volumes mediated effects of controllable NLEs on cannabis initiation.
Conclusions: Controllable but not uncontrollable NLEs increased the odds of alcohol and cannabis initiation. Moreover, those individuals with less mature brain structures at the time of the NLEs experienced a greater impact of NLEs on subsequent initiation of alcohol or cannabis use. Targeting youth experiencing controllable NLEs may help mitigate alcohol and cannabis initiation.
{"title":"Neural correlates of negative life events and their relationships with alcohol and cannabis use initiation.","authors":"Yihong Zhao, Marc N Potenza, Susan F Tapert, Martin P Paulus","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2023.2252437","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2023.2252437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Negative life events (NLEs), e.g., poor academic performance (controllable) or being the victim of a crime (uncontrollable), can profoundly affect the trajectory of one's life. Yet, their impact on how the brain develops is still not well understood. This investigation examined the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) dataset for the impact of NLEs on the initiation of alcohol and cannabis use, as well as underlying neural mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated the impact of controllable and uncontrollable NLEs on substance use initiation in 207 youth who initiated alcohol use, 168 who initiated cannabis use, and compared it to 128 youth who remained substance-naïve, using generalised linear regression models. Mediation analyses were conducted to determine neural pathways of NLE impacting substance use trajectories.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dose-response relationships between controllable NLEs and substance use initiation were observed. Having one controllable NLE increased the odds of alcohol initiation by 50% (95%CI [1.18, 1.93]) and cannabis initiation by 73% (95%CI [1.36, 2.24]), respectively. Greater cortical thickness in left banks of the superior temporal sulcus mediated effects of controllable NLEs on alcohol and cannabis initiations. Greater left caudate gray-matter volumes mediated effects of controllable NLEs on cannabis initiation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Controllable but not uncontrollable NLEs increased the odds of alcohol and cannabis initiation. Moreover, those individuals with less mature brain structures at the time of the NLEs experienced a greater impact of NLEs on subsequent initiation of alcohol or cannabis use. Targeting youth experiencing controllable NLEs may help mitigate alcohol and cannabis initiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10623894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71429220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2023.2272824
Baptiste Pignon, Andrei Szöke, Benson Ku, Maria Melchior, Franck Schürhoff
In the present qualitative literature review, we summarise data on psychotic disorders and urbanicity, focusing particularly on recent findings. Longitudinal studies of the impact of urbanicity on the risk for psychotic disorders have consistently shown a significant association, with a relative risk between 2 and 2.5. However, most of the original studies were conducted in Western Europe, and no incidence studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. European studies suggest that neighbourhood-level social fragmentation and social capital may partly explain this association. Exposure to air pollution (positive association) and green space (negative association) may also be part of the explanation, but to date, available data do not make it possible to conclude if they act independently from urbanicity, or as part of the effect of urbanicity on psychotic disorders. Finally, several studies have consistently shown significant associations between the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and urbanicity, with several possible explanations (pleiotropic effects, results of prodromic symptoms, or selection/intergenerational hypothesis). Thus, more studies are needed to understand the factors that explain the association between urbanicity and the risk of psychotic disorders. Further studies should account for the interdependence and/or interactions of different psychosocial and physical exposures (as well as gene-environment interactions), and explore this association in low- and middle-income countries.
{"title":"Urbanicity and psychotic disorders: Facts and hypotheses.","authors":"Baptiste Pignon, Andrei Szöke, Benson Ku, Maria Melchior, Franck Schürhoff","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2023.2272824","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2023.2272824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present qualitative literature review, we summarise data on psychotic disorders and urbanicity, focusing particularly on recent findings. Longitudinal studies of the impact of urbanicity on the risk for psychotic disorders have consistently shown a significant association, with a relative risk between 2 and 2.5. However, most of the original studies were conducted in Western Europe, and no incidence studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries. European studies suggest that neighbourhood-level social fragmentation and social capital may partly explain this association. Exposure to air pollution (positive association) and green space (negative association) may also be part of the explanation, but to date, available data do not make it possible to conclude if they act independently from urbanicity, or as part of the effect of urbanicity on psychotic disorders. Finally, several studies have consistently shown significant associations between the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and urbanicity, with several possible explanations (pleiotropic effects, results of prodromic symptoms, or selection/intergenerational hypothesis). Thus, more studies are needed to understand the factors that explain the association between urbanicity and the risk of psychotic disorders. Further studies should account for the interdependence and/or interactions of different psychosocial and physical exposures (as well as gene-environment interactions), and explore this association in low- and middle-income countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10986450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138296524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-10-05DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2023.2262464
Sara V Carlini, Lauren M Osborne, Kristina M Deligiannidis
Postpartum depression has deleterious effects on childbearing persons globally. Existing treatments have been largely extrapolated from those for other forms of depression and have included pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and neuromodulation. Hormonal treatments with oestrogen and progestogens, thought to be a rational approach to treatment in response to an emerging literature on the pathophysiology of postpartum depression, have only limited evidence for efficacy to date. Novel antidepressant development with allopregnanolone analogues, in contrast, has proven a promising avenue for the development of rationally designed and efficacious treatments. This state-of-the-art review presents the evidence for the current standard-of-care pharmacotherapy, hormonal treatment, and emerging allopregnanolone analogues for the treatment of postpartum depression along with a discussion of the current understanding of its neuroactive steroid-driven pathophysiology.
{"title":"Current pharmacotherapy approaches and novel GABAergic antidepressant development in postpartum depression.","authors":"Sara V Carlini, Lauren M Osborne, Kristina M Deligiannidis","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2023.2262464","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2023.2262464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Postpartum depression has deleterious effects on childbearing persons globally. Existing treatments have been largely extrapolated from those for other forms of depression and have included pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and neuromodulation. Hormonal treatments with oestrogen and progestogens, thought to be a rational approach to treatment in response to an emerging literature on the pathophysiology of postpartum depression, have only limited evidence for efficacy to date. Novel antidepressant development with allopregnanolone analogues, in contrast, has proven a promising avenue for the development of rationally designed and efficacious treatments. This state-of-the-art review presents the evidence for the current standard-of-care pharmacotherapy, hormonal treatment, and emerging allopregnanolone analogues for the treatment of postpartum depression along with a discussion of the current understanding of its neuroactive steroid-driven pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e6/f4/TDCN_25_2262464.PMC10557560.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41169239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-10-14DOI: 10.1080/19585969.2023.2268063
Louise Carton, Axel Bastien, Nathalie Chérot, Clément Caron, Sylvie Deheul, Olivier Cottencin, Sophie Gautier, Sophie Moreau-Crépeaux, Thibaut Dondaine, Régis Bordet
Objectives: Students represent a population at risk for substance abuse. That risk may have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to describe substance abuse among students and to compare consumption according to the university field.
Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was sent by email to all students at the University of Lille, France, between March and July 2021. This anonymous questionnaire included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, university courses and the use of psychoactive substances (frequency, reasons, routes of administration) since the first university year.
Results: Among the 4431 students who responded (response rate 6.1%), eighty percent declared having used alcohol since the first university year, 34% cannabis, 15.4% benzodiazepines, 14.7% opioid drugs, 7.5% cocaine, 6.8% nitrous oxide and 6.5% MDMA. More than 20% of the users of cannabis, benzodiazepines, amphetamines and cocaine reported having already felt dependent. Recreational use was described by more than 10% of benzodiazepine or opioid drug users. Nitrous oxide use was significantly more frequent in the health and sport field (p < 0.001). Tobacco, benzodiazepine, cannabis and MDMA uses were significantly more frequent in the humanities and social sciences/art, language and literature fields (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Prevention measures focusing on alcohol, cannabis, illicit psychostimulants, nitrous oxide and prescription drugs are required in the student population.
目标:学生代表有滥用药物风险的人群。新冠肺炎大流行可能加剧了这种风险。我们旨在描述学生中的药物滥用情况,并根据大学领域进行消费比较。方法:在2021年3月至7月期间,通过电子邮件向法国里尔大学的所有学生发送了一份自填问卷。这份匿名问卷包括关于社会人口特征、大学课程和自大学第一年以来精神活性物质的使用(频率、原因、给药途径)的问题。结果:在4431名做出回应的学生中(回应率6.1%),80%的学生宣称自大学一年级以来就饮酒,34%的学生宣称大麻,15.4%的学生宣称苯二氮卓类药物,14.7%的学生声称阿片类药物,7.5%的学生表示可卡因,6.8%的学生表示一氧化二氮,6.5%的学生表示摇头丸。据报告,超过20%的大麻、苯二氮卓类药物、苯丙胺和可卡因使用者已经感到依赖。超过10%的苯二氮卓类或阿片类药物使用者描述了娱乐性使用。一氧化二氮在健康和体育领域的使用明显更频繁(p p 结论:需要在学生群体中采取以酒精、大麻、非法精神刺激剂、一氧化二氮和处方药为重点的预防措施。
{"title":"An overview of the use of psychoactive substances among students at the University of Lille during the COVID-19 health crisis: Results of the PETRA study.","authors":"Louise Carton, Axel Bastien, Nathalie Chérot, Clément Caron, Sylvie Deheul, Olivier Cottencin, Sophie Gautier, Sophie Moreau-Crépeaux, Thibaut Dondaine, Régis Bordet","doi":"10.1080/19585969.2023.2268063","DOIUrl":"10.1080/19585969.2023.2268063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Students represent a population at risk for substance abuse. That risk may have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to describe substance abuse among students and to compare consumption according to the university field.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A self-administered questionnaire was sent by email to all students at the University of Lille, France, between March and July 2021. This anonymous questionnaire included questions about sociodemographic characteristics, university courses and the use of psychoactive substances (frequency, reasons, routes of administration) since the first university year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 4431 students who responded (response rate 6.1%), eighty percent declared having used alcohol since the first university year, 34% cannabis, 15.4% benzodiazepines, 14.7% opioid drugs, 7.5% cocaine, 6.8% nitrous oxide and 6.5% MDMA. More than 20% of the users of cannabis, benzodiazepines, amphetamines and cocaine reported having already felt dependent. Recreational use was described by more than 10% of benzodiazepine or opioid drug users. Nitrous oxide use was significantly more frequent in the health and sport field (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Tobacco, benzodiazepine, cannabis and MDMA uses were significantly more frequent in the humanities and social sciences/art, language and literature fields (<i>p</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prevention measures focusing on alcohol, cannabis, illicit psychostimulants, nitrous oxide and prescription drugs are required in the student population.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d4/1d/TDCN_25_2268063.PMC10578082.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41220183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}