Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/uhegerl
Ulrich Hegerl, Caroline Oehler
Major depression (MD) is a highly prevalent and severe disorder with many patients having no access to efficient treatments such as pharmaco- and psychotherapy. Web-based interventions promise to be a method to provide resource-efficient and widespread access to psychotherapeutic support. Meta-analyses summarizing studies that use face-to-face psychotherapy as a comparator provide evidence for equivalent antidepressant efficacy. Web-based interventions seem to be particularly efficacious when they are accompanied by some form of professional guidance. However, they are also associated with a variety of possible risks (eg, suicidal crises can be overlooked) and unwanted effects (eg, increase in rumination and somatization due to self-monitoring) that are so far under-studied. Although some naturalistic studies yield smaller effect sizes than randomized controlled trials (RCTs), well-designed interventions with adequate guidance have been shown to be successfully integrable into routine care. .
{"title":"Promises and risks of web-based interventions in the treatment of depression\u2029.","authors":"Ulrich Hegerl, Caroline Oehler","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/uhegerl","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/uhegerl","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depression (MD) is a highly prevalent and severe disorder with many patients having no access to efficient treatments such as pharmaco- and psychotherapy. Web-based interventions promise to be a method to provide resource-efficient and widespread access to psychotherapeutic support. Meta-analyses summarizing studies that use face-to-face psychotherapy as a comparator provide evidence for equivalent antidepressant efficacy. Web-based interventions seem to be particularly efficacious when they are accompanied by some form of professional guidance. However, they are also associated with a variety of possible risks (eg, suicidal crises can be overlooked) and unwanted effects (eg, increase in rumination and somatization due to self-monitoring) that are so far under-studied. Although some naturalistic studies yield smaller effect sizes than randomized controlled trials (RCTs), well-designed interventions with adequate guidance have been shown to be successfully integrable into routine care.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22 2","pages":"161-168"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bc/19/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-161.PMC7366945.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38183918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Digital revolution and its Impact on Human brain and behavior","authors":"","doi":"10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45699106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/tdienlin
Tobias Dienlin, Niklas Johannes
This review provides an overview of the literature regarding digital technology use and adolescent well-being. Overall, findings imply that the general effects are on the negative end of the spectrum but very small. Effects differ depending on the type of use: whereas procrastination and passive use are related to more negative effects, social and active use are related to more positive effects. Digital technology use has stronger effects on short-term markers of hedonic well-being (eg, negative affect) than long-term measures of eudaimonic well-being (eg, life satisfaction). Although adolescents are more vulnerable, effects are comparable for both adolescents and adults. It appears that both low and excessive use are related to decreased well-being, whereas moderate use is related to increased well-being. The current research still has many limitations: High-quality studies with large-scale samples, objective measures of digital technology use, and experience sampling of well-being are missing. .
{"title":"The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being\u2029.","authors":"Tobias Dienlin, Niklas Johannes","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/tdienlin","DOIUrl":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/tdienlin","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review provides an overview of the literature regarding digital technology use and adolescent well-being. Overall, findings imply that the general effects are on the negative end of the spectrum but very small. Effects differ depending on the type of use: whereas procrastination and passive use are related to more negative effects, social and active use are related to more positive effects. Digital technology use has stronger effects on short-term markers of hedonic well-being (eg, negative affect) than long-term measures of eudaimonic well-being (eg, life satisfaction). Although adolescents are more vulnerable, effects are comparable for both adolescents and adults. It appears that both low and excessive use are related to decreased well-being, whereas moderate use is related to increased well-being. The current research still has many limitations: High-quality studies with large-scale samples, objective measures of digital technology use, and experience sampling of well-being are missing.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22 2","pages":"135-142"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0a/a8/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-135.PMC7366938.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38190216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/rparikh
Munira Kapadia, Maherra Desai, Rajesh Parikh
This article examines the limitations of existing classification systems from the historical, cultural, political, and legal perspectives. It covers the evolution of classification systems with particular emphasis on the DSM and ICD systems. While pointing out the inherent Western bias in these systems, it highlights the potential of misuse of these systems to subserve other agendas. It raises concerns about the reliability, validity, comorbidity, and heterogeneity within diagnostic categories of contemporary classification systems. Finally, it postulates future directions in alternative methods of diagnosis and classification factoring in advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, genetic testing, and brain imaging. In conclusion, it emphasizes the need to go beyond the limitations inherent in classifications systems to provide more relevant diagnoses and effective treatments. .
{"title":"Fractures in the framework: limitations of classification systems in psychiatry\u2029.","authors":"Munira Kapadia, Maherra Desai, Rajesh Parikh","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/rparikh","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/rparikh","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines the limitations of existing classification systems from the historical, cultural, political, and legal perspectives. It covers the evolution of classification systems with particular emphasis on the DSM and ICD systems. While pointing out the inherent Western bias in these systems, it highlights the potential of misuse of these systems to subserve other agendas. It raises concerns about the reliability, validity, comorbidity, and heterogeneity within diagnostic categories of contemporary classification systems. Finally, it postulates future directions in alternative methods of diagnosis and classification factoring in advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning, genetic testing, and brain imaging. In conclusion, it emphasizes the need to go beyond the limitations inherent in classifications systems to provide more relevant diagnoses and effective treatments.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22 1","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8f/ac/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-17.PMC7365290.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38189722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/bcuthbert
Bruce N Cuthbert
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project constitutes a translational framework for psychopathology research, initiated by the National Institute of Mental Health in an attempt to provide new avenues for research to circumvent problems emerging from the use of symptom-based diagnostic categories in diagnosing disorders. The RDoC alternative is a focus on psychopathology based on dimensions simultaneously defined by observable behavior (including quantitative measures of cognitive or affective behavior) and neurobiological measures. Key features of the RDoC framework include an emphasis on functional dimensions that range from normal to abnormal, integration of multiple measures in study designs (which can foster computational approaches), and high priority on studies of neurodevelopment and environmental influences (and their interaction) that can contribute to advances in understanding the etiology of disorders throughout the lifespan. The paper highlights key implications for ways in which RDoC can contribute to future ideas about classification, as well as some of the considerations involved in translating basic behavioral and neuroscience data to psychopathology. .
{"title":"The role of RDoC in future classification of mental disorders\u2029.","authors":"Bruce N Cuthbert","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/bcuthbert","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/bcuthbert","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project constitutes a translational framework for psychopathology research, initiated by the National Institute of Mental Health in an attempt to provide new avenues for research to circumvent problems emerging from the use of symptom-based diagnostic categories in diagnosing disorders. The RDoC alternative is a focus on psychopathology based on dimensions simultaneously defined by observable behavior (including quantitative measures of cognitive or affective behavior) and neurobiological measures. Key features of the RDoC framework include an emphasis on functional dimensions that range from normal to abnormal, integration of multiple measures in study designs (which can foster computational approaches), and high priority on studies of neurodevelopment and environmental influences (and their interaction) that can contribute to advances in understanding the etiology of disorders throughout the lifespan. The paper highlights key implications for ways in which RDoC can contribute to future ideas about classification, as well as some of the considerations involved in translating basic behavioral and neuroscience data to psychopathology.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22 1","pages":"81-85"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b6/2c/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-81.PMC7365298.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38190211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Classification of Mental Disorders","authors":"","doi":"10.31887/dcns.2020.22.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2020.22.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79649387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/phoff
Paul Hoff, Anke Maatz, Johannes Simon Vetter
Ever since psychiatry emerged as a clinical discipline and field of scientific inquiry in the late 18th century, debates about diagnosis have been at its very heart. Considered by many a requirement for clinical communication as well as for systematic study, others have critiqued psychiatric diagnosis for being modeled on a medical conception of disease that is ill-suited to the specific nature of mental disorders. Based on a review of seminal positions in the conceptual history of psychiatry and an examination of their epistemological underpinnings, we propose to consider diagnosis as dialogue. Such understanding, we argue, can serve as a meta-framework that provides a conceptual and practical umbrella to encourage open-minded conversation across the diverse conceptual and experiential frameworks that are characteristic of psychiatry. In this perspective psychopathology will also reinforce the interpersonal realm as a necessary element of any clinical encounter, be it diagnostic in purpose or otherwise. Current challenges to traditional diagnostic systems like Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) are discussed in light of these considerations. .
{"title":"Diagnosis as dialogue: historical and current perspectives\u2029.","authors":"Paul Hoff, Anke Maatz, Johannes Simon Vetter","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/phoff","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/phoff","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ever since psychiatry emerged as a clinical discipline and field of scientific inquiry in the late 18th century, debates about diagnosis have been at its very heart. Considered by many a requirement for clinical communication as well as for systematic study, others have critiqued psychiatric diagnosis for being modeled on a medical conception of disease that is ill-suited to the specific nature of mental disorders. Based on a review of seminal positions in the conceptual history of psychiatry and an examination of their epistemological underpinnings, we propose to consider diagnosis as dialogue. Such understanding, we argue, can serve as a meta-framework that provides a conceptual and practical umbrella to encourage open-minded conversation across the diverse conceptual and experiential frameworks that are characteristic of psychiatry. In this perspective psychopathology will also reinforce the interpersonal realm as a necessary element of any clinical encounter, be it diagnostic in purpose or otherwise. Current challenges to traditional diagnostic systems like Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) are discussed in light of these considerations.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22 1","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8d/ba/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-27.PMC7365291.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38189721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/fthibaut
Florence Thibaut
The traditional categorical classification system and new diagnostic systems will be discussed in this issue. .
本文将讨论传统的分类分类系统和新的诊断系统。 。
{"title":"Do we need to rethink our current classifications of mental disorders?\u2029.","authors":"Florence Thibaut","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/fthibaut","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/fthibaut","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The traditional categorical classification system and new diagnostic systems will be discussed in this issue.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b9/0d/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-3.PMC7365292.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38189719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/jfoucher
Jack R Foucher, Micha Gawlik, Julian N Roth, Clément de Crespin de Billy, Ludovic C Jeanjean, Alexandre Obrecht, Olivier Mainberger, Julie M E Clauss, Julien Elowe, Sébastien Weibel, Benoit Schorr, Marcelo Cetkovich, Carlos Morra, Federico Rebok, Thomas A Ban, Barbara Bollmann, Mathilde M Roser, Markus S Hanke, Burkhard E Jabs, Ernst J Franzek, Fabrice Berna, Bruno Pfuhlmann
While the ICD-DSM paradigm has been a major advance in clinical psychiatry, its usefulness for biological psychiatry is debated. By defining consensus-based disorders rather than empirically driven phenotypes, consensus classifications were not an implementation of the biomedical paradigm. In the field of endogenous psychoses, the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard (WKL) pathway has optimized the descriptions of 35 major phenotypes using common medical heuristics on lifelong diachronic observations. Regarding their construct validity, WKL phenotypes have good reliability and predictive and face validity. WKL phenotypes come with remarkable evidence for differential validity on age of onset, familiality, pregnancy complications, precipitating factors, and treatment response. Most impressive is the replicated separation of high- and low-familiality phenotypes. Created in the purest tradition of the biomedical paradigm, the WKL phenotypes deserve to be contrasted as credible alternatives with other approaches currently under discussion. .
{"title":"Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard phenotypes \u2028of endogenous psychoses: a review of their validity\u2029.","authors":"Jack R Foucher, Micha Gawlik, Julian N Roth, Clément de Crespin de Billy, Ludovic C Jeanjean, Alexandre Obrecht, Olivier Mainberger, Julie M E Clauss, Julien Elowe, Sébastien Weibel, Benoit Schorr, Marcelo Cetkovich, Carlos Morra, Federico Rebok, Thomas A Ban, Barbara Bollmann, Mathilde M Roser, Markus S Hanke, Burkhard E Jabs, Ernst J Franzek, Fabrice Berna, Bruno Pfuhlmann","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/jfoucher","DOIUrl":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/jfoucher","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While the ICD-DSM paradigm has been a major advance in clinical psychiatry, its usefulness for biological psychiatry is debated. By defining consensus-based disorders rather than empirically driven phenotypes, consensus classifications were not an implementation of the biomedical paradigm. In the field of endogenous psychoses, the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard (WKL) pathway has optimized the descriptions of 35 major phenotypes using common medical heuristics on lifelong diachronic observations. Regarding their construct validity, WKL phenotypes have good reliability and predictive and face validity. WKL phenotypes come with remarkable evidence for differential validity on age of onset, familiality, pregnancy complications, precipitating factors, and treatment response. Most impressive is the replicated separation of high- and low-familiality phenotypes. Created in the purest tradition of the biomedical paradigm, the WKL phenotypes deserve to be contrasted as credible alternatives with other approaches currently under discussion.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22 1","pages":"37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c4/52/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-37.PMC7365293.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38189723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/macrocq
Deborah J Morris-Rosendahl, Marc-Antoine Crocq
This article describes the history of the diagnostic class of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) up to DSM-5. We further analyze how the development of genetics will transform the classification and diagnosis of NDDs. In DSM-5, NDDs include intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Physicians in German-, French- and English-speaking countries (eg, Weikard, Georget, Esquirol, Down, Asperger, and Kanner) contributed to the phenomenological definitions of these disorders throughout the 18th and 20th centuries. These diagnostic categories show considerable comorbidity and phenotypic overlap. NDDs are one of the chapters of psychiatric nosology most likely to benefit from the approach advocated by the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria project. Genetic research supports the hypothesis that ID, ASD, ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder lie on a neurodevelopmental continuum. The identification of recurrently observed copy number variants and disruptive gene variants in ASD (eg, CDH8, 16p11.2, SCN2A) led to the adoption of the genotype-first approach to characterize individuals at the etiological level. .
{"title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders-the history and future of a diagnostic concept\u2029.","authors":"Deborah J Morris-Rosendahl, Marc-Antoine Crocq","doi":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/macrocq","DOIUrl":"10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.1/macrocq","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article describes the history of the diagnostic class of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) up to DSM-5. We further analyze how the development of genetics will transform the classification and diagnosis of NDDs. In DSM-5, NDDs include intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Physicians in German-, French- and English-speaking countries (eg, Weikard, Georget, Esquirol, Down, Asperger, and Kanner) contributed to the phenomenological definitions of these disorders throughout the 18th and 20th centuries. These diagnostic categories show considerable comorbidity and phenotypic overlap. NDDs are one of the chapters of psychiatric nosology most likely to benefit from the approach advocated by the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria project. Genetic research supports the hypothesis that ID, ASD, ADHD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder lie on a neurodevelopmental continuum. The identification of recurrently observed copy number variants and disruptive gene variants in ASD (eg, CDH8, 16p11.2, SCN2A) led to the adoption of the genotype-first approach to characterize individuals at the etiological level.\u2029.</p>","PeriodicalId":54343,"journal":{"name":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"22 1","pages":"65-72"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/78/ce/DialoguesClinNeurosci-22-65.PMC7365295.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38189724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}