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Recent Trends in Synthesis and Investigation of Nickel Phosphide Compound/Hybrid-Based Electrocatalysts Towards Hydrogen Generation from Water Electrocatalysis 磷化镍化合物/水电催化制氢混合电催化剂的合成与研究进展
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-10-11 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0254-3
Diab Khalafallah, Mingjia Zhi, Zhanglian Hong

Sustainable and?high performance energy devices such as solar cells, fuel cells, metal–air batteries, as well as alternative energy conversion and storage systems have been considered as promising technologies to meet the ever-growing demands for clean energy. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a crucial process for cost-effective hydrogen production; however, functional electrocatalysts are potentially desirable to expedite reaction kinetics and supply high energy density. Thus, the development of inexpensive and catalytically active electrocatalysts is one of the most significant and challenging issues in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Realizing that advanced nanomaterials could engender many advantageous chemical and physical properties over a wide scale, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the preparation of earth-abundant transition metals as electrocatalysts for HER in both acidic and alkaline environments because of their?low processing costs, reasonable catalytic activities, and chemical stability. Among all transition metal-based catalysts, nickel compounds are the most widely investigated, and have exhibited pioneering performances in various electrochemical reactions. Heterostructured nickel phosphide (NixPy) based compounds were introduced as promising candidates of a new category, which often display chemical and electronic characteristics that are distinct from those of non-precious metals counterparts, hence providing an opportunity to construct new catalysts with an?improved activity and stability. As a result, the library of NixPy catalysts has been enriched very rapidly, with the possibility of fine-tuning their surface adsorption properties through synergistic coupling with nearby elements or dopants as the basis of future practical implementation. The current review distils recent advancements in NixPy compounds/hybrids and their application for HER, with a robust emphasis on breakthroughs in composition refinement. Future perspectives for modulating the HER activity of NixPy compounds/hybrids, and the challenges that need to be overcome before their practical use in sustainable hydrogen production are also discussed.

可持续和?高性能能源设备,如太阳能电池、燃料电池、金属-空气电池,以及替代能源转换和存储系统,已被认为是有前途的技术,以满足日益增长的清洁能源的需求。析氢反应(HER)是经济高效制氢的关键过程;然而,功能化电催化剂在加速反应动力学和提供高能量密度方面是潜在的理想选择。因此,开发廉价且具有催化活性的电催化剂是电化学能量存储和转换领域最重要和最具挑战性的问题之一。人们意识到先进的纳米材料可以在大范围内产生许多有利的化学和物理性质,因此在酸性和碱性环境下,大量的过渡金属作为HER的电催化剂的制备已经投入了巨大的努力。加工成本低,催化活性合理,化学稳定性好。在所有过渡金属基催化剂中,镍化合物的研究最为广泛,并在各种电化学反应中表现出开创性的性能。基于异质结构磷化镍(NixPy)的化合物是一类很有前途的新化合物,它们通常表现出不同于非贵金属同类化合物的化学和电子特性,因此为构建具有非贵金属的新型催化剂提供了机会。改善活动和稳定性。因此,NixPy催化剂库得到了非常迅速的丰富,有可能通过与附近元素或掺杂剂的协同耦合来微调其表面吸附性能,这是未来实际实施的基础。本文综述了NixPy化合物/杂化物及其在HER中的应用的最新进展,重点介绍了化合物精制方面的突破。本文还讨论了调节NixPy化合物/杂化物的HER活性的未来前景,以及在实际应用于可持续制氢之前需要克服的挑战。
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引用次数: 28
Characterization of Photo-catalysts: From Traditional to Advanced Approaches 光催化剂的表征:从传统方法到先进方法
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-08-29 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0248-1
Uriel Caudillo-Flores, Irene Barba-Nieto, Mario J. Muñoz-Batista, Anna Kubacka, Marcos Fernández-García

The article provides an overview of the most relevant characterization results of heterogeneous photo-catalytic materials available in the literature. First, we present a summary of the ex situ utilization of physico-chemical characterization techniques. In the majority of current works, pre and post-reaction samples are subjected to ex situ analysis using a multitechnique approach which attempts to render information about the morphological, structural, and electronic properties of relevance to interpret photoactivity. Details of the effects on physico-chemical observables of the nanostructure and the complex chemical nature (considering mono and multiphase materials with presence of several chemical elements) of typical photo-catalysts will be analyzed. Modern studies however emphasize the use of in situ tools in order to establish activity–structure links. To this end, the first point to pay attention to is to consider carefully the interaction between light and matter at the reaction cell where the characterization is carried out. Operando and spectro-kinetic methodologies will be reviewed as they would render valuable and trusting results and thus will pave the way for the future developments in photocatalysis.

本文概述了文献中最相关的多相光催化材料表征结果。首先,我们概述了物理化学表征技术的非原位应用。在目前的大多数工作中,反应前和反应后的样品都使用多技术方法进行非原位分析,该方法试图提供有关形态,结构和电子特性的相关信息,以解释光活性。详细分析了典型光催化剂的纳米结构和复杂的化学性质(考虑到存在多种化学元素的单相和多相材料)对物理化学观察结果的影响。然而,现代研究强调使用原位工具以建立活动-结构联系。为此,首先要注意的是仔细考虑在进行表征的反应池中光与物质之间的相互作用。将对Operando和光谱动力学方法进行审查,因为它们将提供有价值和可信的结果,从而为光催化的未来发展铺平道路。
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引用次数: 10
Synthesis and Applications of Polymers Made by Inverse Vulcanization 反相硫化聚合物的合成及应用
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-05-20 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0242-7
Justin M. Chalker, Max J. H. Worthington, Nicholas A. Lundquist, Louisa J. Esdaile

Elemental sulfur is an abundant and inexpensive chemical feedstock, yet it is underused as a starting material in chemical synthesis. Recently, a process coined inverse vulcanization was introduced in which elemental sulfur is converted into polymers by ring-opening polymerization, followed by cross-linking with an unsaturated organic molecule such as a polyene. The resulting materials have high sulfur content (typically 50–90% sulfur by mass) and display a range of interesting properties such as dynamic S–S bonds, redox activity, high refractive indices, mid-wave IR transparency, and heavy metal affinity. These properties have led to a swell of applications of these polymers in repairable materials, energy generation and storage, optical devices, and environmental remediation. This article will discuss the synthesis of polymers by inverse vulcanization and review case studies on their diverse applications. An outlook is also presented to discuss future opportunities and challenges for further advancement of polymers made by inverse vulcanization.

单质硫是一种储量丰富且价格低廉的化工原料,但在化学合成中作为起始原料的利用却很少。最近,一种被称为反硫化的工艺被引入,其中单质硫通过开环聚合转化为聚合物,然后与不饱和有机分子(如多烯)交联。所得到的材料具有高硫含量(通常是50-90%的硫质量),并显示出一系列有趣的性质,如动态S-S键、氧化还原活性、高折射率、中波红外透明度和重金属亲和力。这些特性导致这些聚合物在可修复材料、能源产生和存储、光学器件和环境修复方面的应用激增。本文将讨论反硫化法合成聚合物的方法,并对其不同的应用进行实例研究。展望了反硫化聚合物未来发展的机遇和挑战。
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引用次数: 69
Systematic Review on Cytotoxic and Anticancer Potential of N-Substituted Isatins as Novel Class of Compounds Useful in Multidrug-Resistant Cancer Therapy: In Silico and In Vitro Analysis n -取代异黄酮的细胞毒性和抗癌潜力的系统评价,作为一类新的化合物,可用于多药耐药癌症治疗:计算机和体外分析
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0240-9
Alpana K. Gupta, Sonam Tulsyan, Mausumi Bharadwaj, Ravi Mehrotra
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引用次数: 17
How to Design Donor–Acceptor Based Heterocyclic Conjugated Polymers for Applications from Organic Electronics to Sensors 如何设计基于供体-受体的杂环共轭聚合物用于从有机电子到传感器的应用
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0237-4
K. Mahesh, Subramanian Karpagam, K. Pandian

Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in the design of organic semi-conducting conjugated polymers that readily transport holes or electrons and can result in light emission. The conjugated backbone consist mainly of electron-donating (donor) and electron-withdrawing (acceptor) units as alternating groups in a conjugated oligomer or polymer that can be regulated by physical properties such as π conjugation length, monomer alteration, inter/intramolecular interactions and energy levels. Certainly, it is notable today that the highest occupied molecular orbital level of the producing material is localized predominantly on the electron-donating moiety and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level on the electron-accepting moiety. Conjugated oligomers or polymers are used in many detecting fields due to their exceptional ability to sense toxic chemicals, metal ions and biomolecules. The conjugated polymers have unique delocalized π-electronic “molecular wires” that can expand the fluorescence intensity considerably. The fluorescence intensity of polymers can be quenched by particular quenching molecules. In this review, the fluorescence intensity, detecting of multiple metal ions, solubility, photochemical stability and optoelectronic properties of these conjugated polymers, and how they can be regulated by different functional groups, are discussed in detail.

在过去的几年中,有机半导体共轭聚合物的设计取得了重大进展,这种聚合物易于传输空穴或电子,并且可以导致发光。共轭主链主要由供电子(给体)和供电子(受体)单元组成,它们在共轭低聚物或聚合物中作为交替基团,可以通过π共轭长度、单体改变、分子间/分子内相互作用和能级等物理性质来调节。当然,今天值得注意的是,生产材料的最高已占据分子轨道水平主要位于给电子部分,最低未占据分子轨道水平位于接受电子部分。共轭低聚物或聚合物由于其特殊的感知有毒化学物质、金属离子和生物分子的能力而被用于许多检测领域。共轭聚合物具有独特的离域π-电子“分子线”,可以显着扩大荧光强度。聚合物的荧光强度可以被特定的猝灭分子猝灭。本文就这些共轭聚合物的荧光强度、对多种金属离子的检测、溶解度、光化学稳定性、光电性能以及不同官能团对其的调控等方面进行了综述。
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引用次数: 28
Pt-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical Oxidation of Ethanol pt基乙醇电化学氧化催化剂
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0236-5
Nebojsa S. Marinkovic, Meng Li, Radoslav R. Adzic

Despite its attractive features as a power source for direct alcohol fuel cells, utilization of ethanol is still hampered by both fundamental and technical challenges. The rationale behind the slow and incomplete ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) with low selectivity towards CO2 on most Pt-based catalysts is still far from being understood, and a number of practical problems need to be addressed before an efficient and low-cost catalyst is designed. Some recent achievements towards solving these problems are presented. Pt film electrodes and Pt monolayer (PtML) electrodes on various single crystal substrates showed that EOR follows the partial oxidation pathway without C–C bond cleavage, with acetic acid and acetaldehyde as the final products. The role of the substrate lattice on the catalytic properties of PtML was proven by the choice of appropriate M(111) structure (M = Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru and Au) showing enhanced kinetics when PtML is under tensile strain on Au(111) electrode. Nanostructured electrocatalysts containing Pt–Rh solid solution on SnO2 and Pt monolayer on non-noble metals are shown, optimized, and characterized by in situ methods. Electrochemical, in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques highlighted the effect of Rh in facilitating C–C bond splitting in the ternary PtRh/SnO2 catalyst. In situ FTIR proved quantitatively the enhancement in the total oxidation pathway to CO2, and in situ XAS confirmed that Pt and Rh form a solid solution that remains in metallic form through a wide range of potentials due to the presence of SnO2. Combination of these findings with density functional theory calculations revealed the EOR reaction pathway and the role of each constituent of the ternary PtRh/SnO2 catalyst. The optimal Pt:Rh:Sn atomic ratio was found by the two in situ techniques. Attempts to replace Rh with cost-effective alternatives for commercially viable catalysts has shown that Ir can also split the C–C bond in ethanol, but the performance of optimized Pt–Rh–SnO2 is still higher than that of the Pt–Ir–SnO2 catalyst.

尽管乙醇作为直接酒精燃料电池的动力来源具有吸引人的特点,但它的利用仍然受到基础和技术挑战的阻碍。大多数pt基催化剂对CO2选择性低的缓慢且不完全的乙醇氧化反应(EOR)背后的原理仍远未被理解,在设计出高效且低成本的催化剂之前,需要解决许多实际问题。本文介绍了在解决这些问题方面最近取得的一些成就。不同单晶基底上的铂膜电极和铂单层(PtML)电极表明,提高采收率遵循部分氧化途径,没有C-C键裂解,最终产物为乙酸和乙醛。通过选择合适的M(111)结构(M = Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru和Au)证明了衬底晶格对PtML催化性能的作用,表明PtML在Au(111)电极上受拉伸应变时动力学增强。采用原位方法对SnO2表面的Pt - rh固溶体和非贵金属表面的Pt单层纳米结构电催化剂进行了优化和表征。电化学、原位傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)和x射线吸收光谱(XAS)技术强调了Rh在促进PtRh/SnO2三元催化剂中C-C键分裂的作用。原位FTIR定量地证明了总氧化途径对CO2的增强,而原位XAS证实,由于SnO2的存在,Pt和Rh形成固溶体,并通过大范围的电位保持金属形态。将这些发现与密度泛函理论计算相结合,揭示了EOR反应途径以及三元PtRh/SnO2催化剂各组分的作用。通过两种原位技术找到了最佳的Pt:Rh:Sn原子比。用具有成本效益的催化剂替代Rh的尝试表明,Ir也可以在乙醇中分裂C-C键,但优化后的Pt-Rh-SnO2催化剂的性能仍然高于Pt-Ir-SnO2催化剂。
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引用次数: 38
Current Review on Synthesis, Composites and Multifunctional Properties of Graphene 石墨烯的合成、复合材料及其多功能性能研究进展
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-03-14 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0235-6
Tabinda Sattar
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引用次数: 85
Role of Trifluoromethyl Substitution in Design of Antimalarial Quinolones: a Comprehensive Review 三氟甲基取代在抗疟喹诺酮类药物设计中的作用综述
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0234-7
Angel H. Romero

Malaria represents a significant health issue, and novel effective drugs are needed to address parasite resistance that has emerged to the current drug arsenal. The most popular antimalarial drugs are focused on the 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline [e.g., chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine (AQ), isoquine (IQ), and tebuquine (TBQ)], artemisinin, and atovaquone systems. Recently, endochin has been used as a platform to design a variety of novel potent and safe antimalarial agents named endochin-like quinolones (ELQs). Also, antimalarial quinolones have been constructed from other quinolones drugs such as ICI-56780 and floxacrine. Trifluoromethyl substitution has provided a significant increase in the antimalarial response of many of the designed ELQs against Plasmodium-resistant strains and for in?vivo models. In particular, attachment of a substituted trifluoromethoxy (or trifluoromethyl in some cases) biaryl side chain at 2-, 3-, 4-, or 6-position of the quinolone core has shown to be crucially important to generate selective and potent novel ELQs. Furthermore, 6-chloro and 7-methoxy moieties on the quinolone core have been identified as essential pharmacophores when the trifluoromethoxy biaryl side chain is placed at 2- or 3-position of the quinolone core. Methyl or ethyl ester attached at 3-position is essential when the trifluoromethoxy aryl side chain is attached at 6- or 7-position of the quinolone core. Some promising ELQs are currently under clinical trials, representing an excellent platform for the design of new potent, selective, effective, and safe antimalarial drugs against emergent resistance malarial models.

疟疾是一个重大的健康问题,需要新的有效药物来解决目前药物库中出现的寄生虫耐药性问题。最流行的抗疟药物集中在7-氯-4-氨基喹啉[例如,氯喹(CQ)、阿莫地喹(AQ)、异喹(IQ)和特布喹(TBQ)]、青蒿素和阿托伐醌系统。近年来,以内chin为平台设计了多种新型高效安全的抗疟药物,称为内chin-like quinolones (ELQs)。此外,抗疟喹诺酮类药物也由其他喹诺酮类药物如ICI-56780和氟沙克林构建而成。三氟甲基替代大大提高了许多设计的elq对疟原虫耐药菌株的抗疟反应。体内模型。特别是,在喹诺酮核心的2-、3-、4-或6-位置上连接取代的三氟甲氧基(或在某些情况下是三氟甲基)联芳基侧链,对于产生选择性和有效的新型elq至关重要。此外,当三氟甲氧基联芳基侧链位于喹诺酮核心的2位或3位时,喹诺酮核心上的6-氯和7-甲氧基部分已被确定为必需的药效团。当三氟甲氧基芳基侧链连接在喹诺酮核心的6位或7位时,必须连接在3位的甲酯或乙酯。一些有前景的elq目前正在进行临床试验,为针对新出现的耐药疟疾模型设计新的强效、选择性、有效和安全的抗疟药物提供了一个极好的平台。
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引用次数: 14
Chiral Sulfoxide Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis 不对称催化中的手性亚砜配体
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-02-12 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0232-9
Tao Jia, Min Wang, Jian Liao

Since the original idea was explored by James in 1976, the use of chiral sulfoxides as ligands with transition metals in asymmetric catalysis has undergone a long period of development. There have been many studies into their properties, design and application in various kinds of asymmetric transformations. In this article, we document the literatures on chiral sulfoxide ligands in asymmetric catalytic reactions.

自1976年James提出最初的想法以来,将手性亚砜作为过渡金属配体用于不对称催化的研究经历了很长时间的发展。人们对它们的性质、设计和在各种不对称变换中的应用进行了大量的研究。本文综述了手性亚砜配体在不对称催化反应中的研究进展。
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引用次数: 23
Correction to: The Use of Molecular Oxygen for Liquid Phase Aerobic Oxidations in Continuous Flow 修正:在连续流动中使用分子氧进行液相好氧氧化
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 Chemistry Pub Date : 2019-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0233-8
Christopher A. Hone, C. Oliver Kappe
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引用次数: 7
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