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The Repurposed ACE2 Inhibitors: SARS-CoV-2 Entry Blockers of Covid-19 重组ACE2抑制剂:Covid-19的SARS-CoV-2进入阻断剂
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-10-08 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00353-7
Iqrar Ahmad, Rahul Pawara, Sanjay Surana, Harun Patel

The highly infectious disease COVID-19 is induced by SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has spread rapidly around the globe and was announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. SARS-CoV-2 binds to the host cell’s angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor through the viral surface spike glycoprotein (S-protein). ACE2 is expressed in the oral mucosa and can therefore constitute an essential route for entry of SARS-CoV-2 into hosts through the tongue and lung epithelial cells. At present, no effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2 are yet in place. Blocking entry of the virus by inhibiting ACE2 is more advantageous than inhibiting the subsequent stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Based on current published evidence, we have summarized the different in silico based studies and repurposing of anti-viral drugs to target ACE2, SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein: ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD: ACE2. This review will be useful to researchers looking to effectively recognize and deal with SARS-CoV-2, and in the development of repurposed ACE2 inhibitors against COVID-19.

COVID-19是由sars -冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)引起的高传染性疾病,该疾病在全球迅速传播,并于2020年3月被世界卫生组织(世卫组织)宣布为大流行。SARS-CoV-2通过病毒表面刺突糖蛋白(s蛋白)与宿主细胞的血管紧张素转换酶2 (ACE2)受体结合。ACE2在口腔黏膜中表达,因此可能是SARS-CoV-2通过舌头和肺上皮细胞进入宿主的重要途径。目前,还没有针对SARS-CoV-2的有效治疗方法。通过抑制ACE2来阻止病毒进入比抑制SARS-CoV-2生命周期的后续阶段更有利。基于目前已发表的证据,我们总结了不同的基于计算机的研究和针对ACE2、SARS-CoV-2 S-Protein: ACE2和SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD: ACE2的抗病毒药物的重新用途。这篇综述将有助于研究人员有效识别和处理SARS-CoV-2,以及开发针对COVID-19的重新用途的ACE2抑制剂。
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引用次数: 29
Recent Trends in the Design, Synthesis, Spectroscopic Behavior, and Applications of Benzazole-Based Molecules with Solid-State Luminescence Enhancement Properties 具有固态发光增强性能的苯并唑类分子的设计、合成、光谱行为和应用的最新进展
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-08-03 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00344-8
Suzanne Fery-Forgues, Corinne Vanucci-Bacqué

Molecules that exhibit solid-state luminescence enhancement, i.e. the rare property to be more strongly emissive in the solid state than in solution, find an increasing number of applications in the fields of optoelectronic and nanophotonic devices, sensors, security papers, imaging, and theranostics. Benzazole (BZ) heterocycles are of particular value in this context. The simple enlargement of their π-electron system using a –C=C–Ar or –N=C–Ar moiety is enough for intrinsic solid-state luminescence enhancement (SLE) properties to appear. Their association with a variety of polyaromatic motifs leads to SLE-active molecules that frequently display attractive electroluminescent properties and are sensitive to mechanical stimuli. The excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process that takes place in some hydroxy derivatives reinforces the SLE effect and enables the development of new sensors based on a protection/deprotection strategy. BZ may also be incorporated into frameworks that are prototypical aggregation-induced enhancement (AIE) luminogens, such as the popular tetraphenylethene (TPE), leading to materials with excellent optical and electroluminescent performance. This review encompasses the various ways to use BZ units in SLE systems. It underlines the significant progresses recently made in the understanding of the photophysical mechanisms involved. A brief overview of the synthesis shows that BZ units are robust building blocks, easily incorporated into a variety of structures. Generally speaking, we try to show how these small heterocycles may offer advantages for the design of increasingly efficient luminescent materials.

表现出固态发光增强的分子,即在固态中比在溶液中发射更强的罕见特性,在光电和纳米光子器件、传感器、安全纸、成像和治疗学领域得到越来越多的应用。在这种情况下,苯并唑(BZ)杂环具有特殊的价值。简单地用-C = C-Ar或-N = C-Ar片段扩大π-电子系统,就足以显示本征固态发光增强(SLE)特性。它们与多种多芳基元的关联导致slel活性分子经常显示有吸引力的电致发光特性,并且对机械刺激敏感。在一些羟基衍生物中发生的激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)过程加强了SLE效应,并使基于保护/去保护策略的新传感器的开发成为可能。BZ也可以加入到典型的聚集诱导增强(AIE)发光源的框架中,例如流行的四苯乙烯(TPE),从而获得具有优异光学和电致发光性能的材料。本文综述了在SLE系统中使用BZ单元的各种方法。它强调了最近在理解所涉及的光物理机制方面取得的重大进展。对合成的简要概述表明,BZ单元是坚固的构建块,很容易合并到各种结构中。一般来说,我们试图展示这些小杂环如何为设计越来越高效的发光材料提供优势。
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引用次数: 10
Mechanofluorochromism with Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Characteristics: A Perspective Applying Isotropic and Anisotropic Force 具有聚集诱导发射(AIE)特性的机械荧光:应用各向同性和各向异性力的视角
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00341-x
Vishal Kachwal, Inamur Rahaman Laskar

Organic mechanofluorochromic (MFC)?materials (that change their emission under anisotropic and isotropic pressure) have attracted a?great attention in recent years due to their promising applications in sensing pressure, storage devices, security inks, three-dimensional (3D) printing, etc. Stimuli-responsive organic materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics would be an interesting class of materials to enrich the chemistry of MFC compounds. A diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a small tool that is employed to generate high and uniform pressure on materials over a small area. This article discusses the relationship between the chemical structure of AIE compounds and the change in emission properties under anisotropic (mechanical grinding) and isotropic (hydrostatic) pressure. The luminescent properties of such materials depend on the molecular rearrangement in the lattice, conformational changes, excited state transitions and weak intermolecular interactions. Hence, studying the change in luminescent property of these compounds under varying pressure will provide a deeper understanding of the excited-state properties of various emissive compounds with stress. The development of such materials and studies into the effect of pressure on their luminescence properties are summarized.

有机机械荧光(MFC)?材料(在各向异性和各向同性压力下改变其发射)吸引了?近年来,由于其在传感压力、存储器件、安全油墨、三维(3D)打印等方面的应用前景广阔,引起了人们的广泛关注。具有聚集诱导发射(AIE)特性的刺激响应有机材料将是一类丰富MFC化合物化学性质的有趣材料。金刚石砧细胞(DAC)是一种小型工具,用于在小面积上对材料产生高而均匀的压力。本文讨论了各向异性(机械磨削)和各向同性(静水)压力下AIE化合物的化学结构与发射特性变化的关系。这类材料的发光特性取决于分子在晶格中的重排、构象变化、激发态跃迁和弱分子间相互作用。因此,研究这些化合物在不同压力下的发光性质的变化,将有助于更深入地了解各种发光化合物在应力作用下的激发态性质。综述了这类材料的发展和压力对其发光性能影响的研究。
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引用次数: 6
MLatom 2: An Integrative Platform for Atomistic Machine Learning MLatom 2:原子机器学习的集成平台
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-06-08 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00339-5
Pavlo O. Dral, Fuchun Ge, Bao-Xin Xue, Yi-Fan Hou, Max Pinheiro Jr, Jianxing Huang, Mario Barbatti

Atomistic machine learning (AML) simulations are used in chemistry at an ever-increasing pace. A large number of AML models has been developed, but their implementations are scattered among different packages, each with its own conventions for input and output. Thus, here we give an overview of our MLatom 2 software package, which provides an integrative platform for a wide variety of AML simulations by implementing from scratch and interfacing existing software for a range of state-of-the-art models. These include kernel method-based model types such as KREG (native implementation), sGDML, and GAP-SOAP as well as neural-network-based model types such as ANI, DeepPot-SE, and PhysNet. The theoretical foundations behind these methods are overviewed too. The modular structure of MLatom allows for easy extension to more AML model types. MLatom 2 also has many other capabilities useful for AML simulations, such as the support of custom descriptors, farthest-point and structure-based sampling, hyperparameter optimization, model evaluation, and automatic learning curve generation. It can also be used for such multi-step tasks as Δ-learning, self-correction approaches, and absorption spectrum simulation within the machine-learning nuclear-ensemble approach. Several of these MLatom 2 capabilities are showcased in application examples.

原子机器学习(AML)模拟在化学中的应用速度越来越快。已经开发了大量的AML模型,但是它们的实现分散在不同的包中,每个包都有自己的输入和输出约定。因此,我们在这里概述了我们的MLatom 2软件包,该软件包通过从头开始实现并为一系列最先进的模型连接现有软件,为各种AML模拟提供了一个集成平台。这些包括基于内核方法的模型类型,如KREG(本机实现)、sGDML和GAP-SOAP,以及基于神经网络的模型类型,如ANI、DeepPot-SE和PhysNet。本文还概述了这些方法背后的理论基础。MLatom的模块化结构允许轻松扩展到更多的AML模型类型。MLatom 2还具有许多其他对AML模拟有用的功能,例如支持自定义描述符、最远点和基于结构的采样、超参数优化、模型评估和自动学习曲线生成。它还可以用于机器学习核系综方法中的Δ-learning、自我校正方法和吸收光谱模拟等多步骤任务。在应用程序示例中展示了其中几个MLatom 2功能。
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引用次数: 29
Semiconductors as Effective Electrodes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Applications 半导体作为染料敏化太阳能电池的有效电极
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00334-w
Marwa Mostafa Moharam, Ayat Nasr El Shazly, Kabali Vijai Anand, Diaa EL-Rahman Ahmed Rayan, Mustafa K. A. Mohammed, Mohamed Mohamed Rashad, Ahmed Esmail Shalan

As proficient photovoltaic devices, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received considerable consideration in recent years. In order to accomplish advanced solar-to-electricity efficiency and increase long-term functioning stability, improvements in the configuration structure of DSSCs are essential, as is an understanding of their elementary principles. This work discusses the application of different semiconductor constituents designed for effective DSSCs. The main parameters crucial to fabrication of DSSC electrodes in nano-porous semiconductor structures are high surface area and large pore size. Different inorganic semiconductor materials are used to load sensitizer dyes, which absorb a lot of light and induce high photocurrent for efficient DSSCs. The first section of the review covers energy sources, photovoltaics, and the benefits of solar cells in daily life, while the second part includes the various types of semiconductors applied in DSSC applications. The final section provides a brief review of future perspectives for DSSCs and a survey of semiconductor materials proposed for solar cell applications.

染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)作为一种高性能的光伏器件,近年来受到了广泛的关注。为了实现先进的太阳能发电效率和增加长期功能稳定性,改进DSSCs的配置结构是必不可少的,对其基本原理的理解也是必不可少的。本文讨论了为有效DSSCs设计的不同半导体成分的应用。在纳米多孔半导体结构中制备DSSC电极的关键参数是高表面积和大孔径。利用不同的无机半导体材料负载增感染料,增感染料吸收大量的光并产生高光电流,从而形成高效的DSSCs。回顾的第一部分涵盖能源,光伏和太阳能电池在日常生活中的好处,而第二部分包括在DSSC应用中应用的各种类型的半导体。最后一节简要回顾了DSSCs的未来前景,并对太阳能电池应用中提出的半导体材料进行了调查。
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引用次数: 34
Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Modified Chitosan Derivatives: Challenges and Opportunities 改性壳聚糖衍生物的合成、性能及应用研究进展:挑战与机遇
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00331-z
T. Boominathan, Akella Sivaramakrishna

Chitosan is a very well-known biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide consisting of β-(1–4)-linked glucosamine units, derived from the deacetylation of chitin. This unique biopolymer consists of primary amines as well as hydrophilic hydroxyl groups along with the chitosan backbone and has exceptional properties and wide applications. Numerous articles have been devoted to the preparation and properties of chitosan-based biomaterials, which have been demonstrated as beads, films, fibers (2D-scaffolds), gels, sponges (3D-scaffolds), and wound-healing materials. The unusual adsorption capacity of chitosan cross-linked polymer is demonstrated by trapping cations, anions, organic dyes, and pharmaceutical ingredients from wastewater. The most striking manifestations of flexibility in the preparation of these adsorbents have been critically reviewed, and their sorption efficiencies compared. Notably, these materials are also used as drug delivery carriers. Further, various metal-loaded chitosan-based nanocomposite materials have been used efficiently in organic catalytic reactions. As per the rich literature survey, such chitosan-based materials warrant further research due to their abundance, eco-friendliness, and effectiveness towards commercialization. The biotechnological aspects of chitosan may lead to promising low-cost materials and by-products of industrial and agricultural significance. The constant demand for potential adsorbents for the removal of pollutants, can be met by fine-tuning the structural properties of chitosan with appropriate cross-linkers or additives.

壳聚糖是一种众所周知的生物相容性和可生物降解的多糖,由β-(1-4)-连接的氨基葡萄糖单元组成,由几丁质去乙酰化而成。这种独特的生物聚合物由伯胺和亲水羟基以及壳聚糖骨架组成,具有优异的性能和广泛的应用。许多文章致力于壳聚糖基生物材料的制备和性能,已被证明为珠,膜,纤维(2d支架),凝胶,海绵(3d支架)和伤口愈合材料。壳聚糖交联聚合物对废水中的阳离子、阴离子、有机染料和药物成分具有独特的吸附能力。在这些吸附剂的制备中,最显著的柔韧性表现已经被严格审查,并比较了它们的吸附效率。值得注意的是,这些材料也可用作药物递送载体。此外,各种负载金属的壳聚糖基纳米复合材料在有机催化反应中得到了有效的应用。根据丰富的文献调查,这种壳聚糖基材料由于其丰富,环保和商业化的有效性,值得进一步研究。壳聚糖的生物技术方面可能导致有前途的低成本材料和具有工业和农业意义的副产品。通过适当的交联剂或添加剂对壳聚糖的结构性能进行微调,可以满足对潜在吸附剂去除污染物的持续需求。
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引用次数: 20
Modulation of Aggregation-Induced Emission by Excitation Energy Transfer: Design and Application 利用激发能转移调制聚集诱导发射:设计与应用
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-04-07 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00330-0
Lei Dong, Hui-Qing Peng, Li-Ya Niu, Qing-Zheng Yang

Excitation energy transfer (EET) as a fundamental photophysical process is well-explored for developing functional materials with tunable photophysical properties. Compared to traditional fluorophores, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) exhibit unique advantages for building EET systems, especially serving as energy donors, due to their outstanding photophysical properties such as bright fluorescence in aggregation state, broad absorption and emission spectra, large Stokes shift, and high photobleaching resistance. In addition, the photophysical properties of AIEgens can be modulated by energy transfer for improved luminescence performance. Therefore, a variety of EET systems based on AIEgens have been constructed and their applications in different areas have been explored. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the design strategy of AIE-based energy transfer systems for light-harvesting, fluorescent probes and theranostic systems, with an emphasis on design strategies to achieve desirable properties. The limitations, challenges and future opportunities of AIE–EET systems are briefly outlined.

Design strategies and applications (light-harvesting, fluorescent probe and theranostics) of AIEgen-based excitation energy systems are discussed in this review.

激发能转移(EET)作为一种基本的光物理过程,在开发具有可调光物理性质的功能材料方面得到了很好的探索。与传统的荧光基团相比,聚集诱导发射发光基团(AIEgens)具有聚集态荧光明亮、吸收和发射光谱宽、Stokes位移大、耐光漂白等优异的光物理性质,在构建EET系统中具有独特的优势,特别是作为能量供体。此外,AIEgens的光物理性质可以通过能量转移来调节,以提高发光性能。因此,人们构建了各种基于AIEgens的EET系统,并探索了它们在不同领域的应用。在这篇综述中,我们总结了基于人工智能的能量传递系统在光收集、荧光探针和治疗系统的设计策略方面的最新进展,重点介绍了实现理想性能的设计策略。简要概述了ae - eet系统的局限性、挑战和未来机遇。本文综述了基于aiegen的激发能系统的设计策略和应用(光收集、荧光探针和治疗学)。
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引用次数: 5
Status and Prospects of Aggregation-Induced Emission Materials in Organic Optoelectronic Devices 有机光电器件中聚集致发射材料的研究现状与展望
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00328-8
Dongge Ma

Aggregation induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) have great potential in the field of organic optoelectronic devices because of their highly efficient emission property in solid state. For example, high efficiency organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on AIEgens have been developed successfully. Some AIEgens also show good photovoltaic response properties for organic solar cells (OSCs) and organic photodetectors (OPDs), and lasing properties for optically pumping organic lasers (OLs). The review will cover the status and prospects of AIEgens in OLEDs, OLs, OSCs and OPDs. It is expected that AIEgens will become an important organic optoelectronic material system in the future.

聚集诱导发射(AIE)发光源由于其在固态下的高效发射特性,在有机光电器件领域具有很大的应用潜力。例如,基于AIEgens的高效有机发光二极管(oled)已被成功开发。一些AIEgens在有机太阳能电池(OSCs)和有机光电探测器(opd)中也表现出良好的光伏响应性能,在光泵有机激光器(OLs)中也表现出良好的激光特性。综述了有机发光二极管(oled)、有机发光二极管(OLs)、有机发光二极管(osc)和有机发光二极管(opd)中氮化镓的现状和前景。预计未来AIEgens将成为重要的有机光电材料体系。
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引用次数: 12
Aggregation-Induced Emission: From Small Molecules to Polymers—Historical Background, Mechanisms and Photophysics 聚集诱导发射:从小分子到聚合物——历史背景、机制和光物理
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00327-9
Ana Clara B. Rodrigues, J. Sérgio Seixas de Melo

The enhancement of photoluminescence through formation of molecular aggregates in organic oligomers and conjugated organic polymers is reviewed. A historical contextualization of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomena is presented. This includes the loose bolt or free rotor effect and J-aggregation phenomena, and discusses their characteristic features, including structures and mechanisms. The basis of both effects is examined in key molecules, with a particular emphasis on the AIE effect occurring in conjugated organic polymers with a polythiophene (PT) skeleton with triphenylethylene (TPE) units. Rigidification of the excited state structure is one of the defining conditions required to obtain AIE, and thus, by changing from a flexible ground state to rigid (quinoidal-like) structures, oligo and PTs are among the most promising emerging molecules alongside?with the more extensively used TPE derivatives. Molecular structures moving away from the domination of aggregation-caused quenching to AIE are presented. Future perspectives for the rational design of AIEgen structures are discussed.

综述了通过在有机低聚物和共轭有机聚合物中形成分子聚集体来增强光致发光的研究进展。介绍了聚集诱导发射(AIE)现象的历史背景。这包括螺栓松动或自由转子效应和j聚集现象,并讨论了它们的特征,包括结构和机理。这两种效应的基础在关键分子中进行了检查,特别强调AIE效应发生在具有三苯基乙烯(TPE)单元的聚噻吩(PT)骨架的共轭有机聚合物中。激发态结构的刚性是获得AIE所需的定义条件之一,因此,通过从柔性基态转变为刚性(类醌)结构,oligo和PTs是最有希望的新兴分子之一?与更广泛使用的TPE衍生物。分子结构从聚集引起的淬火转向AIE。最后讨论了未来AIEgen结构合理设计的前景。
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引用次数: 21
Quantum Dots and Gd3+ Chelates: Advances and Challenges Towards Bimodal Nanoprobes for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging 量子点和Gd3+螯合物:磁共振和光学成像双峰纳米探针的进展和挑战
IF 8.6 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2021-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00325-x
Gabriela M. Albuquerque, Izabel Souza-Sobrinha, Samantha D. Coiado, Beate S. Santos, Adriana Fontes, Giovannia A. L. Pereira, Goreti Pereira

The development of multimodal nanoprobes has been growing?in recent years. Among these novel nanostructures are bimodal systems based on quantum dots (QDs) and low molecular weight Gd3+ chelates, prepared for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical analyses. MRI is a technique used worldwide that provides anatomic resolution and allows distinguishing of physiological differences at tissue and organ level. On the other hand, optical techniques are very sensitive and allow events to be followed at the cellular or molecular level. Thus, the association of these two techniques has the potential to achieve a more complete comprehension of biological processes. In this review, we present state-of-the-art research concerning the development of potential multimodal optical/paramagnetic nanoprobes based on Gd3+ chelates and QDs, highlighting their preparation strategies and overall properties.

多模态纳米探针的发展日新月异。近年来。在这些新型纳米结构中,有基于量子点(QDs)和低分子量Gd3+螯合物的双峰体系,用于磁共振成像(MRI)和光学分析。MRI是一种世界范围内使用的技术,它提供解剖分辨率,并允许在组织和器官水平上区分生理差异。另一方面,光学技术非常灵敏,可以在细胞或分子水平上跟踪事件。因此,这两种技术的结合有可能实现对生物过程的更全面的理解。本文综述了基于Gd3+螯合物和量子点的多模态光学/顺磁纳米探针的最新研究进展,重点介绍了它们的制备策略和总体性能。
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引用次数: 6
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Topics in Current Chemistry
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