Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16301
N. Scott, K. Tate, J. Ford-Robertson, D. Giltrap, C. T. Smith
Afforestation may lead to an accumulation of carbon (C) in vegetation, but little is known about changes in soil C storage with establishment of plantation forests. Plantation forest carbon budget models often omit mineral soil C changes from stand-level C budget calculations, while including forest floor C accumulation, or predict continuous soil C increases over several rotations. We used national soil C databases to quantify differences in soil C content between pasture and exotic pine forest plantations dominated by P. radiata (D. Don), and paired site studies to quantify changes in soil C with conversion of pasture to plantation forest in New Zealand. Overall, mineral soil C to 0.10 m was 20–40% lower under pine for all soil types (p < 0.01) except soils with high clay activity (HCA), where there was no difference. Similar trends were observed in the 0.1–0.3 m layer. Moreover, mineral soil C to 0.1 m was 17–40% lower under pine than pasture in side-by-side comparisons. The only non-significant difference occurred at a site located on a HCA soil ( p = 0.08). When averaged across the site studies and the national databases, the difference in soil C between pasture and pine was about 16 t C ha −1 on non-HCA soils. This is similar to forest floor C averaged across our individual sites (about 20 t C ha −1 ). The decrease in mineral soil C could result in about a 15% reduction in the average C sequestration potential (112 t C ha −1 ) when pasture is converted to exotic plantation forest on non-HCA soils. The relative importance of this change in mineral soil C will likely vary depending on the productivity potential of a site and harvest impacts on the forest floor C pool. Our results emphasize that changes in soil C should be included in any calculations of C sequestration attributed to plantation forestry. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00015.x
造林可能导致植被碳(C)的积累，但对人工林的建立对土壤碳储量的变化知之甚少。人工林碳收支模型通常忽略林分水平碳收支计算中的矿质土壤碳变化，而包括森林地面碳积累，或预测几个轮作中土壤碳的连续增加。我们使用国家土壤C数据库来量化牧场和以辐射松林(D. Don)为主的外来松林人工林之间土壤C含量的差异，并通过配对现场研究来量化新西兰牧场向人工林转化过程中土壤C的变化。总体而言，除了粘土活性高的土壤(HCA)外，所有土壤类型的矿质土壤C (0.10 m)在松树下降低了20-40% (p < 0.01)。在0.1 ~ 0.3 m层也有类似的趋势。此外，与放牧相比，松林下0.1 m的矿质土壤碳含量低17 ~ 40%。唯一不显著差异发生在位于HCA土壤上的站点(p = 0.08)。当在站点研究和国家数据库中进行平均时，在非hca土壤中，牧场和松树之间的土壤C差异约为16 t C ha - 1。这与我们单个站点的平均森林地面C相似(约20 t C ha - 1)。在非hca土壤上，当牧场转变为外来人工林时，矿质土壤C的减少可导致平均碳固存潜力减少约15% (112 t C ha - 1)。矿物土壤C的这种变化的相对重要性可能会因场地的生产力潜力和采伐对森林地面C库的影响而异。我们的研究结果强调，土壤C的变化应该包括在任何归因于人工林的碳固存的计算中。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600-0889.1999.00015.x
{"title":"Soil carbon storage in plantation forests and pastures: land-use change implications","authors":"N. Scott, K. Tate, J. Ford-Robertson, D. Giltrap, C. T. Smith","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16301","url":null,"abstract":"Afforestation may lead to an accumulation of carbon (C) in vegetation, but little is known about changes in soil C storage with establishment of plantation forests. Plantation forest carbon budget models often omit mineral soil C changes from stand-level C budget calculations, while including forest floor C accumulation, or predict continuous soil C increases over several rotations. We used national soil C databases to quantify differences in soil C content between pasture and exotic pine forest plantations dominated by P. radiata (D. Don), and paired site studies to quantify changes in soil C with conversion of pasture to plantation forest in New Zealand. Overall, mineral soil C to 0.10 m was 20–40% lower under pine for all soil types (p < 0.01) except soils with high clay activity (HCA), where there was no difference. Similar trends were observed in the 0.1–0.3 m layer. Moreover, mineral soil C to 0.1 m was 17–40% lower under pine than pasture in side-by-side comparisons. The only non-significant difference occurred at a site located on a HCA soil ( p = 0.08). When averaged across the site studies and the national databases, the difference in soil C between pasture and pine was about 16 t C ha −1 on non-HCA soils. This is similar to forest floor C averaged across our individual sites (about 20 t C ha −1 ). The decrease in mineral soil C could result in about a 15% reduction in the average C sequestration potential (112 t C ha −1 ) when pasture is converted to exotic plantation forest on non-HCA soils. The relative importance of this change in mineral soil C will likely vary depending on the productivity potential of a site and harvest impacts on the forest floor C pool. Our results emphasize that changes in soil C should be included in any calculations of C sequestration attributed to plantation forestry. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00015.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"85 1","pages":"326-335"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77459421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16318
H. Tian, J. Melillo, D. Kicklighter, A. McGuire, John V. K. Helfrich
We use the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM, Version 4.1) and the land cover data set of the international geosphere–biosphere program to investigate how increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration and climate variability during 1900–1994 affect the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous USA, and how carbon storage has been affected by land-use change. The estimates of TEM indicate that over the past 95 years a combination of increasing atmospheric CO 2 with historical temperature and precipitation variability causes a 4.2% (4.3 Pg C) decrease in total carbon storage of potential vegetation in the conterminous US, with vegetation carbon decreasing by 7.2% (3.2 Pg C) and soil organic carbon decreasing by 1.9% (1.1 Pg C). Several dry periods including the 1930s and 1950s are responsible for the loss of carbon storage. Our factorial experiments indicate that precipitation variability alone decreases total carbon storage by 9.5%. Temperature variability alone does not significantly affect carbon storage. The effect of CO 2 fertilization alone increases total carbon storage by 4.4%. The effects of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability are not additive. Interactions among CO 2 , temperature and precipitation increase total carbon storage by 1.1%. Our study also shows substantial year-to-year variations in net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems due to climate variability. Since the 1960s, we estimate these terrestrial ecosystems have acted primarily as a sink of atmospheric CO 2 as a result of wetter weather and higher atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. For the 1980s, we estimate the natural terrestrial ecosystems, excluding cropland and urban areas, of the conterminous US have accumulated 78.2 Tg C yr −1 because of the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability. For the conterminous US, we estimate that the conversion of natural ecosystems to cropland and urban areas has caused a 18.2% (17.7 Pg C) reduction in total carbon storage from that estimated for potential vegetation. The carbon sink capacity of natural terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous US is about 69% of that estimated for potential vegetation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00021.x
本文利用陆地生态系统模型(TEM, Version 4.1)和国际地圈-生物圈项目的土地覆盖数据集，研究了1900-1994年期间大气co2浓度和气候变率的增加如何影响美国邻近地区陆地生态系统的碳储量，以及碳储量如何受到土地利用变化的影响。TEM估算表明，在过去95年中，大气CO 2的增加与历史温度和降水变率的结合导致美国连续区潜在植被的总碳储量减少4.2% (4.3 Pg C)，其中植被碳减少7.2% (3.2 Pg C)，土壤有机碳减少1.9% (1.1 Pg C)。包括20世纪30年代和50年代在内的几个干旱期是碳储量损失的原因。我们的析因实验表明，仅降水变率就使总碳储量减少9.5%。温度变化本身不会显著影响碳储存。仅co2施肥就能使总碳储量增加4.4%。大气co2增加和气候变率的影响不是相加的。co2、温度和降水的相互作用使总碳储量增加1.1%。我们的研究还表明，由于气候变化，大气和陆地生态系统之间的净碳交换量逐年变化很大。自20世纪60年代以来，我们估计由于气候变湿和大气co2浓度升高，这些陆地生态系统主要扮演了大气co2汇的角色。在20世纪80年代，我们估计，由于大气CO 2增加和气候变率的综合影响，美国连续的自然陆地生态系统(不包括农田和城市地区)累积了78.2 Tg C yr - 1。我们估计，与潜在植被相比，自然生态系统向农田和城市地区的转变导致总碳储量减少18.2% (17.7 Pg C)。美国毗连的自然陆地生态系统的碳汇容量约为潜在植被估计的69%。DOI: 10.1034 / j.1600-0889.1999.00021.x
{"title":"The sensitivity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical climate variability and atmospheric CO2 in the United States","authors":"H. Tian, J. Melillo, D. Kicklighter, A. McGuire, John V. K. Helfrich","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16318","url":null,"abstract":"We use the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM, Version 4.1) and the land cover data set of the international geosphere–biosphere program to investigate how increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration and climate variability during 1900–1994 affect the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous USA, and how carbon storage has been affected by land-use change. The estimates of TEM indicate that over the past 95 years a combination of increasing atmospheric CO 2 with historical temperature and precipitation variability causes a 4.2% (4.3 Pg C) decrease in total carbon storage of potential vegetation in the conterminous US, with vegetation carbon decreasing by 7.2% (3.2 Pg C) and soil organic carbon decreasing by 1.9% (1.1 Pg C). Several dry periods including the 1930s and 1950s are responsible for the loss of carbon storage. Our factorial experiments indicate that precipitation variability alone decreases total carbon storage by 9.5%. Temperature variability alone does not significantly affect carbon storage. The effect of CO 2 fertilization alone increases total carbon storage by 4.4%. The effects of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability are not additive. Interactions among CO 2 , temperature and precipitation increase total carbon storage by 1.1%. Our study also shows substantial year-to-year variations in net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems due to climate variability. Since the 1960s, we estimate these terrestrial ecosystems have acted primarily as a sink of atmospheric CO 2 as a result of wetter weather and higher atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. For the 1980s, we estimate the natural terrestrial ecosystems, excluding cropland and urban areas, of the conterminous US have accumulated 78.2 Tg C yr −1 because of the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO 2 and climate variability. For the conterminous US, we estimate that the conversion of natural ecosystems to cropland and urban areas has caused a 18.2% (17.7 Pg C) reduction in total carbon storage from that estimated for potential vegetation. The carbon sink capacity of natural terrestrial ecosystems in the conterminous US is about 69% of that estimated for potential vegetation. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00021.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"32 1","pages":"414-452"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86759467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16273
P. Rayner, I. Enting, R. Francey, R. Langenfelds
This paper presents an attempt to recover the space–time structure of fluxes of CO 2 to the atmosphere over the period 1980–1995 from atmospheric concentration and isotopic composition measurements. The technique used is Bayesian synthesis inversion in which sources are aggregated into large regions and their strengths adjusted to match observed concentrations. The sources are constrained by prior estimates based on a priori knowledge. The input data are atmospheric CO 2 concentration measurements from the NOAA/CMDL network, 13 CO 2 composition and O2/N2 ratios measured at Cape Grim, Tasmania by CSIRO Atmospheric Research. The primary findings are a relatively large long-term mean ocean uptake of CO 2 , and seasonal fluxes over land with similar integrated magnitude, but smaller peak amplitude, compared with those derived by Fung and co-workers. Predicted interannual variability is smaller than reported in previous studies. The largest contributor is the oceanic tropics where fluxes vary on the time scale of the southern oscillation. There is evidence of longer time-scale variation in land uptake. Increases in ocean uptake and northern land uptake in the early 1990s are consistent with a response to the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00008.x
{"title":"Reconstructing the recent carbon cycle from atmospheric CO2, δ13C and O2/N2 observations*","authors":"P. Rayner, I. Enting, R. Francey, R. Langenfelds","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16273","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an attempt to recover the space–time structure of fluxes of CO 2 to the atmosphere over the period 1980–1995 from atmospheric concentration and isotopic composition measurements. The technique used is Bayesian synthesis inversion in which sources are aggregated into large regions and their strengths adjusted to match observed concentrations. The sources are constrained by prior estimates based on a priori knowledge. The input data are atmospheric CO 2 concentration measurements from the NOAA/CMDL network, 13 CO 2 composition and O2/N2 ratios measured at Cape Grim, Tasmania by CSIRO Atmospheric Research. The primary findings are a relatively large long-term mean ocean uptake of CO 2 , and seasonal fluxes over land with similar integrated magnitude, but smaller peak amplitude, compared with those derived by Fung and co-workers. Predicted interannual variability is smaller than reported in previous studies. The largest contributor is the oceanic tropics where fluxes vary on the time scale of the southern oscillation. There is evidence of longer time-scale variation in land uptake. Increases in ocean uptake and northern land uptake in the early 1990s are consistent with a response to the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00008.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"2 1","pages":"213-232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73304166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.00031.X
P. Tans, D. Wallace
Recent progress in research of the global carbon cycle is reviewed and research needs for the immediate future are discussed, in light of the challenge posed to society to come to grips with the problem of man-made climate change. The carbon cycle in the oceans and on the land is reviewed, and how the atmosphere functions to couple them together. Major uncertainties still exist for any projection of the future atmospheric burden of carbon dioxide resulting from postulated emission scenarios of CO2. We present some ideas on how future policies designed to limit emissions or to sequester carbon can possibly be supported by scientific evidence of their effectiveness.
{"title":"Carbon cycle research after Kyoto","authors":"P. Tans, D. Wallace","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.00031.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.00031.X","url":null,"abstract":"Recent progress in research of the global carbon cycle is reviewed and research needs for the immediate future are discussed, in light of the challenge posed to society to come to grips with the problem of man-made climate change. The carbon cycle in the oceans and on the land is reviewed, and how the atmosphere functions to couple them together. Major uncertainties still exist for any projection of the future atmospheric burden of carbon dioxide resulting from postulated emission scenarios of CO2. We present some ideas on how future policies designed to limit emissions or to sequester carbon can possibly be supported by scientific evidence of their effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"46 1","pages":"562-571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78589045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16289
B. Schlamadinger, G. Marland
Forests can be harvested and regrown on a sustainable basis while harvested material is used to either store carbon in long-lived wood products or to displace carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion. To frame the question whether this implies that harvesting forests is an effective strategy for mitigating the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, we use a carbon accounting model to ask how long it takes to return to the original carbon balance after a forest stand is clear-cut harvested for biofuels and other forest products. Although the numerical solution depends on a great variety of site-specific model input parameters, it is clear that the system will not return to its original carbon balance for a very long time (perhaps centuries) unless forest products are produced and used efficiently. Especially when the cycle of producing forest products involves initial harvest of a forest stand with a large standing stock of biomass, there is likely to be a long-standing debit in terms of net carbon emissions to the atmosphere. On the other hand, if forest harvest is produced and used with high efficiency and the rate of regrowth is high, potential carbon benefits can be very high over time and it is possible that there is never a carbon debit with respect to forest protection, even immediately following harvest. Any intent to use forest harvesting to help mitigate the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere should be able to demonstrate that the forest regrowth and product use can compensate for the loss of carbon from the forest as a result of the initial harvest.
{"title":"Net effect of forest harvest on CO2 emissions to the atmosphere: a sensitivity analysis on the influence of time","authors":"B. Schlamadinger, G. Marland","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16289","url":null,"abstract":"Forests can be harvested and regrown on a sustainable basis while harvested material is used to either store carbon in long-lived wood products or to displace carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion. To frame the question whether this implies that harvesting forests is an effective strategy for mitigating the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, we use a carbon accounting model to ask how long it takes to return to the original carbon balance after a forest stand is clear-cut harvested for biofuels and other forest products. Although the numerical solution depends on a great variety of site-specific model input parameters, it is clear that the system will not return to its original carbon balance for a very long time (perhaps centuries) unless forest products are produced and used efficiently. Especially when the cycle of producing forest products involves initial harvest of a forest stand with a large standing stock of biomass, there is likely to be a long-standing debit in terms of net carbon emissions to the atmosphere. On the other hand, if forest harvest is produced and used with high efficiency and the rate of regrowth is high, potential carbon benefits can be very high over time and it is possible that there is never a carbon debit with respect to forest protection, even immediately following harvest. Any intent to use forest harvesting to help mitigate the buildup of carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere should be able to demonstrate that the forest regrowth and product use can compensate for the loss of carbon from the forest as a result of the initial harvest.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"43 1","pages":"314-325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77910740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16306
L. Flanagan, D. S. Kubien, J. Ehleringer
We measured the stable isotope ratio of respired carbon dioxide at two spatial scales in a black spruce forest in northern Canada: CO 2 released from the forest floor and CO 2 released from the entire ecosystem at night. Despite wide variation in the δ 13 C values of organic matter among above-ground plant species, and along a continuum from moss through to the mineral soil, the carbon isotope ratio of respired CO 2 was quite similar to the δ 13 C value for the dominant black spruce foliage. The CO 2 released from the forest floor during the fall was slightly enriched in 13 O compared to CO 2 respired by the entire ecosystem, perhaps because soil respiration contributes a larger percentage to total ecosystem respiration later in the year as the soil warms. Short-term changes in the oxygen isotope ratio of precipitation and variation in enrichment of 18 O during evaporation and transpiration had significant effects on the δ 18 O value of respired CO 2 . Changes in the oxygen isotope ratio of water in moss tissue can have a large effect on total ecosystem respired CO 2 both because a large surface area is covered by moss tissue in this ecosystem and because the equilibration between CO 2 diffusing through the moss and water in moss tissue is very rapid. During the summer we observed that the δ 18 O value of CO 2 respired from the forest floor was relatively depleted in 18 O compared to CO 2 respired from the entire ecosystem. This was because water in black spruce foliage had higher δ 18 O values than moss and soil water, even at night when transpiration had stopped. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00018.x
{"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in the carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratio of respired CO2 in a boreal forest ecosystem","authors":"L. Flanagan, D. S. Kubien, J. Ehleringer","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16306","url":null,"abstract":"We measured the stable isotope ratio of respired carbon dioxide at two spatial scales in a black spruce forest in northern Canada: CO 2 released from the forest floor and CO 2 released from the entire ecosystem at night. Despite wide variation in the δ 13 C values of organic matter among above-ground plant species, and along a continuum from moss through to the mineral soil, the carbon isotope ratio of respired CO 2 was quite similar to the δ 13 C value for the dominant black spruce foliage. The CO 2 released from the forest floor during the fall was slightly enriched in 13 O compared to CO 2 respired by the entire ecosystem, perhaps because soil respiration contributes a larger percentage to total ecosystem respiration later in the year as the soil warms. Short-term changes in the oxygen isotope ratio of precipitation and variation in enrichment of 18 O during evaporation and transpiration had significant effects on the δ 18 O value of respired CO 2 . Changes in the oxygen isotope ratio of water in moss tissue can have a large effect on total ecosystem respired CO 2 both because a large surface area is covered by moss tissue in this ecosystem and because the equilibration between CO 2 diffusing through the moss and water in moss tissue is very rapid. During the summer we observed that the δ 18 O value of CO 2 respired from the forest floor was relatively depleted in 18 O compared to CO 2 respired from the entire ecosystem. This was because water in black spruce foliage had higher δ 18 O values than moss and soil water, even at night when transpiration had stopped. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.00018.x","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"9 1","pages":"367-384"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84310353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00010.X
A. Denning, Taro Takahashi, P. Friedlingstein
{"title":"KEYNOTE PERSPECTIVE. Can a strong atmospheric CO2 rectifier effect be reconciled with a","authors":"A. Denning, Taro Takahashi, P. Friedlingstein","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00010.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00010.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84885828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbon cycle studies based on the distribution of O2 in air","authors":"M. Bender, M. Battle","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16268","url":null,"abstract":"(1999). Carbon cycle studies based on the distribution of O2 in air. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 165-169.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"68 1","pages":"165-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75723696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00007.X
P. Rayner, R. Law
{"title":"KEYNOTE PERSPECTIVE. The interannual variability of the global carbon cycle","authors":"P. Rayner, R. Law","doi":"10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00007.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1034/J.1600-0889.1999.T01-1-00007.X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"46 1","pages":"210-212"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88323994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-04-01DOI: 10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16320
A. Watson, N. Lefèvre
There have been several recent advances in our understanding of the geochemistry of iron and its effect on the marine biota. In this contribution, we highlight two such advances, namely results of the Ironex experiments in the equatorial Pacific and the recent publication of the first global data set for iron concentrations in the oceans. These have profound consequences for our understanding of the factors that set the pre-anthropogenic concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and how these may have changed between glacial and interglacial time. Some of these consequences we are able to quantify and explore, but others open new questions for which we have as yet no answers.
{"title":"The sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 concentrations to input of iron to the oceans","authors":"A. Watson, N. Lefèvre","doi":"10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3402/TELLUSB.V51I2.16320","url":null,"abstract":"There have been several recent advances in our understanding of the geochemistry of iron and its effect on the marine biota. In this contribution, we highlight two such advances, namely results of the Ironex experiments in the equatorial Pacific and the recent publication of the first global data set for iron concentrations in the oceans. These have profound consequences for our understanding of the factors that set the pre-anthropogenic concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and how these may have changed between glacial and interglacial time. Some of these consequences we are able to quantify and explore, but others open new questions for which we have as yet no answers.","PeriodicalId":54432,"journal":{"name":"Tellus Series B-Chemical and Physical Meteorology","volume":"255 1","pages":"453-460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"1999-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75548537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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